السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب المزارعة
Book of Sharecropping
باب: من أباح المزارعة بجزء معلوم مشاع وحمل النهي عنها على التنزيه أو على ما لو تضمن العقد شرطا فاسدا
Those who permitted share-cropping for a known common share and took its prohibition as dislike, or as applying when the contract contains an invalid condition
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أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَلِيٍّ الرُّوذْبَارِيُّ، ثنا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ دَاسَةَ، ثنا أَبُو دَاوُدَ، ثنا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ، ثنا عُمَرُ بْنُ أَيُّوبَ، عَنْ جَعْفَرِ بْنِ بُرْقَانَ، عَنْ ثَابِتِ بْنِ الْحَجَّاجِ، عَنْ زَيْدِ بْنِ ثَابِتٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ: " نَهَى رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَنِ الْمُخَابَرَةِ " قُلْتُ: وَمَا الْمُخَابَرَةُ؟ قَالَ: " أَنْ يَأْخُذَ الْأَرْضَ بِنِصْفٍ أَوْ ثُلُثٍ أَوْ رُبُعٍ ".
It is reported from Sayyiduna Zayd bin Thabit (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) forbade mukhabarah. I asked: What is mukhabarah? He said: "That one takes land for a half, a third or a quarter."
أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ، ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ سَلَمَةَ، ثنا إِسْحَاقُ بْنُ مَنْصُورٍ، ثنا يَحْيَى بْنُ حَمَّادٍ، ثنا أَبُو عَوَانَةَ، عَنِ الشَّيْبَانِيِّ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ السَّائِبِ قَالَ: دَخَلْتُ عَلَى عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ مَعْقِلٍ فَسَأَلْنَاهُ عَنِ الْمُزَارَعَةِ، فَقَالَ: زَعَمَ ثَابِتٌ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ " نَهَى عَنِ الْمُزَارَعَةِ، أَمَرَنَا بِالْمُؤَاجَرَةِ وَقَالَ: لَا بَأْسَ بِهَا " رَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ فِي الصَّحِيحِ عَنْ إِسْحَاقَ بْنِ مَنْصُورٍ.
Abdullah bin al-Sa'ib said: I went to Abdullah bin Ma'qil (may Allah be pleased with him), and we asked him about muzara'ah (sharecropping). He said: Thabit claims that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) "forbade muzara'ah and ordered us to (use) hiring", and said: "There is no harm in it."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ الْحَافِظُ، أنبأ أَبُو نَصْرٍ الْعِرَاقِيُّ، ثنا سُفْيَانُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الْجَوْهَرِيُّ، ثنا عَلِيُّ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ، ثنا عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ الْوَلِيدِ، ثنا سُفْيَانُ، أَخْبَرَنِي عَبْدُ الْكَرِيمِ، عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ جُبَيْرٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ قَالَ: " إِنَّ أَمْثَلَ مَا أَنْتُمْ صَانِعُونَ أَنْ تَسْتَأْجِرُوا الْأَرْضَ الْبَيْضَاءَ لَيْسَ فِيهَا شَجَرٌ ".
It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) that: "The best of what you can do is to rent bare land in which there are no trees."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو زَكَرِيَّا بْنُ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ، وَأَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ، قَالَا: ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ، أنبأ الرَّبِيعُ، أنبأ الشَّافِعِيُّ، أنبأ مَالِكٌ، عَنِ ابْنِ شِهَابٍ، عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ الْمُسَيِّبِ أَنَّهُ سُئِلَ عَنِ اسْتِكْرَاءِ الْأَرْضِ بِالذَّهَبِ وَالْوَرِقِ، فَقَالَ: " لَا بَأْسَ بِهِ " قَالَ: وَأَنْبَأَ مَالِكٌ عَنْ هِشَامٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ شَبِيهًا بِهِ، قَالَ: وَأَنْبَأَ مَالِكٌ عَنِ ابْنِ شِهَابِ عَنْ سَالِمٍ مِثْلَهُ.
Ibn Shihab (may Allah have mercy on him) asked Sa'id bin al-Musayyib (may Allah have mercy on him) about renting land for gold and silver, and he said: There is no harm in it.
