Fasting three days of every month

Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Amr (may Allah be pleased with them both) narrated: I heard the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) say: "Sayyiduna Nuh (peace be upon him) used to fast perpetually, except that he did not fast on the day of Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha. Sayyiduna Dawud (peace be upon him) fasted half of the time (i.e. he would fast one day and not fast the next). Sayyiduna Ibrahim (peace be upon him) used to fast three days of every month; in this way he fasted all the time and also did not fast all the time (i.e. the reward of each day's fast is tenfold, so three days are equal to the whole month)." (Allamah al-Haythami says:) I say: The report about the fasting of Sayyiduna Nuh (peace be upon him) was recorded by Imam Ibn Majah, and the report about the fasting of Sayyiduna Dawud (peace be upon him) is in the Sahih.
Imam al-Tabarani recorded it in al-Mu'jam al-Kabir. Its chain contains a narrator, Abu Qanan, and I do not know him.

Ibn al-Hawtakiyyah narrated: Food was brought to Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him), and he invited two men to eat. One of them said: "I am fasting." Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) asked: "Which fast are you keeping? Were it not that I fear I would add something or leave something out, I would narrate to you the hadith of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) from when a bedouin came to him with a rabbit. But send for Ammar bin Yasir." When Sayyiduna Ammar (may Allah be pleased with him) came, Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) asked: "Were you present when a bedouin came to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) with a rabbit?" He replied: "Yes. He (the bedouin) said: 'I saw blood on it,' and the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: 'Eat it!' He said: 'I am fasting.' The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) asked: 'Which fast are you keeping?' He replied: 'The beginning of the month and its end.' The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: 'If you must fast, then keep three fasts (every month): fast on the thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth.'"
Imam Ahmad recorded it. Its chain contains a narrator, Abd al-Rahman bin Abdullah al-Mas'udi, whose memory became confused (ikhtilat).

Musa bin Talhah narrated: Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) asked Sayyiduna Abu Dharr al-Ghifari (may Allah be pleased with him), Sayyiduna Ammar (may Allah be pleased with him) and Sayyiduna Abu al-Darda' (may Allah be pleased with him): "Do you remember the day when we were with the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) at such-and-such a place, and a bedouin came to him with a rabbit which had blood on it (i.e. it was a female rabbit that menstruated), and the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) commanded us to eat it, and that bedouin did not eat it?" They replied: "Yes. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said to him: 'Come closer and eat.' He said: 'I am fasting; I fast three days every month, at the beginning of the month or at its end, as is easy for me.'" Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said: "Do you know what the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) commanded that man?" They replied: "The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) commanded him to fast on the thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth." He said: "That is how the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said it." (Allamah al-Haythami says:) I say: The report narrated from Sayyiduna Abu Dharr al-Ghifari (may Allah be pleased with him) alone was recorded by Imam al-Tirmidhi in abridged form.
Imam al-Tabarani recorded it in al-Mu'jam al-Kabir. Its chain contains a narrator, Hakim bin Jubayr, about whom much has been said. Abu Zur'ah said: His position is truthfulness, if Allah wills.

Musa bin Talhah narrated that he came to Sayyiduna Umar bin al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him) while he was giving the people their morning meal. A man passed by him (the narrator is unsure; perhaps the wording is:) a man greeted him with salam. Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said: "Come forward." He said: "I am fasting." Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) asked: "In which part of the month do you fast?" He said: "In every month, at its beginning and also in its middle." Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said: "Call Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Mas'ud (may Allah be pleased with him) and Sayyiduna Ubayy bin Ka'b (may Allah be pleased with him) to me," and he also named some other Companions. When they came, Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) asked: "Do you remember the day when a man came to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) in such-and-such a valley with a rabbit?" They replied: "Yes." (After this the narrator mentioned the hadith as before.) (Allamah al-Haythami says:) I say: The hadith of Sayyiduna Ubayy bin Ka'b (may Allah be pleased with him) was narrated by Imam al-Nasa'i (may Allah have mercy on him).
Imam al-Tabarani recorded it in al-Mu'jam al-Awsat. Its chain contains a narrator, Sahl bin Ammar al-Naysaburi, and he is da'if (weak).

Yazid bin Abdullah bin al-Shikhkhir reports this statement from a bedouin: I heard the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) say: "Fasting the month of patience and three days of every month removes the rancour (or the whisperings) of the chest."
Imam Ahmad and Imam al-Tabarani in al-Mu'jam al-Kabir recorded it; however, he (al-Tabarani) reported the wording: "A man from the tribe of Ukl narrated to us." The narrators of Imam Ahmad are the narrators of the Sahih.

