السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب المزارعة
Book of Sharecropping
باب: من زرع في أرض غيره بغير إذنه أو بإذنه على سبيل المزارعة
One who cultivates another's land without his permission, or with his permission as share-cropping
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أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، وَأَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ أَبِي عَمْرٍو، وَأَبُو صَادِقِ بْنُ أَبِي الْفَوَارِسِ، قَالُوا: ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا الْحَسَنُ بْنُ عَلِيِّ بْنِ عَفَّانَ، ثنا يَحْيَى بْنُ آدَمَ، ثنا شَرِيكٌ، ح وَأنبأ أَبُو زَكَرِيَّا بْنُ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ الْمُزَكِّي، ثنا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ، ثنا الْعَبَّاسُ بْنُ الْفَضْلِ الْأَسْفَاطِيُّ، ثنا أَبُو الْوَلِيدِ، ثنا شَرِيكٌ، عَنْ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ، عَنْ عَطَاءٍ، عَنْ رَافِعِ بْنِ خَدِيجٍ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " مَنْ زَرَعَ فِي أَرْضِ قَوْمٍ بِغَيْرِ إِذْنِهِمْ فَلَيْسَ لَهُ فِي الزَّرْعِ شَيْءٌ، وَتُرَدُّ عَلَيْهِ نَفَقَتُهُ " هَذَا لَفْظُ حَدِيثِ أَبِي الْوَلِيدِ، وَفِي رِوَايَةِ يَحْيَى بْنِ آدَمَ قَالَ: يَرْفَعُهُ، وَقَالَ: " فَلَهُ نَفَقَتُهُ، وَلَيْسَ لَهُ مِنَ الزَّرْعِ شَيْءٌ ".
It is narrated from Sayyiduna Rafi' bin Khadij (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Whoever cultivates the land of a people without their permission has no share in the crop, and he is to be given only his expenses."
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، وَأَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ أَبِي عَمْرٍو، وَأَبُو صَادِقٍ الْعَطَّارُ، قَالُوا: ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ، ثنا الْحَسَنُ، ثنا يَحْيَى بْنُ آدَمَ، ثنا قَيْسٌ يَعْنِي ابْنَ الرَّبِيعِ، عَنْ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ، عَنْ عَطَاءٍ، عَنْ رَافِعِ بْنِ خَدِيجٍ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، مِثْلَهُ.
Likewise (through another chain).
حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ يُوسُفَ الْأَصْبَهَانِيُّ، ثنا أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ الْحَسَنُ بْنُ عِمْرَانَ الْقَاضِي، بِهُرَاةَ، ثنا أَبُو حَاتِمٍ عَبْدُ الْجَلِيلِ بْنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ الْهَرَوِيُّ، ثنا عُبَيْدُ اللهِ بْنُ مُوسَى، أنبأ بُكَيْرٌ، عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ أَبِي نُعْمٍ، أَنَّ رَافِعَ بْنَ خَدِيجٍ أَخْبَرَهُ أَنَّهُ زَرَعَ أَرْضًا أَخَذَهَا مِنْ بَنِي فُلَانٍ، فَمَرَّ بِهِ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَهُوَ يَسْقِي زَرْعَهُ فَسَأَلَهُ: " لِمَنْ هَذَا؟ " فَقَالَ: الزَّرْعُ لِي، وَهِيَ أَرْضُ بَنِي فُلَانٍ أَخَذْتُهَا، لِيَ الشَّطْرُ وَلَهُمُ الشَّطْرُ، قَالَ: فَقَالَ: " انْفُضْ يَدَكَ مِنْ غُبَارِهَا، وَرُدَّ الْأَرْضَ إِلَى أَهْلِهَا، وَخُذْ نَفَقَتَكَ "، قَالَ: فَانْطَلَقْتُ فَأَخْبَرْتُهُمْ بِمَا قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، قَالَ: فَأَخَذَ نَفَقَتَهُ وَرَدَّ إِلَيْهِمْ أَرْضَهُمْ.