(4) Chapter: Whoever permitted sharecropping (muzara'ah) for a known, undivided share, and took the prohibition of it to be one of mere disapproval (tanzih), or to apply where the contract contains an invalid condition
"Whoever permitted muzara'ah in exchange for a known common share and took the prohibition to be one of disapproval (tanzihi), or (to apply) where there is an invalid condition in the transaction"
(4) Chapter: Whoever permitted sharecropping (muzara'ah) for a known, undivided share, and took the prohibition of it to be one of mere disapproval (tanzih), or to apply where the contract contains an invalid condition
"Whoever permitted muzara'ah in exchange for a known common share and took the prohibition to be one of disapproval (tanzihi), or (to apply) where there is an invalid condition in the transaction"
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُوْ عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ، أنبأ إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ قُتَيْبَةَ، ثنا يَحْيَى بْنُ يَحْيَى، أنبأ حَمَّادُ بْنُ زَيْدٍ، عَنْ عَمْرٍو، أَنَّ مُجَاهِدًا قَالَ لِطَاوُسٍ: انْطَلِقْ بِنَا إِلَى ابْنِ رَافِعِ بْنِ خَدِيجٍ فَأَسْمَعَ مِنْهُ الْحَدِيثَ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، قَالَ فَانْتَهَرَهُ وَقَالَ: إِنِّي وَاللهِ لَوْ أَعْلَمُ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ نَهَى عَنْهُ مَا فَعَلْتُهُ، وَلَكِنْ حَدَّثَنِي مَنْ هُوَ أَعْلَمُ بِهِ مِنْهُمْ، يَعْنِي ابْنَ عَبَّاسٍ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ: " لَأَنْ يَمْنَحَ الرَّجُلُ أَخَاهُ أَرْضَهُ خَيْرٌ لَهُ مِنْ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ عَلَيْهَا خَرْجًا مَعْلُومًا " رَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ فِي الصَّحِيحِ عَنْ يَحْيَى بْنِ يَحْيَى.
Mujahid (may Allah have mercy on him) said to Tawus (may Allah have mercy on him): Come with us to the son of Rafi', so that we may hear the hadith from him which he narrates from his father, and he from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). Tawus (may Allah have mercy on him) rebuked him and said: If I knew that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) had forbidden it, I would not do it; but the one who is more knowledgeable than them, namely Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both), narrated to me that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "If one of you gifts land to his brother, that is better for him than taking rent from him."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ عَبْدَانَ، ثنا أَبُو الْقَاسِمِ سُلَيْمَانُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الطَّبَرَانِيُّ، ثنا حَفْصُ بْنُ عُمَرَ، ثنا قَبِيصَةُ، ثنا سُفْيَانُ، عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ دِينَارٍ قَالَ: سَمِعْتُ ابْنَ عُمَرَ يَقُولُ: مَا كُنَّا نَكْرَهُ الْمُزَارَعَةَ حَتَّى سَمِعْتُ رَافِعَ بْنَ خَدِيجٍ يَقُولُ: " نَهَى رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَنِ الْمُزَارَعَةِ " وَعَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ دِينَارٍ، عَنْ طَاوُسٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ لَمْ يَنْهَ عَنِ الْمُزَارَعَةِ وَقَالَ: " لَأَنْ يَمْنَحَ أَحَدُكُمْ أَخَاهُ أَرْضَهُ خَيْرٌ لَهُ مِنْ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ شَيْئًا مَعْلُومًا " رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي الصَّحِيحِ عَنْ قَبِيصَةَ دُونَ رِوَايَةِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ عَنْ رَافِعٍ وَأَخْرَجَ مُسْلِمٌ حَدِيثَ ابْنِ عُمَرَ مِنْ حَدِيثِ وَكِيعٍ عَنْ سُفْيَانَ.
Amr bin Dinar (may Allah have mercy on him) said: I heard Ibn Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) say: We did not consider muzara'ah disliked until I heard Rafi' (may Allah be pleased with him) say that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) forbade muzara'ah. It is narrated from Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) did not forbid muzara'ah, and said: "That a man gives land to his brother is better for him than taking rent from him."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أنبأ أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ، أنبأ بِشْرُ بْنُ مُوسَى، ثنا الْحُمَيْدِيُّ، ثنا سُفْيَانُ، عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ دِينَارٍ قَالَ: قُلْتُ لِطَاوُسٍ: لَوْ تَرَكْتَ الْمُخَابَرَةَ؛ فَإِنَّهُمْ يَزْعُمُونَ أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ نَهَى عَنْهُ، قَالَ: أَيْ عَمْرُو، إِنِّي أُعْطِيهِمْ وَأُعِينُهُمْ، وَإِنَّ أَعْلَمَهُمْ أَخْبَرَنِي، يَعْنِي ابْنَ عَبَّاسٍ، أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ لَمْ يَنْهَ عَنْهُ وَلَكِنْ قَالَ: " أَنْ يَمْنَحَ أَحَدُكُمْ أَخَاهُ خَيْرٌ لَهُ مِنْ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ عَلَيْهَا خَرْجًا مَعْلُومًا " أَخْرَجَهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ وَمُسْلِمٌ فِي الصَّحِيحِ مِنْ حَدِيثِ سُفْيَانَ بْنِ عُيَيْنَةَ.
Amr bin Dinar (may Allah have mercy on him) said: I said to Tawus (may Allah have mercy on him): If only you would give up mukhabarah, for they claim that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) forbade it. Tawus said: O Amr, I give (land) to them and help them, and the most knowledgeable of them, Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both), told me that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) did not forbid it, but rather said: "That one of you grants (land) to his brother is better for him than taking a fixed rent for it."
