What makes a person's life and property inviolable

Sayyiduna Jabir (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: A man came to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and said: "My neighbour is a hypocrite; he does such-and-such things." The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) asked: "Does he say La ilaha illallah (there is no god but Allah)?" The man replied: "Yes!" The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I have been forbidden (from killing) such people (that is, those who profess the testimony of faith)."
Imam al-Bazzar recorded it. Its chain contains mastur (unknown-status) narrators, and the narrator Muhammad bin Abi Layla had a poor memory.

Ubaydullah bin Adi bin al-Khiyar narrated that a man from the Ansar told him that he once came to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) while the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) was sitting in a gathering. Speaking to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) in a whisper, he asked his permission to kill a hypocrite. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) asked aloud: "Does that man not testify that there is no god but Allah?" The Ansari replied: "Yes, O Messenger of Allah! But his testimony has no worth." The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) asked: "Does he not testify that Sayyiduna Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) is the Messenger of Allah?" The man replied: "Yes, O Messenger of Allah! But his testimony has no worth." The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) asked: "Does he not pray?" The man replied: "Yes, O Messenger of Allah! But his prayer has no worth." The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "These are the people (that is, those who profess the testimony of faith) whom Allah Almighty has forbidden me (to kill)."
Imam Ahmad recorded it, and its narrators are the narrators of the Sahih. He recorded this same narration again from Ubaydullah bin Adi bin al-Khiyar, from Abdullah bin Adi al-Ansari, that Abdullah bin Adi narrated this hadith to him, and then he mentioned a hadith of the same meaning.

Sayyiduna Jarir (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I have been commanded to fight the people until they say that there is no god but Allah. When they say it, they will have protected their lives and their wealth from me, except for what is due by its right, and their reckoning will rest with Allah Almighty."
Imam al-Tabarani recorded it. Its chain contains a narrator, Ibrahim bin Uyaynah, whom most hadith scholars have declared da'if (weak); Yahya bin Ma'in said: "He was a truthful Muslim."

Sayyiduna Sahl bin Sa'd (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I have been commanded to fight the people until they say that there is no god but Allah. When they say La ilaha illallah (there is no god but Allah), they will have protected their lives and their wealth from me, except for what is due by its right, and their reckoning will rest with Allah Almighty."
Imam al-Tabarani recorded it, and its chain contains a narrator, Mus'ab bin Thabit; Ibn Hibban declared him thiqah (trustworthy), while most hadith scholars have declared him da'if (weak).

Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) narrated: The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I have been commanded to fight the people until they say that there is no god but Allah. When they say it, they will have protected their lives and their wealth from me, except for what is due by its right, and their reckoning will rest with Allah Almighty."
Imam al-Tabarani recorded it, and its narrators have been declared trustworthy, except that its chain contains a narrator, Ishaq bin Yazid al-Khattabi, whom I do not know.

Sayyiduna Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I have been commanded to fight the people until they say that there is no god but Allah. When they say it, they will have withheld (that is, protected) their lives and their wealth from me, except for what is due by its right, and their reckoning will rest with Allah Almighty."
Imam al-Bazzar recorded it and said: To my knowledge, this narration is reported from Sayyiduna Anas (may Allah be pleased with him) from Sayyiduna Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) only through this chain, and I think the narrator Imran made a mistake in its chain.

Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Mas'ud (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "When one of you attacks a (non-Muslim) man with a spear, and the point of the spear is at his (the non-Muslim's) throat, and at that moment he says La ilaha illallah (there is no god but Allah), then the Muslim should lift the spear away from him."
Imam al-Tabarani recorded it in al-Mu'jam al-Kabir and al-Mu'jam al-Awsat. Its chain contains a narrator, al-Salt bin Abd al-Rahman al-Zubaydi, who cannot be relied upon as evidence.

Abu Malik al-Ashja'i narrates from his father: The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I have been commanded to fight people until they say La ilaha illallah (there is no god but Allah). When they say it, they will have secured their lives and their wealth from me, except by its right, and their reckoning will rest with Allah Almighty."
Al-Tabarani recorded it in al-Mu'jam al-Kabir, and its narrators have been declared trustworthy.

Sayyiduna Abu Bakrah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates: The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I have been commanded to fight people until they say La ilaha illallah (there is no god but Allah). When they say it, they will have secured their lives and their wealth from me, except by its right, and their reckoning will rest with Allah Almighty."
Al-Tabarani recorded it in al-Mu'jam al-Kabir and al-Mu'jam al-Awsat; its chain contains a narrator, Abdullah bin Isa al-Khazzaz, who is da'if (weak) and is not to be used as evidence.

