السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب القسامة
Book of Qasamah
جماع أبواب كفارة القتل -- باب: ما جاء في وجوب الكفارة في أنواع قتل الخطأ
s on the expiation for killing -- Chapter: Reports on the obligation of expiation in the types of accidental killing
Toggle above to switch between keyword search and direct hadith lookup
قَالَ اللهُ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى: {وَمَا كَانَ لِمُؤْمِنٍ أَنْ يَقْتُلَ مُؤْمِنًا إِلَّا خَطَأً وَمَنْ قَتَلَ مُؤْمِنًا خَطَأً فَتَحْرِيرُ رَقَبَةٍ مُؤْمِنَةٍ وَدِيَةٌ مُسَلَّمَةٌ إِلَى أَهْلِهِ إِلَّا أَنْ يَصَّدَّقُوا فَإِنْ كَانَ مِنْ قَوْمٍ عَدُوٍّ لَكُمْ وَهُوَ مُؤْمِنٌ فَتَحْرِيرُ رَقَبَةٍ مُؤْمِنَةٍ وَإِنْ كَانَ مِنْ قَوْمٍ بَيْنَكُمْ وَبَيْنَهُمْ مِيثَاقٌ فَدِيَةٌ مُسَلَّمَةٌ إِلَى أَهْلِهِ وَتَحْرِيرُ رَقَبَةٍ مُؤْمِنَةٍ}.
Allah, the Blessed and Exalted, says: "It is not permissible for a believer to kill a believer except by mistake. Whoever kills a believer by mistake must free a believing slave and pay blood money to the heirs of the slain, unless they forgo it. If the slain person belonged to a people hostile to you and he himself was a believer, then a believing slave must be freed. And if he belonged to a people with whom you have a treaty, then blood money must be paid to his heirs and a believing slave freed." [Surah al-Nisa: 92]
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، أنبأ الرَّبِيعُ بْنُ سُلَيْمَانَ، أنبأ الشَّافِعِيُّ، قَالَ: {مِنْ قَوْمٍ عَدُوٍّ لَكُمْ} [النساء: ٩٢] يَعْنِي فِي قَوْمٍ عَدُوٍّ لَكُمْ.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: The meaning of "from a people hostile to you" [Surah al-Nisa: 92] is: among a people hostile to you.
أَخْبَرَنَا مَرْوَانُ بْنُ مُعَاوِيَةَ، عَنْ إِسْمَاعِيلَ بْنِ أَبِي خَالِدٍ، عَنْ قَيْسِ بْنِ أَبِي حَازِمٍ، قَالَ: لَجَأَ قَوْمٌ إِلَى خَثْعَمَ، فَلَمَّا غَشِيَهُمُ الْمُسْلِمُونَ اسْتَعْصَمُوا بِالسُّجُودِ فَقَتَلُوا بَعْضَهُمْ، فَبَلَغَ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، فَقَالَ: " أَعْطُوهُمْ نِصْفَ الْعَقْلِ لِصَلَاتِهِمْ " ثُمَّ قَالَ عِنْدَ ذَلِكَ: " أَلَا إِنِّي بَرِيءٌ مِنْ كُلِّ مُسْلِمٍ مَعَ مُشْرِكٍ " قَالُوا: لِمَ يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ؟ قَالَ: " لَا تَرَايَا نَارَاهُمَا " قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ: إِنْ كَانَ هَذَا ثَبَتَ فَأَحْسَبُ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ، أَعْطَى مَنْ أَعْطَى مِنْهُمْ مُتَطَوِّعًا، وَأَعْلَمَهُمْ أَنَّهُ بَرِيءٌ مِنْ كُلِّ مُسْلِمٍ مَعَ مُشْرِكٍ، وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ، فِي دَارِ شِرْكٍ لِيُعْلِمَهُمْ أَنْ لَا دِيَاتِ لَهُمْ وَلَا قَوَدَ قَالَ الشَّيْخُ الْفَقِيهُ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: وَقَدْ رُوِيَ هَذَا مَوْصُولًا.
