The Prophet's teaching (peace and blessings be upon him) on freeing slaves

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) came out of his house at an hour in which he (peace and blessings be upon him) did not usually go out, nor would anyone meet him (peace and blessings be upon him) at that time. Then Sayyiduna Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) came to him (peace and blessings be upon him), and he (peace and blessings be upon him) asked: "O Abu Bakr! What has brought you at this time?" He said: I came out to meet the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him), to behold his radiant face and to greet him with salam. Only a little while passed before Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) also came. He (peace and blessings be upon him) asked him: "O Umar! What is the reason for your coming?" He said: O Messenger of Allah! Hunger. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "And I too have felt some of that." Then they all went together to the house of Sayyiduna Abu al-Haytham bin al-Tayyihan al-Ansari (may Allah be pleased with him). He owned many date palms and goats, but he had no servant. They did not find him at home, so they asked his wife: Where is your husband? She said that he had gone to fetch sweet water for us. Only a little while had passed when Abu al-Haytham (may Allah be pleased with him) came carrying a heavy waterskin. He put it down, then embraced the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) and began saying that his father and mother be ransomed for him (peace and blessings be upon him). Then he took them to his garden and spread out a mat for them. Then he went to a date palm, brought a bunch of dates and placed it before them. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Why did you not pick out the ripe dates from it for us?" He said: O Messenger of Allah! My intention was that you choose for yourselves from the half-ripe and ripe dates. So they all ate those dates and drank from that water, and the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "By Allah! This is the blessing about which you will be questioned on the Day of Resurrection: cool shade, good ripe dates and cool water." Then Abu al-Haytham (may Allah be pleased with him) went to prepare food for them, and the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said to him: "Beware! Do not slaughter a milk-giving animal." So he slaughtered a young female goat or a young male goat for them, prepared it and brought it to them, and they all ate. Then the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) asked him: "Do you have a servant?" He said: No. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "When captives come to us, come to us." Then two captives were brought to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him), with no third one with them. Abu al-Haytham (may Allah be pleased with him) came to him (peace and blessings be upon him), and the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said to him: "Choose one of the two." He said: O Messenger of Allah! You choose for me. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "The one whose counsel is sought is entrusted. Take this one, for I have seen him praying, and accept my counsel to treat him well." Abu al-Haytham (may Allah be pleased with him) took the servant to his wife and informed her of what the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) had said. His wife said: You cannot reach the standard of what the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said about him except by freeing him. He said: He is free. (Hearing this,) the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Allah Almighty has not sent any prophet or khalifah except that he has two kinds of close confidants: a confidant who commands him to do good and forbids him from evil, and another who spares no effort in corrupting him and leading him into trial. And whoever is protected from bad companions has been protected (from every evil)."
This hadith has an authentic chain and is on the condition of the two Shaykhs (Bukhari and Muslim), but they did not record it. It has been narrated by Yunus bin Ubayd and Abdullah bin Kaysan, via Ikrimah, from Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both), more complete and longer than this narration of Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him). As for the hadith of Yunus bin Ubayd:

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) came out of his house at midday and found Sayyiduna Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) sitting in the mosque. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "O Abu Bakr! What has brought you out at this time?" He said: O Messenger of Allah! The same thing that brought you out has brought me out. Then Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) came, and he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "O Ibn al-Khattab! What has brought you out?" He said: The same thing that brought you both out has brought me out. Then he mentioned the long hadith, and added in it: When the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) came out (after eating), he took hold of the two doorposts and said: 'Akala ta'amakum al-abrar, wa aftara indakum al-sa'imun, wa sallat alaykum al-mala'ikah' (The righteous have eaten your food, those fasting have broken their fast with you, and the angels have prayed for mercy upon you).