أَخْبَرَنَا عَلِيُّ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ بِشْرَانَ، ثنا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الْمِصْرِيُّ، ثنا رَوْحُ بْنُ الْفَرَجِ، ثنا عَمْرُو بْنُ خَالِدٍ، ثنا اللَّيْثُ، عَنْ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ بْنِ جُرَيْجٍ، عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ دِينَارٍ، عَنْ طَاوُسٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ أَنَّهُ لَمَّا سَمِعَ إِكْثَارَ النَّاسِ فِي كِرَاءِ الْأَرْضِ، قَالَ: سُبْحَانَ اللهِ إِنَّمَا قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " أَلَا مَنَحَهَا أَخَاهُ "، وَلَمْ يَنْهَ عَنْ كِرَائِهَا رَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ فِي الصَّحِيحِ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ رُمْحٍ عَنِ اللَّيْثِ.
It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) that he said: When I heard many people (talking) about renting out land, I said: 'Subhan Allah' (Glory be to Allah)! The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) only said: "Listen! Give it to your brother," and he (peace and blessings be upon him) did not forbid renting it.
أَخْبَرَنَا عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ عَبْدَانَ، أنبأ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عُبَيْدٍ، أنبأ ابْنُ نَاجِيَةَ، ثنا ابْنُ أَبِي رِزْمَةَ، ثنا الْفَضْلُ بْنُ مُوسَى، عَنْ شَرِيكٍ، عَنْ شُعْبَةَ، عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ دِينَارٍ، عَنْ طَاوُسٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ " لَمْ يُحَرِّمِ الْمُزَارَعَةَ، وَلَكِنْ أَمَرَ أَنْ يَرْفُقَ النَّاسُ بَعْضُهُمْ مِنْ بَعْضِهِمْ " رَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ فِي الصَّحِيحِ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ حُجْرٍ عَنِ الْفَضْلِ بْنِ مُوسَى.
It is narrated from Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) did not declare muzara'ah unlawful, but he ordered that "people be treated gently."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْفَتْحِ هِلَالُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ جَعْفَرٍ الْحَفَّارُ، أَخْبَرَنَا الْحُسَيْنُ بْنُ يَحْيَى بْنِ عَيَّاشٍ الْقَطَّانُ، ثنا أَبُو الْأَشْعَثِ، ثنا يَزِيدُ بْنُ زُرَيْعٍ، عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ إِسْحَاقَ، ح وَحَدَّثَنَا أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ كَامِلُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الْمُسْتَمْلِي، ثنا بِشْرُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الِإسْفِرَايِينِيُّ، ثنا دَاوُدُ بْنُ الْحُسَيْنِ الْبَيْهَقِيُّ، ثنا يَحْيَى بْنُ يَحْيَى، ثنا بِشْرُ بْنُ الْمُفَضَّلِ، عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ إِسْحَاقَ، عَنْ أَبِي عُبَيْدَةَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَمَّارٍ، عَنِ الْوَلِيدِ بْنِ أَبِي الْوَلِيدِ، عَنْ عُرْوَةَ بْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ، عَنْ زَيْدِ بْنِ ثَابِتٍ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: يَغْفِرُ اللهُ لِرَافِعِ بْنِ خَدِيجٍ، أَنَا وَاللهِ كُنْتُ أَعْلَمُ بِالْحَدِيثِ مِنْهُ، إِنَّمَا أَتَى رَجُلَانِ مِنَ الْأَنْصَارِ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَدِ اقْتَتَلَا، فَقَالَ: " إِنْ كَانَ هَذَا شَأْنَكُمْ فَلَا تُكْرُوا الْمَزَارِعَ "، فَسَمِعَ قَوْلَهُ: " لَا تُكْرُوا الْمَزَارِعَ " قَالَ الشَّيْخُ: زَيْدُ بْنُ ثَابِتٍ وَابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمَا كَأَنَّهُمَا