There is no negligence on one who sleeps through a prayer or forgets it until its time passes; he must make it up when he remembers, and there is no expiation for it except that

Sayyiduna Abu Qatadah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates that one night we were on a journey with the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him), and we said: "O Messenger of Allah! Would you permit us to stop and rest?" Then he mentioned the complete hadith about the prayer being missed because of the sleep of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) and the Companions. In it, the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Allah Almighty held back your souls for as long as He willed, and released them when He willed." Then he ordered them, and they went out to relieve themselves; then they performed ablution, and the sun had already risen high. Then he led them in prayer.

(a) Abdullah bin Rabah mentioned from Sayyiduna Abu Qatadah (may Allah be pleased with him) the complete hadith about the Companions' journey. He said: The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) turned a little away from the road, then laid down his blessed head (that is, he lay down to rest), and then said: "Watch over our prayer for us." The first to wake up was the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), and the sun had already come out. We too woke up in alarm, and he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Mount your riding animals and move on." We set off until the sun had become fully bright. Then he called for a vessel of ablution water that was with me; there was a little water in it, and we all performed ablution from it. He mentioned the complete hadith and said: Then the mu'adhdhin of the Messenger, Sayyiduna Bilal (may Allah be pleased with him), called the adhan, and the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) offered two rak'ahs (the sunnah of Fajr). Then he led the morning prayer, and he did just as he used to do every day. Then he (peace and blessings be upon him) and all of us mounted our riding animals. Some of us Companions (may Allah be pleased with them) began whispering to one another: "What will be the expiation for the negligence we have shown in our prayer?" He (peace and blessings be upon him) saw us and asked: "What are you whispering about?" We said: "O Messenger of Allah! Our negligence in the prayer." He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Do you not have in my life an excellent example?" Then he said: "There is no negligence in missing the prayer because of sleep. Negligence is only on the part of the one who, while awake and remembering, does not pray the prayer until the time of the next prayer comes. When something like this happens to someone, he should pray it as soon as he wakes up, and offer the coming prayer at its time."
Then Abdullah bin Rabah narrates: I was narrating this hadith in the Jami' Mosque, and Sayyiduna Imran bin Husayn (may Allah be pleased with him) said to me: "Young man, look carefully at how you narrate it, for I too was one of that night's caravan." I said: "O Abu Nujayd! You narrate it, for you know this hadith well." He said: "Whom are you from?" I said: "From the Ansar." He said: "Then you know the hadith better." So I narrated the hadith before the people, and Sayyiduna Imran (may Allah be pleased with him) said: "I was certainly present that night, but I did not think that anyone had remembered this hadith as you have remembered it."
(b) In the narration of Imam Muslim (may Allah have mercy on him) it says: "Whoever does that, let him pray it when he becomes aware of it, and when the next day comes, let him pray it at its time."
(c) What was meant, and Allah knows best, was to make clear that the time of that prayer had not shifted to after sunrise; so when the next day comes, he should pray the (next day's) prayer at its proper time.
Some scholars regarded this (wording) from Abdullah bin Rabah as an error (wahm).