Sayyiduna Samurah bin Jundub (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates: The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I have been commanded to fight people until they say La ilaha illallah (there is no god but Allah). When they say it, they will have secured their lives and their wealth from me, except by its right, and their reckoning will rest with Allah Almighty."
Al-Tabarani recorded it in al-Mu'jam al-Awsat; its chain contains a narrator, Mubarak bin Fadalah, about whom there is disagreement as to whether he may be used as evidence.

Sayyiduna Anas bin Malik (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates: The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I have been commanded to fight people until they say La ilaha illallah (there is no god but Allah). When they say it, they will have secured their lives and their wealth from me, except by its right, and their reckoning will rest with Allah Almighty." It was asked: "What is meant by its right?" The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Committing adultery after being muhsan (married), or adopting disbelief after accepting Islam, or killing a person, in which case he will be killed in return for it."
Al-Tabarani recorded it in al-Mu'jam al-Awsat; its chain contains a narrator, Amr bin Hashim al-Bayruti, whom most of the hadith scholars have declared trustworthy.

Sayyiduna Iyad al-Ansari (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates it as a marfu' hadith: The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "La ilaha illallah is an honoured word in the sight of Allah Almighty, and it holds a lofty station with Allah Almighty. It is a word such that whoever says it sincerely, Allah Almighty will admit him into Paradise because of it. And whoever says it falsely, this word will protect his life and safeguard his wealth, and tomorrow, when he presents himself before Allah Almighty, Allah Almighty will take him to account."
Al-Bazzar recorded it, and its narrators have been declared trustworthy, if its Tabi'i is Abd al-Rahman bin Abdullah bin Mas'ud.

Humayd bin Hilal narrates: Sayyiduna Umarah bin Qard al-Laythi (may Allah be pleased with him) took part in a military expedition. He remained there for as long as Allah willed, then he set out to return. When he drew near to al-Ahwaz and heard the sound of the adhan, he said: "By Allah! I have not prayed in congregation with the Muslims for the past three days." He headed towards the adhan, intending to offer the (congregational) prayer, but it turned out to be (the mosque of) the "Azariqah" (that is, the Khawarij). Those people said to Sayyiduna Umarah (may Allah be pleased with him): "O enemy of Allah! Why have you come?" Sayyiduna Umarah (may Allah be pleased with him) said: "Are you people not my brothers, that is, Muslims?" They said: "You are the brother of Satan; we will certainly kill you." Sayyiduna Umarah (may Allah be pleased with him) said: "Will you not be content with from me what the Messenger of Allah was content with?" They asked: "What was the thing because of which the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) was content with you?" Sayyiduna Umarah (may Allah be pleased with him) told them: "When I came to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), I was a disbeliever. Then I testified that there is no god besides Allah Almighty and that you are indeed the Messenger of Allah, so the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) let me go."
(The narrator says:) But those Khawarij seized him and martyred him.
Al-Tabarani recorded it in al-Mu'jam al-Kabir and al-Mu'jam al-Awsat, and its narrators are the narrators of the Sahih.

Sayyiduna Nu'man bin Bashir (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates this saying of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him): "I have been commanded to fight people until they say La ilaha illallah (there is no god but Allah). When they say it, they will have secured their lives and their wealth from me, except by its right."
Al-Bazzar recorded it, and its narrators are the narrators of the Sahih.

Sayyiduna Muslim al-Tamimi (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates: The Messenger of Allah sent us on a military expedition. When we attacked the enemy, I rode ahead of my companions on a horse. Women and children came before us, crying out and wailing. I said to them: "Do you want to save your lives?" They replied: "Yes!" I said: "Then say: 'We bear witness that there is no god besides Allah, He alone is the One God, He has no partner, and that Sayyiduna Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) is His servant and His Messenger.'" Those people recited this testimony. When my companions came, they rebuked me and said: "We were expecting to gain spoils, but you did not let us have them." (The narrator says:) When we returned to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), (the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him)) said to my companions: "Do you know what he has done (that is, how great the reward of this person's deed will be)? Allah Almighty has granted him such and such (good deeds or reward) in return for every single person (who accepted Islam)." The narrator says: Then the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) drew me close to him.
Al-Tabarani recorded it in al-Mu'jam al-Kabir; its chain contains a narrator, al-Harith bin Muslim, who is majhul (unknown).