Qays bin Abi Hazim (may Allah have mercy on him) said: A group of people sought refuge with the Khath'am tribe. When the Muslims surrounded them, they tried to protect themselves by falling into prostration, yet some of them were still killed. When the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) came to know of it, he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Give them half the blood money because of their prayers." And at that time he said: "Indeed, I am free of every Muslim who lives with a polytheist." They said: "Why, O Messenger of Allah?" He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Their two fires should not see each other."
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: If this is established, then I consider that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) gave it to them voluntarily, and that he told them, "I am free of every Muslim who lives with a polytheist," because they were in the land of polytheism, so that they would know that there is neither blood money nor retaliation for them. And Allah knows best.
The Shaykh (al-Bayhaqi) (may Allah have mercy on him) said: This has also been narrated with a connected chain.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: If this is established, then I consider that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) gave it to them voluntarily, and that he told them, "I am free of every Muslim who lives with a polytheist," because they were in the land of polytheism, so that they would know that there is neither blood money nor retaliation for them. And Allah knows best.
The Shaykh (al-Bayhaqi) (may Allah have mercy on him) said: This has also been narrated with a connected chain.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحُسَيْنِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ بِشْرَانَ بِبَغْدَادَ، أنبأ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَمْرٍو الرَّزَّازُ، ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْجَبَّارِ، ثنا أَبُو مُعَاوِيَةَ، عَنْ إِسْمَاعِيلَ بْنِ أَبِي خَالِدٍ، عَنْ قَيْسِ بْنِ أَبِي حَازِمٍ، عَنْ جَرِيرٍ، قَالَ: بَعَثَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ سَرِيَّةً إِلَى خَثْعَمَ، فَاعْتَصَمَ نَاسٌ بِالسُّجُودِ فَأَسْرَعَ فِيهُمُ الْقَتْلَ، فَبَلَغَ ذَلِكَ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَأَمَرَهُمْ بِنِصْفِ الْعَقْلِ، وَقَالَ: " أَنَا بَرِيءٌ مِنْ كُلِّ مُسْلِمٍ مُقِيمٍ بَيْنَ أَظْهُرِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ " قَالُوا: يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ وَلِمَ؟ قَالَ: " لَا تَرَايَا نَارَاهُمَا ".
Sayyiduna Jarir (may Allah be pleased with him) said: The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) sent a detachment towards Khath'am. Some people sought to protect themselves by falling into prostration, yet in the haste some of them were killed. When the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) came to know of this, he (peace and blessings be upon him) ordered half the blood money and said: "I am free of every Muslim who lives among the polytheists." They said: "Why, O Messenger of Allah?" He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Their two fires should not see each other."
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحُسَيْنِ بْنُ بِشْرَانَ، أنبأ أَبُو الْحَسَنِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الْمِصْرِيُّ، ثنا مِقْدَامُ بْنُ دَاوُدَ، ثنا يُوسُفُ بْنُ عَدِيٍّ، ثنا حَفْصُ بْنُ غِيَاثٍ، عَنْ إِسْمَاعِيلَ بْنِ أَبِي خَالِدٍ، عَنْ قَيْسِ بْنِ أَبِي حَازِمٍ، عَنْ جَرِيرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللهِ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بَعَثَهُ إِلَى أُنَاسٍ مِنْ خَثْعَمَ، فَاعْتَصَمُوا بِالسُّجُودِ فَقَتَلَهُمْ، فَوَدَاهُمْ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِنِصْفِ الدِّيَةِ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: " أَنَا بَرِيءٌ مِنْ كُلِّ مُسْلِمٍ مَعَ مُشْرِكٍ " قَوْلُهُ: فَوَدَاهُمْ، أَظْهَرُ فِي أَنَّهُ أَعْطَاهُ مُتَطَوِّعًا.
Sayyiduna Jarir bin Abdullah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) sent him to some people of Khath'am. They sought to protect themselves by prostrating, but he killed them. So the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) paid half the blood money for them, then said: "I am free of every Muslim who lives with a polytheist."
His words "he paid blood money for them" show more clearly that he gave it voluntarily.