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) that Sayyiduna Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) came out of the mosque in the intense heat of midday. Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) heard of this and came out too, and asked: O Abu Bakr! Why have you come out at this time? He said: Nothing brought me out but severe hunger. Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said: By the One in whose Hand is my soul, that is what brought me out too. While they were in this state, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) came out to them and said: "What has brought you two out at this time?" They said: By Allah! Nothing brought us out except the severe hunger in our stomachs. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "By the One in whose Hand is my soul, that is what brought me out too. So get up, both of you, and come along." Until they reached the door of Sayyiduna Abu Ayyub al-Ansari (may Allah be pleased with him). He used to keep food or milk aside for the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), but that day he (peace and blessings be upon him) was late and did not come at his usual time, so he fed it to his family and went to his date-palm orchard to work. Then he mentioned the long hadith, and added in it: When the food was ready and placed before the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and his Companions, he (peace and blessings be upon him) took some of the kid's meat, put it on a piece of bread and said: "O Abu Ayyub! Deliver this to Fatimah, for she has not had food like this for several days." So Abu Ayyub (may Allah be pleased with him) took it to Sayyidah Fatimah (may Allah be pleased with her). Then, when they had all eaten and were full, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Bread, meat, dried dates, half-ripe dates and fresh dates!" And tears flowed from his (peace and blessings be upon him) eyes, and he said: "By the One in whose Hand is the soul of Muhammad, these are the very blessings about which you will be questioned on the Day of Resurrection, as Allah, the Mighty and Majestic, has said: 'Then you will surely be asked on that Day about the blessings' [Surah al-Takathur: 8]. So this is the blessing about which you will be questioned on the Day of Resurrection." This weighed heavily on his Companions, so he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Yes indeed, (you will be questioned); but when you get such provision and stretch out your hands to it, say: 'Bismillahi wa barakatillah' (In the name of Allah and with the blessing of Allah), and when you are full, say: 'Al-hamdu lillahi alladhi huwa ashba'ana wa arwana wa an'ama alayna wa afdal' (All praise is for Allah, who has fed us to our fill, quenched our thirst, and bestowed His favours and grace upon us), for this (gratitude) will be sufficient in return for that (questioning)." He also mentioned the hadith of the slave girl in the name of Sayyiduna Abu Ayyub, whose meanings are close.

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) came out (of his house) at a time when he (peace and blessings be upon him) did not usually go out, and Sayyiduna Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) was also there. He (peace and blessings be upon him) asked: "O Abu Bakr! What has brought you out at this time?" He said: Hunger brought me out. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "And the same thing that brought you out has brought me out." Then Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) came, and he (peace and blessings be upon him) asked: "What has brought you out?" He said: Hunger. Then, after that, several more of his (peace and blessings be upon him) Companions came, and he (peace and blessings be upon him) said to them: "Come with us to the house of Abu al-Haytham bin al-Tayyihan." Then he mentioned the complete hadith.

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Mas'ud (may Allah be pleased with him) that he said: In the Jahiliyyah we used to call a man an "imma'ah" (a spineless follower of others) who was invited to a meal and took along with him someone else who had not been invited; whereas today the "imma'ah" among you is the one who blindly follows people in matters of religion (following them with his eyes closed).
This hadith has an authentic (sahih) chain of narration, but the two Shaykhs (Bukhari and Muslim) did not record it.

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Mas'ud (may Allah be pleased with him) that he said: In the Jahiliyyah we used to call a man an "imma'ah" who was invited to a meal and another (uninvited) person followed him; and today it refers to the one who, in blind imitation of people, hands his religion over to them. And we used to call "'idah" (magic or slander) sorcery, whereas today it is idle talk (qila wa qala, speaking without verification).
An authentic corroborating report (shahid) of it has been narrated with an authentic chain.

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Any guest who stays with a people and that guest is deprived (of his right to hospitality), he has the right to take from them (without permission) as much as his hospitality is worth, and there is no sin upon him."
This hadith has an authentic (sahih) chain of narration, but the two Shaykhs (Bukhari and Muslim) did not record it, and it also has a corroborating report (shahid) with an authentic chain.

It is narrated from Sayyiduna al-Miqdam bin Abi Karimah (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Any Muslim who becomes the guest of a people and that guest is deprived (of his right), it is a right upon every Muslim to help him until he obtains his right of one night's hospitality from their crops and wealth."

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abu Sa'id al-Khudri (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "When you come to a shepherd, call him three times; if he answers, well and good, otherwise drink (the milk) but do not waste it. And when you come to the wall of a garden, call out to the owner of the garden three times; if he answers, that is better, otherwise eat from it but do not cause damage."
This hadith is sahih (authentic) on the condition of Imam Muslim, but the two Shaykhs (Bukhari and Muslim) did not record it.