أَنْكَرَا وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ إِطْلَاقَ النَّهْيِ عَنْ كِرَاءِ الْمَزَارِعِ، وَعَنَى ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ بِمَا لَمْ يَنْهَ عَنْهُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ كِرَاءَهَا بِالذَّهَبِ وَالْفِضَّةِ، وَبِمَا لَا غَرَرَ فِيهِ، وَقَدْ قَيَّدَ بَعْضُ الرُّوَاةِ عَنْ رَافِعٍ الْأَنْوَاعَ الَّتِي وَقَعَ النَّهْيُ عَنْهَا، وَبَيَّنَ عِلَّةَ النَّهْيِ وَهِيَ مَا يُخْشَى عَلَى الزَّرْعِ مِنَ الْهَلَاكِ، وَذَلِكَ غَرَرٌ فِي الْعِوَضِ يُوجِبُ فَسَادَ الْعَقْدِ، وَإِنْ كَانَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ عَنَى بِمَا لَمْ يَنْهَ عَنْهُ كِرَاءَهَا بِبَعْضِ مَا يَخْرُجُ مِنْهَا، فَقَدْ رُوِّينَا عَمَّنْ سَمِعَ نَهْيَهُ عَنْهُ، فَالْحُكْمُ لَهُ دُونَهُ، وَقَدْ رُوِّينَا عَنْ زَيْدِ بْنِ ثَابِتٍ مَا يُوَافِقُ رِوَايَةَ رَافِعِ بْنِ خَدِيجٍ وَغَيْرِهِ، فَدَلَّ أَنَّ مَا أَنْكَرَهُ غَيْرُ مَا أَثْبَتَهُ وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ، ⦗٢٢٣⦘ وَمِنَ الْعُلَمَاءِ مَنْ حَمَلَ أَخْبَارَ النَّهْيِ عَلَى مَا لَوْ وَقَعَتْ بِشُرُوطٍ فَاسِدَةٍ نَحْوَ شَرْطِ الْجَدَاوِلِ وَالْمَاذِيَانَاتِ، وَهِيَ الْأَنْهَارُ، وَهِيَ مَا كَانَ يُشْتَرَطُ عَلَى الزَّارِعِ أَنْ يَزْرَعَهُ عَلَى هَذِهِ الْأَنْهَارِ خَاصَّةً لِرَبِّ الْمَالِ، وَنَحْوُ شَرْطِ الْقُصَارَةِ، وَهِيَ مَا بَقِيَ مِنَ الْحَبِّ فِي السُّنْبُلِ بَعْدَمَا يُدَاسُ، وَيُقَالُ: الْقُصَرَّى، وَنَحْوُ شَرْطِ مَا يَسْقِي الرَّبِيعُ، وَهُوَ النَّهَرُ الصَّغِيرُ مِثْلُ الْجَدْوَلِ وَالسَّرِيِّ وَنَحْوِهِ، وَجَمْعُهُ أَرْبِعَاءُ كَمَا قَالُوا، فَكَانَتْ هَذِهِ وَمَا أَشْبَهَهَا شُرُوطًا شَرَطَهَا رَبُّ الْمَالِ لِنَفْسِهِ خَاصَّةً سِوَى الشَّرْطِ عَلَى النِّصْفِ وَالرُّبُعِ وَالثُّلُثِ، فَيَرَى أَنَّ نَهْيَ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَنِ الْمُزَارَعَةِ إِنَّمَا كَانَ لِهَذِهِ الشُّرُوطِ؛ لِأَنَّهَا مَجْهُولَةٌ، فَإِذَا كَانَتِ الْحِصَصُ مَعْلُومَةً نَحْوَ النِّصْفِ وَالثُّلُثِ وَالرُّبُعِ، وَكَانَتِ الشُّرُوطُ الْفَاسِدَةُ مَعْدُومَةً، كَانَتِ الْمُزَارَعَةُ جَائِزَةً، وَإِلَى هَذِهِ ذَهَبَ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ حَنْبَلٍ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ، وَأَبُو عُبَيْدٍ، وَمُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ بْنِ خُزَيْمَةَ، وَغَيْرُهُمْ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْحَدِيثِ، وَإِلَيْهِ ذَهَبَ أَبُو يُوسُفَ وَمُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ الرَّأْيِ، وَالْأَحَادِيثُ الَّتِي مَضَتْ فِي مُعَامَلَةِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَهْلَ خَيْبَرَ بِشَرْطِ مَا يَخْرُجُ مِنْهَا مِنْ ثَمَرٍ أَوْ زَرْعٍ دَلِيلٌ لَهُمْ فِي هَذِهِ الْمَسْأَلَةِ، وَضَعَّفَ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ حَنْبَلٍ حَدِيثَ رَافِعِ بْنِ خَدِيجٍ وَقَالَ: هُوَ كَثِيرُ الْأَلْوَانِ، يُرِيدُ مَا أَشَرْنَا إِلَيْهِ مِنَ الِاخْتِلَافِ عَلَيْهِ فِي إِسْنَادِهِ وَمَتْنِهِ.
It is narrated from Sayyiduna Zayd bin Thabit (may Allah be pleased with him) that he said: May Allah Almighty forgive Sayyiduna Rafi' (may Allah be pleased with him); by Allah, I know the hadith better than him. Two men of the Ansar came to him (peace and blessings be upon him), and they had been fighting. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "If this is your situation, then do not rent out the fields." Sayyiduna Rafi' (may Allah be pleased with him) heard these words: 'Do not rent out the farmland.'