His words "he paid blood money for them" show more clearly that he gave it voluntarily.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، وَأَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ الْقَاضِي، قَالَا: ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْجَبَّارِ، ثنا يُونُسُ بْنُ بُكَيْرٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ إِسْحَاقَ، حَدَّثَنِي عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ الْحَارِثِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ عَيَّاشٍ، قَالَ: قَالَ لِيَ الْقَاسِمُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ: نَزَلَتْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ {وَمَا كَانَ لِمُؤْمِنٍ أَنْ يَقْتُلَ مُؤْمِنًا إِلَّا خَطَأً} فِي جَدِّكَ عَيَّاشِ بْنِ أَبِي رَبِيعَةَ، وَفِي الْحَارِثِ بْنِ زَيْدٍ أَخِي بَنِي مَعِيصٍ، كَانَ يُؤْذِيهِمْ بِمَكَّةَ وَهُوَ عَلَى شِرْكِهِ، فَلَمَّا هَاجَرَ أَصْحَابُ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ أَسْلَمَ الْحَارِثُ وَلَمْ يَعْلَمُوا بِإِسْلَامِهِ، فَأَقْبَلَ مُهَاجِرًا حَتَّى إِذَا كَانَ بِظَاهِرَةِ بَنِي عَمْرِو بْنِ عَوْفٍ لَقِيَهُ عَيَّاشُ بْنُ أَبِي رَبِيعَةَ، وَلَا يَظُنُّ إِلَّا أَنَّهُ عَلَى شِرْكِهِ، فَعَلَاهُ بِالسَّيْفِ حَتَّى قَتَلَهُ، فَأَنْزَلَ اللهُ فِيهِ {وَمَا كَانَ لِمُؤْمِنٍ أَنْ يَقْتُلَ مُؤْمِنًا إِلَّا خَطَأً} إِلَى قَوْلِهِ: {فَإِنْ كَانَ مِنْ قَوْمٍ عَدُوٍّ لَكُمْ وَهُوَ مُؤْمِنٌ فَتَحْرِيرُ رَقَبَةٍ مُؤْمِنَةٍ} [النساء: ٩٢] يَقُولُ: تَحْرِيرُ رَقَبَةٍ مُؤْمِنَةٍ وَلَا يَرُدُّ الدِّيَةِ إِلَى أَهْلِ الشِّرْكِ عَلَى قُرَيْشٍ، {وَإِنْ كَانَ مِنْ قَوْمٍ بَيْنَكُمْ وَبَيْنَهُمْ مِيثَاقٌ} [النساء: ٩٢] يَقُولُ: مِنْ أَهْلِ الذِّمَّةِ {فَتَحْرِيرُ رَقَبَةٍ مُؤْمِنَةٍ وَدِيَةٌ مُسَلَّمَةٌ إِلَى أَهْلِهِ} [النساء: ٩٢].
Abdul Rahman bin al-Harith bin Abdullah bin Ayyash (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Al-Qasim bin Muhammad bin Abi Bakr (may Allah have mercy on him) told me that the verse "It is not for a believer to kill a believer except by mistake" [Surah al-Nisa: 92] was revealed concerning your grandfather Ayyash bin Abi Rabi'ah and al-Harith bin Zayd, the brother of Banu Ma'is (may Allah be pleased with them both). He used to harm them in Makkah while he was in the state of polytheism. When the Companions (may Allah be pleased with them) emigrated, al-Harith (may Allah be pleased with him) also became Muslim, but the Muslims did not know of his Islam. He emigrated towards Madinah, and he had only just reached Banu Amr bin Awf when Ayyash (may Allah be pleased with him) met him on the way. He thought him to be still a polytheist, took his sword and killed him. So Allah Almighty revealed this verse: Free a believing slave, and if his heirs are from a hostile people while he himself is a believer, do not give his blood money to them. And "if he was from a people between whom and you there is a covenant" [Surah al-Nisa: 92] means the people of protection (ahl al-dhimmah): then freeing a believing slave and blood money handed over to his family.