(a) Khalid bin Sumayr narrates that Abdullah bin Rabah al-Ansari came to us, and the Ansar used to regard him as a jurist (faqih). He said: Abu Qatadah (may Allah be pleased with him), the horseman of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him), narrated the hadith to us.
Then he mentioned the complete hadith about the prayer being missed because of sleep, and said: When the sun had risen and become quite high, we woke up and began to hurry to the prayer, but the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Wait, so that the sun rises fully." Then, when the sun had become quite high, he said: "Whoever prays the two rak'ahs (sunnah) of Fajr, let him pray them." So all the people stood up and offered two rak'ahs. Then the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) ordered the call to be given, and the adhan for the prayer was called. Then the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) stepped forward and led us in prayer. When he had finished the prayer with the salam, he said: "All praise belongs to Allah Almighty (thanks be to Allah) that no worldly occupation made us heedless of our prayer; our souls were in the hand of Allah Almighty, and He released them when He willed." And he said: "Whoever reaches the Fajr prayer on time tomorrow, let him pray another prayer like it along with it."
(b) Imam Muhammad bin Isma'il al-Bukhari (may Allah have mercy on him) says that he is not corroborated in his statement: "Whoever forgets to pray a prayer, let him pray it whenever he remembers it, and offer it at its time the next day."
(c) Imam al-Bayhaqi (may Allah have mercy on him) says: What indicates the weakness of this wording, and that what is authentic is what has passed, is found in the hadith of Sulayman bin al-Mughirah: that Imran bin Husayn (may Allah be pleased with him) was one of the travellers of that same caravan, as Abdullah bin Rabah also narrated from him, and he stated explicitly in his narration of this hadith that nothing besides the make-up prayer is obligatory.

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Imran bin Husayn (may Allah be pleased with him) that we were with the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) on a military expedition (ghazwah), or he used the word sariyyah. When it was the last part of the night, we stopped and camped at a place. Then we woke up because of the heat of the sun and were alarmed. When the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) woke up, he ordered us to move on from there. Then we travelled until the sun had risen quite high, and then we dismounted at another place. The people relieved themselves. Then he (peace and blessings be upon him) ordered Sayyiduna Bilal (may Allah be pleased with him) to call the adhan; he called the adhan, and we offered the two sunnah rak'ahs of Fajr. Then he (peace and blessings be upon him) ordered Sayyiduna Bilal (may Allah be pleased with him), and he called the iqamah, and he (peace and blessings be upon him) led the Fajr prayer. We said: "O Prophet of Allah! Should we not make it up tomorrow at its time as well?" The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Would Allah Almighty forbid you usury (riba) and then accept it from you?"

This same hadith is narrated through another chain.

Sayyiduna Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates that when the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) was returning from the Battle of Khaybar, he (peace and blessings be upon him) travelled by night, until, when drowsiness came upon us, he (peace and blessings be upon him) stopped and camped at a place and said to Sayyiduna Bilal (may Allah be pleased with him): "Keep watch over us tonight." Sayyiduna Bilal (may Allah be pleased with him) prayed what was decreed for him, and the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) and his Companions (may Allah be pleased with them) slept. When the time of Fajr drew near, Sayyiduna Bilal (may Allah be pleased with him) sat leaning against his riding animal, facing the east. Sleep overcame him, and he too fell asleep, leaning against his riding animal. Neither the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), nor Sayyiduna Bilal (may Allah be pleased with him), nor any of his Companions (may Allah be pleased with them) woke up until the sunshine fell upon them. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) was the first to wake, and the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him), alarmed, called out: "O Bilal!" Sayyiduna Bilal (may Allah be pleased with him) said: "O Messenger of Allah! May my father and mother be sacrificed for you; the One who brought sleep upon you brought sleep upon me as well." He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Move on from here." So they all moved on some distance from there. Then the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) performed ablution and ordered Sayyiduna Bilal (may Allah be pleased with him), who called the iqamah for the prayer, and he (peace and blessings be upon him) led the morning prayer. When he (peace and blessings be upon him) had finished the prayer, he said: "Whoever forgets to pray a prayer, let him pray it whenever he remembers it, for Allah Almighty has said: 'Establish prayer for My remembrance' [Surah Ta-Ha: 14]."
Yunus says: Ibn Shihab used to recite it as 'lil-dhikra'.
Yunus says that Ibn Shihab used to recite it in this way.
Imam Ahmad (may Allah have mercy on him) says: Anbasah reported it through the chain of Yunus as 'li-dhikri'. Imam Ahmad (may Allah have mercy on him) says: Al-kara means sleep and drowsiness.