Sayyiduna Qurrah bin Iyas (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Fasting three days of every month is like fasting perpetually, and it is also not fasting perpetually (i.e. the reward will be that of fasting perpetually, while in practice one will not have fasted perpetually)."
Imam Ahmad, Imam al-Bazzar and Imam al-Tabarani in al-Mu'jam al-Kabir recorded it. The narrators of Imam Ahmad are the narrators of the Sahih.

Hunaydah al-Khuza'i narrates this statement of his mother: I went to Sayyidah Umm Salamah (may Allah be pleased with her) and asked her about fasting. She said: the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) used to instruct me to fast three days every month, beginning with Monday, then Friday and Thursday. (Allamah Haythami says:) I say:
Al-Nasa'i (may Allah have mercy on him) recorded it, but without the words: "Friday".
Ahmad recorded it, and I do not know Umm Hunaydah.

Sayyiduna Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates this saying of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him): "Fasting the month of patience and three fasts (of every month) remove the rancour (or evil whisperings) of the chest."
Al-Bazzar and al-Tabarani in al-Mu'jam al-Awsat recorded it. Its chain contains al-Hajjaj bin Artah, and he has been criticised.

Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) narrates that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Fasting the month of patience and three fasts of every month remove the rancour (or evil whisperings) of the chest."
Al-Bazzar recorded it, and its narrators are the narrators of the Sahih.

Sayyiduna Jabir (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates: A man came to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and asked about fasting. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) did not attend to him. Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Mas'ud (may Allah be pleased with him) said to him: "Fast Ramadan and fast three days of every month." The man said: "O servant of Allah! I seek refuge with Allah from you." The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "What is it you want? Fast the whole of Ramadan and fast three days of every month."
Al-Bazzar recorded it, and its narrators are the narrators of the Sahih.

Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) narrates: A man asked the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) about fasting, and the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Hold to the bright (days), three fasts of every month."
Al-Tabarani recorded it in al-Mu'jam al-Awsat and al-Mu'jam al-Kabir, and its narrators are thiqat (trustworthy).

Abu al-Ala' narrates: We were at al-Mirbad when a Bedouin came to us carrying a piece of leather. He said: "Look and see what is written on it." It was a letter from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) addressed to Banu Zuhayr bin Uqaysh, a branch of the tribe of Ukl, (in which was written:) "If you establish the prayer, pay the zakah, pay the khumus (one-fifth) of whatever spoils you gain, which is the share of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), and the chosen share (pay that too), then you will be safe under the protection granted by Allah Almighty." (The narrator says:) I asked: "Did you hear this yourself from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him)?" He said: "I heard the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) say: 'The month of patience and three fasts of every month drive away the rancour (or evil whisperings) of the chest.'" The narrator says: We asked about that man and were told that his name was al-Namir bin Tawlab. (Allamah Haythami says:) I say:
Abu Dawud recorded it, but it does not mention fasting.
Al-Tabarani recorded it in al-Mu'jam al-Awsat through Khallad bin Qurrah bin Khallad from his father, and I do not know either of them.

A man from Banu Sulaym narrates: I was sitting at al-Mirbad when a Bedouin came with the milk of his camels and stopped near us. His camels crowded in on us, so we got up from our place; then his camels crowded in on us a second time. One of those present said: "I think you are mad." He said: "I am not mad. I have a letter from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him)." Then he took it out, and it was on a piece of leather. We read it, and in it was written: "Fasting the month of patience and three fasts of every month drive away the rancour (or evil whisperings) of the chest." (The narrator says:) We asked: "Did the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) himself write this for you?" He said: "I bear witness that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) wrote it for me (or had it written for me)."
Al-Tabarani recorded it in al-Mu'jam al-Kabir, and its narrators are the narrators of the Sahih, except for this man from Banu Sulaym, whom I do not know.

Sayyiduna Kahmas al-Hilali (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates: I came to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and stayed with him, then I left him. After a year I came to him again and said: "O Messenger of Allah! Do you recognise me?" The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "No." I said: "I am the man who stayed with you a year ago." The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Why has your appearance changed?" He replied: "Since I parted from you I have not eaten any food." The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) asked: "Who ordered you to torment yourself? Fast one day each month." I said: "Allow me more." So the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) allowed me more, until he said: "Fast three days each month."
Al-Tabarani recorded it in al-Mu'jam al-Kabir. Its chain contains Hammad bin Yazid al-Minqari, and I have not found anyone who has given his biography.

Sayyidah Maymunah bint Sa'd (may Allah be pleased with her) narrates that she said: "O Messenger of Allah! Instruct us about fasting." The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Whoever is able to keep them should fast three days every month, for each day will be an expiation for ten of his sins, and he will be cleansed of his sins just as water cleanses (and cleans) a garment."
Al-Tabarani recorded it in al-Mu'jam al-Kabir, and its chain is da'if (weak).