Sayyiduna Rafi' bin Khadij (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that he cultivated land belonging to Banu so-and-so. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) passed by me while I was watering the fields. He (peace and blessings be upon him) asked: "Whose fields are these?" Sayyiduna Rafi' (may Allah be pleased with him) said: The crop is mine and the land belongs to Banu so-and-so; I took it from them for half, and half is theirs. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Shake the dust of it off your hands, give the land back to its owners and take your expenses." Sayyiduna Rafi' (may Allah be pleased with him) said: I went and told them what the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) had said, and I took my expenses and returned their land to them.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَلِيٍّ الرُّوذْبَارِيُّ، أنبأ أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ دَاسَةَ، أنبأ أَبُو دَاوُدَ، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ بَشَّارٍ، ثنا يَحْيَى، ثنا أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ الْخَطْمِيُّ قَالَ: بَعَثَنِي عمي أَنَا وَغُلَامًا لَهُ إِلَى سَعِيدِ بْنِ الْمُسَيِّبِ قَالَ: فَقُلْنَا لَهُ: شَيْءٌ بَلَغَنَا عَنْكَ فِي الْمُزَارَعَةِ، قَالَ: كَانَ ابْنُ عُمَرَ لَا يَرَى بِهَا بَأْسًا حَتَّى بَلَغَهُ عَنْ رَافِعِ بْنِ خَدِيجٍ فِي حَدِيثٍ، فَأَتَاهُ، فَأَخْبَرَهُ رَافِعٌ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَتَى بَنِي حَارِثَةَ فَرَأَى زَرْعًا فِي أَرْضِ ظُهَيْرٍ فَقَالَ: " مَا أَحْسَنَ زَرْعَ ظُهَيْرٍ "، فَقَالُوا: لَيْسَ لِظُهَيْرٍ، قَالَ: " ⦗٢٢٦⦘ أَلَيْسَ أَرْضَ ظُهَيْرٍ؟ " قَالُوا: بَلَى، وَلَكِنَّهُ زَرْعُ فُلَانٍ، قَالَ: " فَخُذُوا زَرْعَكُمْ وَرُدُّوا عَلَيْهِ النَّفَقَةَ "، قَالَ رَافِعٌ: فَأَخَذْنَا زَرْعَنَا، وَرَدَدْنَا إِلَيْهِ النَّفَقَةَ. قَالَ سَعِيدٌ: أَفْقِرْ أَخَاكَ أَوْ أَكِرْهُ بِالدَّرَاهِمِ. ظَاهِرُ هَذِهِ الْأَحَادِيثِ يَدُلُّ عَلَى أَنَّ الزَّرْعَ يَتْبَعُ الْأَرْضَ، وَفُقَهَاءُ الْأَمْصَارِ عَلَى أَنَّ الزَّرْعَ يَتْبَعُ الْبَذْرَ، وَلَوْ ثَبَتَ هَذِهِ الْأَحَادِيثُ لَمْ يَكُنْ لِأَحَدٍ فِي خِلَافِهَا حُجَّةٌ، إِلَّا أَنَّ الْحَدِيثَ الْأَوَّلَ يَنْفَرِدُ بِهِ شَرِيكُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ وَقَيْسُ بْنُ الرَّبِيعِ، وَقَيْسُ بْنُ الرَّبِيعِ ضَعِيفٌ عِنْدَ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ بِالْحَدِيثِ، وَشَرِيكُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ مُخْتَلَفٌ فِيهِ، كَانَ يَحْيَى بْنُ سَعِيدٍ الْقَطَّانُ لَا يَرْوِي عَنْهُ، وَيُضَعِّفُ حَدِيثَهُ جِدًّا، ثُمَّ هُوَ مُرْسَلٌ قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ فِي كِتَابِ الْبُوَيْطِيِّ: الْحَدِيثُ مُنْقَطِعٌ؛ لِأَنَّهُ لَمْ يَلْقَ عَطَاءً رَافِعًا.
Abu Ja'far al-Khatmi (may Allah have mercy on him) said: My paternal uncle sent me, along with a slave of his, to Sa'id bin al-Musayyib (may Allah have mercy on him). We said to him: Something has reached us from you about farming. He said: Sayyiduna Ibn Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) saw no harm in it until the hadith of Sayyiduna Rafi' (may Allah be pleased with him) reached him. He came to Sayyiduna Rafi' (may Allah be pleased with him), and Sayyiduna Rafi' (may Allah be pleased with him) told him that he (peace and blessings be upon him) came to Banu Harithah and saw crops in the land of Zuhayr. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "How fine is the crop of Zuhayr!" They said: This crop is not Zuhayr's. He (peace and blessings be upon him) asked: "Is this not Zuhayr's land?" They replied: The land is Zuhayr's, but the crop belongs to so-and-so. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Take your crop and return the expenses." Sayyiduna Rafi' (may Allah be pleased with him) said: We took our crop and returned the expenses. Sa'id (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Lend (the land) to your brother or rent it out for dirhams.