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Move away from the place where heedlessness overtook you." Then he (peace and blessings be upon him) ordered Sayyiduna Bilal (may Allah be pleased with him) to call the adhan; he called the adhan and the iqamah, and he (peace and blessings be upon him) led the prayer.
Malik bin Anas and a group narrated this report from al-Zuhri, from Ibn al-Musayyib, from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) as mursal, and Malik narrated it from Zayd bin Aslam, from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) as munqati' (with a broken chain). The one who narrated it as connected is thiqah (trustworthy), and it is established through another route from Abu Hurayrah in abridged form.

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) that we stopped and camped at a place at night with the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him). We did not wake up until the sun had risen. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Let every man take hold of the rein of his riding animal, that is, let us move on from here, for at this place Satan came to us." So we did so. Then he called for water, performed ablution, and offered the two sunnah rak'ahs of Fajr. Then the iqamah was called, and he (peace and blessings be upon him) led the Fajr prayer.

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Anas (may Allah be pleased with him) that he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Whoever forgets to pray a prayer, let him pray it whenever he remembers it, and its expiation is only that he makes up the prayer." Then Qatadah recited this noble verse: "And establish prayer for My remembrance" [Surah Ta-Ha: 14].

This same narration is also reported from Qatadah (may Allah have mercy on him) through another chain.

Sayyiduna Anas bin Malik (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Whoever forgets to pray a prayer or sleeps through it, its expiation is that he prays it whenever he remembers it."

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Mas'ud (may Allah be pleased with him) that we were returning with the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) from Hudaybiyah, and we camped at night in the wilderness. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Who will wake us for our prayer?" Shu'bah says that he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Who will keep guard over us?" Sayyiduna Bilal (may Allah be pleased with him) said: "I will." Al-Mas'udi says in his narration that he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "You will fall asleep." Then he said: "Who will wake us for our prayer?" Ibn Mas'ud (may Allah be pleased with him) says: I said: "I will, O Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him)!" The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "You will fall asleep." So I kept guard over them, until, when morning was near, what the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) had said happened to me (that you will fall asleep), and I fell asleep. We woke up because of the sunshine. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) got up and did as he usually did, then said: "Had Allah willed that you should not sleep, you would never have slept; but Allah willed that the ruling become clear for those who come after you. So if any of you sleeps or forgets, do like this."

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Whoever forgets to pray a prayer, its time is when he remembers it, so let him pray it then."
Thus Hafs bin Umar bin Abi al-Atta' narrated it, and he is munkar al-hadith (his narrations are rejected), as Imam al-Bukhari (may Allah have mercy on him) and others said. The authentic version from Sayyiduna Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) and others is what we have mentioned, and it does not contain the words "its time is when he remembers it".
In the hadith of Sayyiduna Abu Qatadah and Sayyiduna Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with them both) there is evidence that the time for making up the prayer is not narrow; had it been narrow, it would most likely not have been delayed beyond the moment of waking because of the presence of Satan, for the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) prayed while he was strangling Satan.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) says: His strangling Satan during the prayer is a greater matter than a valley in which there is a devil.

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "A jinn called an 'ifrit began to harass me last night in order to disrupt my prayer. Allah Almighty gave me power over him. I wanted to tie him to one of the pillars of the mosque so that in the morning you could all see him, but I remembered the supplication of my brother Sulayman (peace be upon him) which he made: 'My Lord, forgive me and grant me a kingdom such as will not belong to anyone after me. Indeed, You are the Bestower' [Surah Sad: 35]. So I let him go, disgraced."

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Mas'ud (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Once Satan came to me. I seized him and strangled him until I felt the coldness of his tongue on my hand. He began to say: 'You have hurt me.' Had Sulayman (peace be upon him) not made the supplication 'My Lord, forgive me and grant me a kingdom such as will not belong to anyone' [Surah Sad: 35], he would certainly have been found in the morning tied to one of the pillars of the mosque, with the children of the people of Madinah looking at him."