The Shaykh said: Sayyiduna Zayd bin Thabit and Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) both objected, and Allah knows best, to the prohibition of renting out farmland being unrestricted. What Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) meant by what was not forbidden is renting it for gold, silver and something in which there is no uncertainty (gharar). Some of the narrators from Sayyiduna Rafi' (may Allah be pleased with him) have specified the kinds on which the prohibition fell, and explained the reason for the prohibition, which is the fear of the crop being destroyed; for that is uncertainty, which renders the contract invalid. And if what Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) meant by what was not forbidden is renting it for part of its produce, then we have narrated (the prohibition) from those who heard him (peace and blessings be upon him) forbid it, so the ruling goes with them, not with him. We have also narrated from Sayyiduna Zayd bin Thabit (may Allah be pleased with him) what agrees with the narration of Sayyiduna Rafi' bin Khadij (may Allah be pleased with him) and others; this is proof that what he objected to is something other than what he affirmed, and Allah knows best. Some scholars have taken the hadiths of prohibition to refer to muzara'ah with invalid conditions, such as stipulating to the cultivator the channels and the streams, that the crop along these streams is for the owner alone. Likewise the condition of qusarah: the grain that remains in the ear after threshing is called qusarra. Likewise the condition of what a small stream irrigates, such as channels and the like, as they said. These conditions, and those resembling them, the owner stipulated exclusively for himself, besides the half, quarter or third. So they hold that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) forbade muzara'ah because of these conditions. When the shares are known, such as a half, a quarter or a third, the invalid conditions are absent and muzara'ah becomes permissible. This is the position of Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal (may Allah have mercy on him), and it was adopted by Abu Ubayd, Muhammad bin Ishaq bin Khuzaymah and other people of hadith, and by Imam Abu Yusuf (may Allah have mercy on him) and Muhammad bin al-Hasan, who are among the people of opinion (ashab al-ra'y). The hadiths of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) concerning (his dealing with) the people of Khaybar for half of the yield, which he set on their fruit and crops so that grain would come from them, are evidence in this issue. Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal (may Allah have mercy on him) declared the hadith of Rafi' bin Khadij weak and said that there is much variation in it, referring to what we have pointed out: that there is variation in its text and chain.
The Shaykh said: Sayyiduna Zayd bin Thabit and Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) both objected, and Allah knows best, to the prohibition of renting out farmland being unrestricted. What Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) meant by what was not forbidden is renting it for gold, silver and something in which there is no uncertainty (gharar). Some of the narrators from Sayyiduna Rafi' (may Allah be pleased with him) have specified the kinds on which the prohibition fell, and explained the reason for the prohibition, which is the fear of the crop being destroyed; for that is uncertainty, which renders the contract invalid. And if what Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) meant by what was not forbidden is renting it for part of its produce, then we have narrated (the prohibition) from those who heard him (peace and blessings be upon him) forbid it, so the ruling goes with them, not with him. We have also narrated from Sayyiduna Zayd bin Thabit (may Allah be pleased with him) what agrees with the narration of Sayyiduna Rafi' bin Khadij (may Allah be pleased with him) and others; this is proof that what he objected to is something other than what he affirmed, and Allah knows best. Some scholars have taken the hadiths of prohibition to refer to muzara'ah with invalid conditions, such as stipulating to the cultivator the channels and the streams, that the crop along these streams is for the owner alone. Likewise the condition of qusarah: the grain that remains in the ear after threshing is called qusarra. Likewise the condition of what a small stream irrigates, such as channels and the like, as they said. These conditions, and those resembling them, the owner stipulated exclusively for himself, besides the half, quarter or third. So they hold that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) forbade muzara'ah because of these conditions. When the shares are known, such as a half, a quarter or a third, the invalid conditions are absent and muzara'ah becomes permissible. This is the position of Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal (may Allah have mercy on him), and it was adopted by Abu Ubayd, Muhammad bin Ishaq bin Khuzaymah and other people of hadith, and by Imam Abu Yusuf (may Allah have mercy on him) and Muhammad bin al-Hasan, who are among the people of opinion (ashab al-ra'y). The hadiths of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) concerning (his dealing with) the people of Khaybar for half of the yield, which he set on their fruit and crops so that grain would come from them, are evidence in this issue. Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal (may Allah have mercy on him) declared the hadith of Rafi' bin Khadij weak and said that there is much variation in it, referring to what we have pointed out: that there is variation in its text and chain.
وَقَدْ أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْحُسَيْنِ الْعَلَوِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ، ثنا أَبُو حَامِدِ بْنُ الشَّرْقِيِّ، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَحْيَى الذُّهْلِيُّ، وَأَبُو الْأَزْهَرِ، قَالَا: ثنا عَبْدُ الرَّزَّاقِ، أنبأ مَعْمَرٌ، عَنْ عُبَيْدِ اللهِ بْنِ عُمَرَ، عَنْ نَافِعٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ، أَنَّهُ كَانَ يُكْرِي أَرَضَهُ، فَأُخْبِرَ بِحَدِيثِ رَافِعِ بْنِ خَدِيجٍ، فَأَتَاهُ فَسَأَلَهُ عَنْهُ، فَأَخْبَرَهُ، فَقَالَ ابْنُ عُمَرَ: " قَدْ عَلِمْتُ أَنَّ أَهْلَ الْأَرْضِ قَدْ كَانُوا يُعْطُونَ أَرَضِيهِمْ عَلَى عَهْدِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَيَشْتَرِطُ صَاحِبُ الْأَرْضِ لِيَ الْمَاذِيَانَاتِ وَمَا يَسْقِي الرَّبِيعُ، وَيَشْتَرِطُ مِنَ الْجَرِينِ نَصِيبًا مَعْلُومًا، قَالَ: وَكَانَ ابْنُ عُمَرَ يَظُنُّ أَنَّ النَّهْيَ لِمَا كَانُوا يَشْتَرِطُونَ ".