The apparent meaning of these hadiths indicates that the crop follows the land, whereas the jurists of the major cities hold that the crop follows the seed. Had these hadiths been established, no one would have had any proof in opposing them; however, the first hadith is narrated only by Sharik bin Abdullah and Qays bin al-Rabi'. Qays bin al-Rabi' is da'if (weak) according to the scholars of hadith, and Sharik bin Abdullah is disputed: Yahya bin Sa'id al-Qattan did not narrate from him and declared his hadith very weak. Moreover, it is mursal. Al-Shafi'i said in the book of al-Buwayti: The hadith is munqati' (broken), because Ata did not meet Rafi'.
The apparent meaning of these hadiths indicates that the crop follows the land, whereas the jurists of the major cities hold that the crop follows the seed. Had these hadiths been established, no one would have had any proof in opposing them; however, the first hadith is narrated only by Sharik bin Abdullah and Qays bin al-Rabi'. Qays bin al-Rabi' is da'if (weak) according to the scholars of hadith, and Sharik bin Abdullah is disputed: Yahya bin Sa'id al-Qattan did not narrate from him and declared his hadith very weak. Moreover, it is mursal. Al-Shafi'i said in the book of al-Buwayti: The hadith is munqati' (broken), because Ata did not meet Rafi'.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو سَعْدٍ الْمَالِينِيُّ، ثنا أَبُو أَحْمَدَ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ عَدِيٍّ الْحَافِظُ قَالَ: كُنْتُ أَظُنُّ أَنَّ عَطَاءً عَنْ رَافِعِ بْنِ خَدِيجٍ مُرْسَلٌ، حَتَّى تَبَيَّنَ لِي أَنَّ أَبَا إِسْحَاقَ أَيْضًا عَنْ عَطَاءٍ مُرْسَلٌ، قَالَ أَبُو أَحْمَدَ: حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ مُسْلِمٍ، ثنا يُوسُفُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ، ثنا حَجَّاجُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ، ثنا شَرِيكٌ، عَنْ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ، عَنْ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ بْنِ رُفَيْعٍ، عَنْ عَطَاءِ بْنِ أَبِي رَبَاحٍ عَنْ رَافِعِ بْنِ خَدِيجٍ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " مَنْ زَرَعَ فِي أَرْضِ قَوْمٍ بِغَيْرِ إِذْنِهِمْ فَلَيْسَ لَهُ مِنَ الزَّرْعِ شَيْءٌ، وَتُرَدُّ عَلَيْهِ قِيمَةُ نَفَقَتِهِ " قَالَ يُوسُفُ: غَيْرُ حَجَّاجٍ لَا يَقُولُ عَبْدَ الْعَزِيزِ، يَقُولُ: عَنْ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ عَنْ عَطَاءٍ قَالَ الشَّيْخُ: أَبُو إِسْحَاقَ كَانَ يُدَلِّسُ، وَأَهْلُ الْعِلْمِ بِالْحَدِيثِ يَقُولُونَ: عَطَاءٌ عَنْ رَافِعٍ مُنْقَطِعٌ. وَقَالَ أَبُو سُلَيْمَانَ الْخَطَّابِيُّ: هَذَا الْحَدِيثُ لَا يَثْبُتُ عِنْدَ أَهْلِ الْمَعْرِفَةِ بِالْحَدِيثِ. قَالَ أَبُو سُلَيْمَانَ: وَحَدَّثَنِي الْحَسَنُ بْنُ يَحْيَى عَنْ مُوسَى بْنِ هَارُونَ الْحَمَّالِ أَنَّهُ كَانَ يُنْكِرُ هَذَا الْحَدِيثَ وَيُضَعِّفُهُ وَيَقُولُ: لَمْ يَرْوِهِ عَنْ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ غَيْرُ شَرِيكٍ، وَلَا رَوَاهُ عَنْ عَطَاءٍ غَيْرُ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ، وَعَطَاءٌ لَمْ يَسْمَعْ مِنْ رَافِعِ بْنِ خَدِيجٍ شَيْئًا، قَالَ أَبُو سُلَيْمَانَ: وَضَعَّفَهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ أَيْضًا قَالَ الشَّيْخُ: وَقَدْ رَوَاهُ عُقْبَةُ بْنُ الْأَصَمِّ عَنْ عَطَاءٍ قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا رَافِعُ بْنُ خَدِيجٍ، وَعُقْبَةُ ضَعِيفٌ لَا يُحْتَجُّ بِهِ، ⦗٢٢٧⦘ وَأَمَّا حَدِيثُ بُكَيْرِ بْنِ عَامِرٍ الْبَجَلِيِّ عَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي نُعْمٍ عَنْ رَافِعٍ فَبُكَيْرٌ وَإِنِ اسْتَشْهَدَ بِهِ مُسْلِمُ بْنُ الْحَجَّاجِ فِي غَيْرِ هَذَا الْحَدِيثِ فَقَدْ ضَعَّفَهُ يَحْيَى بْنُ سَعِيدٍ الْقَطَّانُ وَحَفْصُ بْنُ غِيَاثٍ وَأَحْمَدُ بْنُ حَنْبَلٍ وَيَحْيَى بْنُ مَعِينٍ، وَأَمَّا الْحَدِيثُ الثَّالِثُ فَرَوَاهُ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ عُمَيْرُ بْنُ يَزِيدَ الْخَطْمِيُّ، وَلَمْ أَرَ الْبُخَارِيَّ وَلَا مُسْلِمًا احْتَجَّا بِهِ فِي حَدِيثٍ وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ، وَرُوِيَ عَنْ رِفَاعَةَ بْنِ رَافِعِ بْنِ خَدِيجٍ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي مَعْنَاهُ، وَهُوَ مُنْقَطِعٌ.