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ الصَّغَانِيُّ، ثنا أَبُو الْجَوَّابِ، ثنا عَمَّارُ بْنُ رُزَيْقٍ، ثنا عَطَاءُ بْنُ السَّائِبِ، عَنْ أَبِي يَحْيَى، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، فِي قَوْلِهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: {فَإِنْ كَانَ مِنْ قَوْمٍ عَدُوٍّ لَكُمْ وَهُوَ مُؤْمِنٌ فَتَحْرِيرُ رَقَبَةٍ مُؤْمِنَةٍ} [النساء: ٩٢]، قَالَ: كَانَ الرَّجُلُ يَأْتِي رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، فَيُسَلِّمُ ثُمَّ يَرْجِعُ، إِلَى قَوْمِهِ فَيَكُونُ فِيهِمْ وَهُمْ مُشْرِكُونَ فَيُصِيبُهُ الْمُسْلِمُونَ خَطَأً فِي سَرِيَّةٍ، أَوْ غَزَاةٍ فَيُعْتِقُ الرَّجُلُ رَقَبَةً، {وَإِنْ كَانَ مِنْ قَوْمٍ بَيْنَكُمْ وَبَيْنَهُمْ مِيثَاقٌ فَدِيَةٌ مُسَلَّمَةٌ إِلَى أَهْلِهِ وَتَحْرِيرُ رَقَبَةٍ مُؤْمِنَةٍ} [النساء: ٩٢]، قَالَ: يَكُونُ الرَّجُلُ مُعَاهِدًا، وَقَوْمُهُ أَهْلَ عَهْدٍ، فَيُسَلَّمُ إِلَيْهِمْ دِيَتُهُ، وَأَعْتَقَ الَّذِي أَصَابَهُ رَقَبَةً وَفِي تَفْسِيرِ عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَلْحَةَ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ بِنَحْوٍ مِنْ هَذَا الْمَعْنَى، قَالَ: وَإِنْ كَانَ فِي أَهْلِ الْحَرْبِ وَهُوَ مُؤْمِنٌ فَقَتَلَهُ خَطَأً، فَعَلَى قَاتِلِهِ أَنْ يُكَفِّرَ وَلَا دِيَةَ عَلَيْهِ.
It is reported from Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) concerning the saying of Allah Almighty, "If he was from a people" [Surah al-Nisa: 92]. He said: A man would come to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), become Muslim, and return to his people. Then if the Muslims attacked his polytheist people and he too was killed, they would free a slave as expiation for him. And concerning the saying, "If he was from a people between whom and you" [Surah al-Nisa: 92] up to "a believing slave" [Surah al-Nisa: 92]: when a man was from a people with whom there was a treaty, blood money would be given to them and a slave would also be freed.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، وَأَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ أَبِي عَمْرٍو، قَالَا: ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ مَرْزُوقٍ، ثنا أَبُو عَامِرٍ، عَنْ إِسْرَائِيلَ، عَنْ سِمَاكٍ، عَنْ عِكْرِمَةَ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ: {فَإِنْ كَانَ مِنْ قَوْمٍ عَدُوٍّ لَكُمْ وَهُوَ مُؤْمِنٌ} [النساء: ٩٢] قَالَ: يَكُونُ الرَّجُلُ مُؤْمِنًا، وَيَكُونُ قَوْمُهُ كُفَّارًا، فَلَا دِيَةَ لَهُ، وَلَكِنْ عِتْقُ رَقَبَةٍ مُؤْمِنَةٍ، {وَإِنْ كَانَ مِنْ قَوْمٍ بَيْنَكُمْ وَبَيْنَهُمْ مِيثَاقٌ} [النساء: ٩٢] قَالَ: عَهْدٌ، {فَدِيَةٌ مُسَلَّمَةٌ إِلَى أَهْلِهِ وَتَحْرِيرُ رَقَبَةٍ مُؤْمِنَةٍ} [النساء: ٩٢].
Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) said concerning "If he was from a people hostile to you" [Surah al-Nisa: 92]: If (the one killed) is a believer and his people are polytheists, then there is no blood money, rather only the freeing of a slave. And "If he was from a people between whom and you there is a covenant" [Surah al-Nisa: 92] means a treaty: "then blood money handed over to his family and the freeing of a believing slave" [Surah al-Nisa: 92].