Sayyiduna Uqbah bin Malik al-Laythi (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates: The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) sent out a military expedition. They attacked the enemy, and one man of the enemy broke away from them. A Muslim went after him brandishing a sword. The man who had broken away said: "I am a Muslim," but the Muslim paid no heed to what he said; he struck him and killed him. When the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) was informed of this, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) expressed severe displeasure about it, and this reached the Muslim who had done the killing. Then, while the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) was delivering a sermon, that man said: "O Messenger of Allah! By Allah! That (slain) man said it only to escape being killed." The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) turned away from that man and from the people on that side, and continued his sermon. The man said the same thing a second time: "By Allah! He said it only to escape being killed." The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) again turned away from him and continued his sermon. The man could not hold himself back, until he said a third time: "By Allah! He said it only to escape being killed." Then the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) turned towards that man, and the signs of displeasure were evident on his blessed face. He said: "Whoever kills a believer, Allah Almighty has refused me concerning him." He (peace and blessings be upon him) said this three times.
Al-Tabarani recorded it in al-Mu'jam al-Kabir, and Ahmad and Abu Ya'la also recorded it, except that they named the narrator Sayyiduna Uqbah bin Khalid (may Allah be pleased with him) instead of Sayyiduna Uqbah bin Malik. All the narrators of this report are thiqat (trustworthy).

Sayyiduna Jundub bin Sufyan (may Allah be pleased with him), who belonged to the tribe of "Bajilah," narrates: I was with the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) when a man bringing good news from one of his military expeditions came to him (peace and blessings be upon him) and informed him that Allah Almighty had helped that expedition, granted them success and given them victory. That man also said: "O Messenger of Allah! When Allah Almighty had routed the enemy and we were pursuing them, I caught up with a man with my sword. As I was about to strike him, he ran and said: 'I am a Muslim, I am a Muslim.'" The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) asked: "So did you kill him?" The man said: "O Messenger of Allah! He was only trying to save himself." The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Why did you not split open his heart, so that you could see whether he was truthful or lying?" The man said: "Even if I had split open his heart, I could not have known, for his heart is only a lump of flesh." The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "You could neither know what was in his heart, nor did you accept what his tongue said." The man said: "O Messenger of Allah! Pray for forgiveness for me!" The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I will not pray for forgiveness for you." The narrator says: When that man died and the people buried him, the next day his body was lying (out of the grave) on the ground. The people buried him again, and (the next day) his body was again lying on the ground. This happened three times. When the people saw this situation, they felt ashamed and humiliated on account of that man's affair, so they picked up his body and threw it into a pit.
(Allamah al-Haythami says:) I say: This report is recorded in the "Sahih" in abridged form.
Al-Tabarani recorded it in al-Mu'jam al-Kabir, and Abu Ya'la also recorded it; its chain contains two narrators, Abd al-Hamid bin Bahram and Shahr bin Hawshab, about whom there is disagreement as to whether they may be used as evidence.

Sayyiduna Imran bin Husayn (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates: The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: (that is, in the report mentioned above, these are the words:) "I fight people only on the basis of Islam. By Allah! I will not pray for forgiveness for you." (The narrator says:) Or as he (peace and blessings be upon him) said.
(Allamah al-Haythami says:) I say: This is mentioned in a long hadith which Ibn Majah recorded in the chapter on trials (al-Fitan), and these are his words. Its chain contains an unknown person. Al-Tabarani recorded it in al-Mu'jam al-Kabir.

Sayyiduna Qutbah bin Qatadah al-Sadusi (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates: I said: "O Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him)! Stretch out your blessed hand so that I may pledge allegiance to you on behalf of myself and my daughter "Huwaysilah." And if I were to attribute a lie to Allah, I would be deceiving you."
Sayyiduna Qutbah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates: Sayyiduna Khalid bin al-Walid (may Allah be pleased with him) had attacked us with his horsemen, and we said: "We are Muslims," so he left us alone. We took part with Sayyiduna Khalid (may Allah be pleased with him) in the battle of "al-Ubullah." He was granted victory, and he filled our hands (with spoils).
Al-Tabarani recorded it in al-Mu'jam al-Kabir; its chain contains an unknown narrator, namely the man called Qatadah who narrated this report from Sayyiduna Qutbah (may Allah be pleased with him).
(Allamah al-Haythami says:) I have not seen anyone who has mentioned this narrator (Qatadah).

Sayyiduna Sa'd bin Abi Dhubab (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates: I came to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and accepted Islam, and then I said: "O Messenger of Allah! Whatever wealth (that is, lands) the people of my tribe accept Islam with, let those (lands) remain in their ownership." The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) did so, and he (peace and blessings be upon him) appointed me as governor over them. After the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), Sayyiduna Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) appointed me as governor, and after him Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) also appointed me as governor.
Ahmad recorded it, and in another place he named the narrator "Sa'id" (bin Abi Dhubab) and recorded this same hadith from this narrator with his chain. And Allah knows best.
Its chain contains a narrator, Munir bin Abdullah, who is majhul (unknown), and al-Azdi has also declared him da'if (weak).