It is narrated from Sayyiduna Rafi' bin Khadij (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Whoever cultivates the land of a people without their permission has no share in the crop, and he is to be given the value of his expenses."
Ibn Adi said: I used to think that (the narration of) Ata from Rafi' bin Khadij was mursal, until it became clear to me that (the narration of) Abu Ishaq from Ata is also mursal. Yusuf said: No one besides Hajjaj mentions Abd al-Aziz (bin Rufay'); they say: from Abu Ishaq, from Ata. Abu Ishaq used to commit tadlis, and the scholars of hadith say that (the narration of) Ata from Rafi' is munqati' (broken). Abu Sulayman al-Khattabi said: This hadith is not established according to the experts in hadith; Musa bin Harun al-Hammal used to reject this hadith and declare it weak, saying: No one narrated it from Abu Ishaq except Sharik, no one narrated it from Ata except Abu Ishaq, and Ata did not hear anything from Rafi' bin Khadij. Al-Bukhari also declared it weak. Uqbah bin al-Asamm narrated it from Ata, saying: Rafi' bin Khadij narrated to us; but Uqbah is da'if (weak) and is not used as proof. As for the hadith of Bukayr bin Amir al-Bajali from Ibn Abi Nu'm from Rafi', although Muslim bin al-Hajjaj cited Bukayr as supporting evidence in a hadith other than this one, Yahya bin Sa'id al-Qattan, Hafs bin Ghiyath, Ahmad bin Hanbal and Yahya bin Ma'in declared him weak. As for the third hadith, it was narrated by Abu Ja'far Umayr bin Yazid al-Khatmi, and I have not seen al-Bukhari or Muslim use him as proof in any hadith, and Allah knows best. It has also been narrated from Rifa'ah bin Rafi' bin Khadij from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) with this meaning, but it is munqati' (broken).
Ibn Adi said: I used to think that (the narration of) Ata from Rafi' bin Khadij was mursal, until it became clear to me that (the narration of) Abu Ishaq from Ata is also mursal. Yusuf said: No one besides Hajjaj mentions Abd al-Aziz (bin Rufay'); they say: from Abu Ishaq, from Ata. Abu Ishaq used to commit tadlis, and the scholars of hadith say that (the narration of) Ata from Rafi' is munqati' (broken). Abu Sulayman al-Khattabi said: This hadith is not established according to the experts in hadith; Musa bin Harun al-Hammal used to reject this hadith and declare it weak, saying: No one narrated it from Abu Ishaq except Sharik, no one narrated it from Ata except Abu Ishaq, and Ata did not hear anything from Rafi' bin Khadij. Al-Bukhari also declared it weak. Uqbah bin al-Asamm narrated it from Ata, saying: Rafi' bin Khadij narrated to us; but Uqbah is da'if (weak) and is not used as proof. As for the hadith of Bukayr bin Amir al-Bajali from Ibn Abi Nu'm from Rafi', although Muslim bin al-Hajjaj cited Bukayr as supporting evidence in a hadith other than this one, Yahya bin Sa'id al-Qattan, Hafs bin Ghiyath, Ahmad bin Hanbal and Yahya bin Ma'in declared him weak. As for the third hadith, it was narrated by Abu Ja'far Umayr bin Yazid al-Khatmi, and I have not seen al-Bukhari or Muslim use him as proof in any hadith, and Allah knows best. It has also been narrated from Rifa'ah bin Rafi' bin Khadij from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) with this meaning, but it is munqati' (broken).