It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) that he used to rent out his land. He was told of the hadith of Sayyiduna Rafi' (may Allah be pleased with him), so he came to Sayyiduna Rafi' (may Allah be pleased with him) and asked him (about it), and Sayyiduna Rafi' (may Allah be pleased with him) told him. Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) said: You know that the landowners in the time of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) used to give out their lands (on rent), and the owner would stipulate the banks of the stream, the water of the crop and a known share. And Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) thought that the prohibition was because of these conditions.
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ السُّلَمِيُّ، ثنا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ الْكَارِزِيُّ، ثنا عَلِيُّ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ، عَنْ أَبِي عُبَيْدٍ، ثنا جَرِيرٌ، عَنْ مَنْصُورٍ، عَنْ مُجَاهِدٍ، عَنْ أُسَيْدِ بْنِ ظُهَيْرِ بْنِ رَافِعِ بْنِ خَدِيجٍ، عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي الْمُزَارَعَةِ " أَنَّ أَحَدَهُمْ كَانَ يَشْتَرِطُ ثَلَاثَةَ جَدَاوِلَ وَالْقُصَارَةَ وَمَا سَقَى الرَّبِيعُ، فَنَهَى النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَنْ ذَلِكَ " قَالَ الشَّيْخُ: وَمَنْ ذَهَبَ إِلَى هَذَا زَعَمَ أَنَّ الْأَخْبَارَ الَّتِي وَرَدَ النَّهْيُ فِيهَا عَنْ كِرَائِهَا بِالنِّصْفِ أَوِ الثُّلُثِ أَوِ الرُّبُعِ إِنَّمَا هُوَ لِمَا كَانُوا يُلْحِقُونَ بِهِ مِنَ الشُّرُوطِ الْفَاسِدَةِ، فَقَصَرَ بَعْضُ الرُّوَاةِ بِذِكْرِهَا، وَقَدْ ذَكَرَهَا بَعْضُهُمْ، وَالنَّهْيُ يَتَعَلَّقُ بِهَا دُونَ غَيْرِهَا، وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ.
Sayyiduna Usayd bin Zuhayr bin Rafi' bin Khadij (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) concerning muzara'ah that each of them used to stipulate three channels, the qusarah (the grain left in the ear after threshing) and what the small stream irrigates, so the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) forbade that.
The Shaykh said: Whoever holds this view claims that the reports in which the prohibition of renting (land) for a half, a third or a quarter is mentioned are only because of the invalid conditions they used to attach to it. Some narrators fell short in mentioning them and some mentioned them, and the prohibition relates to them alone, not to anything else.
The Shaykh said: Whoever holds this view claims that the reports in which the prohibition of renting (land) for a half, a third or a quarter is mentioned are only because of the invalid conditions they used to attach to it. Some narrators fell short in mentioning them and some mentioned them, and the prohibition relates to them alone, not to anything else.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ الْمُقْرِئُ، ثنا الْحَسَنُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ إِسْحَاقَ، ثنا يُوسُفُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا عَبْدُ الْوَاحِدِ بْنُ غِيَاثٍ، ثنا حَمَّادُ بْنُ سَلَمَةَ، عَنْ إِسْمَاعِيلَ بْنِ أَبِي حَكِيمٍ، عَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ فِي مَرَضِهِ الَّذِي مَاتَ فِيهِ: " قَاتَلَ اللهُ الْيَهُودَ وَالنَّصَارَى؛ اتَّخَذُوا قُبُورَ أَنْبِيَائِهِمْ مَسَاجِدَ، لَا يَبْقَيَنَّ دِينَانِ بِأَرْضِ الْعَرَبِ "، فَلَمَّا اسْتُخْلِفَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ أَجْلَى أَهْلَ نَجْرَانَ إِلَى الْبَحْرَانِيَّةِ، وَاشْتَرَى عُقُرَهُمْ وَأَمْوَالَهُمْ، وَأَجْلَى أَهْلَ فَدَكٍ وَتَيْمَاءَ وَأَهْلَ خَيْبَرَ، وَاسْتَعْمَلَ يَعْلَى بْنَ مُنْيَةَ، فَأَعْطَى الْبَيَاضَ عَلَى أَنْ كَانَ الْبَذْرُ وَالْبَقَرُ وَالْحَدِيدُ مِنْ عُمَرَ، فَلِعُمَرَ الثُّلُثَانِ وَلَهُمُ الثُّلُثُ، وَإِنْ كَانَ مِنْهُمْ فَلَهُمُ الشَّطْرُ، وَأَعْطَى النَّخْلَ وَالْعِنَبَ عَلَى أَنَّ لِعُمَرَ الثُّلُثَيْنِ وَلَهُمُ الثُّلُثَ وَأَشَارَ الْبُخَارِيُّ إِلَيْهِ فِي تَرْجَمَةِ الْبَابِ وَهُوَ مُرْسَلٌ. قَالَ الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي تَرْجَمَةِ الْبَابِ: وَقَالَ قَيْسُ بْنُ مُسْلِمٍ: عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ: مَا بِالْمَدِينَةِ أَهْلُ بَيْتِ هِجْرَةٍ إِلَّا يَزْرَعُونَ عَلَى الثُّلُثِ وَالرُّبُعِ قَالَ الْبُخَارِيُّ: وَزَارَعَ عَلِيٌّ، وَسَعْدُ بْنُ مَالِكٍ، وَابْنُ مَسْعُودٍ، وَعُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ، وَالْقَاسِمُ، وَعُرْوَةُ، وَآلُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، وَآلُ عُمَرَ، وَآلُ عَلِيٍّ، وَابْنُ سِيرِينَ وَقَالَ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ الْأَسْوَدِ: كُنْتُ أُشَارِكُ عَبْدَ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنَ يَزِيدَ فِي الزَّرْعِ.
It is narrated from Umar bin Abdul Aziz (may Allah have mercy on him) that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said in the illness in which he died: "May Allah destroy the Jews and the Christians; they took the graves of their prophets as places of prostration. Two religions shall not remain in the land of the Arabs." When Umar bin al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him) became caliph, he expelled the people of Najran to al-Bahraniyyah and bought their landed estates and their properties, and he expelled the people of Fadak, Tayma and Khaybar. He appointed Ya'la bin Munyah as governor, who gave out the bare land on the condition that if the seed, the oxen and the iron (tools) came from Umar (may Allah be pleased with him), then Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) would have two thirds and they one third, and if they came from them, they would have half; and he gave out the date palms and the grapevines on the condition that Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) would have two thirds and they one third.
(b) Imam Bukhari (may Allah have mercy on him) said: It is narrated from Abu Ja'far (may Allah have mercy on him) that in Madinah the Muhajirun used to farm for a third and a quarter. Imam Bukhari (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Ali (may Allah be pleased with him), Sa'd bin Malik (may Allah be pleased with him), Ibn Mas'ud (may Allah be pleased with him), Umar bin Abdul Aziz (may Allah have mercy on him), Qasim (may Allah have mercy on him), Urwah (may Allah have mercy on him), the family of Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with them), the family of Umar (may Allah be pleased with them), the family of Ali (may Allah be pleased with them) and Ibn Sirin (may Allah have mercy on him) used to farm (on shares). And Abd al-Rahman bin al-Aswad (may Allah have mercy on him) said: I used to be a partner of Abd al-Rahman bin Yazid (may Allah have mercy on him) in farming.
The report of Umar bin Abdul Aziz is mursal.
(b) Imam Bukhari (may Allah have mercy on him) said: It is narrated from Abu Ja'far (may Allah have mercy on him) that in Madinah the Muhajirun used to farm for a third and a quarter. Imam Bukhari (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Ali (may Allah be pleased with him), Sa'd bin Malik (may Allah be pleased with him), Ibn Mas'ud (may Allah be pleased with him), Umar bin Abdul Aziz (may Allah have mercy on him), Qasim (may Allah have mercy on him), Urwah (may Allah have mercy on him), the family of Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with them), the family of Umar (may Allah be pleased with them), the family of Ali (may Allah be pleased with them) and Ibn Sirin (may Allah have mercy on him) used to farm (on shares). And Abd al-Rahman bin al-Aswad (may Allah have mercy on him) said: I used to be a partner of Abd al-Rahman bin Yazid (may Allah have mercy on him) in farming.
The report of Umar bin Abdul Aziz is mursal.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ أَبِي عَمْرٍو، ثنا أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ الْمُزَنِيُّ، ثنا عَلِيُّ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى، ثنا أَبُو الْيَمَانِ، ثنا شُعَيْبٌ، عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ قَالَ: كَانَ سَعِيدُ بْنُ الْمُسَيِّبِ يَقُولُ: لَيْسَ بِاسْتِكْرَاءِ الْأَرْضِ بِالذَّهَبِ وَالْوَرِقِ بَأْسٌ، وَقَدْ بَلَغَنَا أَنَّ رَافِعَ بْنَ خَدِيجٍ كَانَ يُحَدِّثُ أَنَّ عَمَّيْهِ، وَكَانَا قَدْ شَهِدَا بَدْرًا، يُحَدِّثَانِ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ " نَهَى عَنْ كِرَاءِ الْأَرْضِ " فَلِذَلِكَ مِنْ حَدِيثِ رَافِعِ بْنِ خَدِيجٍ كَانَ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ عُمَرَ يَتْرُكُ كِرَاءَ أَرْضِهِ، فَلَمْ يَكُنْ يُكْرِيهَا لَا بِذَهَبٍ وَلَا بِوَرِقٍ وَلَا بِشَيْءٍ، فَأَخَذَ بِذَلِكَ مِنْ فُتْيَا رَافِعٍ أُنَاسٌ، وَتَرَكَهُ آخَرُونَ، فَأَمَّا الْمُعَامَلَةُ عَلَى الشَّطْرِ أَوِ الثُّلُثَيْنِ أَوْ مَا اصْطَلَحُوا عَلَيْهِ مِنْ ذَلِكَ فَقَدْ بَلَغَنَا أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَدْ كَانَ عَامَلَ يَهُودَ خَيْبَرَ حِينَ أَفَاءَ اللهُ عَلَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ عَلَى الشَّطْرِ، وَذَلِكَ أَطْيَبُ أَمْرِ الْأَرْضِ وَأَحَلُّهُ قَالَ الشَّيْخُ: وَمَنْ قَالَ بِالْأَوَّلِ أَجَابَ عَنْ هَذَا وَزَعَمَ أَنَّ مَا ثَبَتَ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَلَا حُجَّةَ فِي قَوْلِ أَحَدٍ دُونَهُ، وَحَدِيثُ رَافِعٍ حَدِيثٌ ثَابِتٌ، وَفِيهِ دَلِيلٌ عَلَى نَهْيِهِ عَنِ الْمُعَامَلَةِ عَلَيْهَا بِبَعْضِ مَا يَخْرُجُ مِنْهَا، إِلَّا أَنَّهُ أَسْنَدَهُ عَنْ بَعْضِ عُمُومَتِهِ مَرَّةً، وَأَرْسَلَهُ أُخْرَى، وَاسْتَقْصَى فِي رِوَايَتِهِ مَرَّةً، وَاخْتَصَرَهَا أُخْرَى، وَتَابَعَهُ عَلَى رِوَايَتِهِ جَابِرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ وَغَيْرُهُ كَمَا قَدَّمْنَا ذِكْرَهُ، وَحَدِيثُ الْمُعَامَلَةِ بِشَطْرِ مَا يَخْرُجُ مِنْ خَيْبَرَ مِنْ ثَمَرٍ أَوْ زَرْعٍ مَقُولٌ بِهِ إِذَا كَانَ الزَّرْعُ بَيْنَ ظَهْرَانَيِ النَّخْلِ، وَفِي ذَلِكَ جَمْعٌ بَيْنَ الْأَخْبَارِ الْوَارِدَةِ فِيهِ، وَبِاللهِ التَّوْفِيقُ وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ.
It is narrated from Zuhri (may Allah have mercy on him) that Sa'id bin al-Musayyib (may Allah have mercy on him) saw no harm in renting out land for gold and silver. And Rafi' bin Khadij (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated from his two paternal uncles who had fought at Badr that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) forbade "renting out land." Because of the hadith of Rafi' (may Allah be pleased with him), Ibn Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) gave up renting out his land; he would not rent it for gold, silver or anything else. Some people acted on the fatwa of Rafi' (may Allah be pleased with him) and others left it. As for dealing on a half, two thirds or whatever they agreed upon, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) engaged the Jews of Khaybar on half when Allah gave it to the Muslims as spoils, and this is the best solution for land.
The Shaykh (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Whoever held the first view answered this and maintained that, where something is established from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), no one's word besides his is proof. The hadith of Rafi' (may Allah be pleased with him) is established from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), and it contains evidence of his prohibition of dealing (in land) for part of its produce; except that he sometimes narrated it with a connected chain from some of his paternal uncles and sometimes as mursal, and sometimes in full and sometimes in brief. Jabir bin Abdullah (may Allah be pleased with him) and others corroborated his narration, as we mentioned earlier. As for the hadith of dealing for half of the fruit or crops of Khaybar, it is acted upon when the crops are between the date palms, and this is a way of reconciling the reports.
The Shaykh (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Whoever held the first view answered this and maintained that, where something is established from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), no one's word besides his is proof. The hadith of Rafi' (may Allah be pleased with him) is established from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), and it contains evidence of his prohibition of dealing (in land) for part of its produce; except that he sometimes narrated it with a connected chain from some of his paternal uncles and sometimes as mursal, and sometimes in full and sometimes in brief. Jabir bin Abdullah (may Allah be pleased with him) and others corroborated his narration, as we mentioned earlier. As for the hadith of dealing for half of the fruit or crops of Khaybar, it is acted upon when the crops are between the date palms, and this is a way of reconciling the reports.
