السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب السرقة
Book of Theft
باب: قطاع الطريق
Highway robbers
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قَالَ اللهُ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى: {إِنَّمَا جَزَاءُ الَّذِينَ يُحَارِبُونَ اللهَ وَرَسُولَهُ وَيَسْعَوْنَ فِي الْأَرْضِ فَسَادًا أَنْ يُقَتَّلُوا أَوْ يُصَلَّبُوا أَوْ تُقَطَّعَ أَيْدِيهِمْ وَأَرْجُلُهُمْ مِنْ خِلَافٍ أَوْ يُنْفَوْا مِنَ الْأَرْضِ} [المائدة: 33].
Allah, the Blessed and Exalted, says: "The recompense of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger and strive to spread corruption in the land is only that they be killed (in an exemplary manner), or crucified, or that their hands and feet be cut off on opposite sides, or that they be exiled from the land." [Surah al-Ma'idah: 33]
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ يُوسُفَ الْأَصْبَهَانِيُّ، أنبأ أَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ الْأَعْرَابِيِّ، ثنا الْحَسَنُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ الصَّبَّاحِ الزَّعْفَرَانِيُّ، ثنا عَبْدُ الْوَهَّابِ بْنُ عَطَاءٍ، أنبأ سَعِيدٌ هُوَ ابْنُ أَبِي عَرُوبَةَ، عَنْ قَتَادَةَ، عَنْ أَنَسِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ، أَنَّ رَهْطًا، مِنْ عُكْلٍ وَعُرَيْنَةَ أَتَوْا رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَقَالُوا: يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ إِنَّا أُنَاسٌ مِنْ أَهْلِ ضَرْعٍ، وَلَمْ نَكُنْ أَهْلَ رِيفٍ، فَاسْتَوْخَمْنَا الْمَدِينَةَ فَأَمَرَ لَهُمْ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِذَوْدٍ وَزَادٍ، وَأَمَرَهُمْ أَنْ يَخْرُجُوا فِيهَا فَيَشْرَبُوا مِنْ أَبْوَالِهَا وَأَلْبَانِهَا، فَانْطَلَقُوا حَتَّى إِذَا كَانُوا فِي نَاحِيَةِ الْحَرَّةِ قَتَلُوا رَاعِيَ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَاسْتَاقُوا الذَّوْدَ، وَكَفَرُوا بَعْدَ إِسْلَامِهِمْ، فَبَعَثَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي طَلَبِهِمْ، " فَأَمَرَ بِهِمْ فَقَطَعَ أَيْدِيَهُمْ وَأَرْجُلَهُمْ، وَسَمَرَ أَعْيُنَهُمْ، وَتَرَكَهُمْ فِي نَاحِيَةِ الْحَرَّةِ حَتَّى مَاتُوا وَهُمْ كَذَلِكَ " قَالَ قَتَادَةُ: فَذُكِرَ لَنَا أَنَّ هَذِهِ الْآيَةَ نَزَلَتْ فِيهِمْ، يَعْنِي: {إِنَّمَا جَزَاءُ الَّذِينَ يُحَارِبُونَ اللهَ وَرَسُولَهُ وَيَسْعَوْنَ فِي الْأَرْضِ فَسَادًا} [المائدة: ٣٣] الْآيَةَ، قَالَ قَتَادَةُ: وَبَلَغَنَا أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ كَانَ يَحُثُّ فِي خُطْبَتِهِ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ عَلَى الصَّدَقَةِ، وَيَنْهَى عَنِ الْمُثْلَةِ أَخْرَجَهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ وَمُسْلِمٌ فِي الصَّحِيحِ مِنْ حَدِيثِ ابْنِ أَبِي عَرُوبَةَ.
Sayyiduna Anas (may Allah be pleased with him) said that a group from the tribes of Ukl and Urayna came to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) and said: "O Messenger of Allah! We are people of livestock (living on milk), not people of farmland," and the climate of Madinah did not suit them. So he ordered that they be given some camels and provisions, and ordered them to go out with them and drink their milk and urine. They set off, and when they were at the edge of al-Harrah, they killed the herdsman of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), drove off the camels and disbelieved after their Islam. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) sent (men) in pursuit of them, then gave orders concerning them: he had their hands and feet cut off and their eyes pierced with heated iron, and left them at the edge of al-Harrah until they died in that state.
Qatadah (may Allah have mercy on him) said: It was mentioned to us that the verse "The recompense of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger and strive to spread corruption in the land" [Surah al-Ma'idah: 33] was revealed about them. Qatadah (may Allah have mercy on him) said: And it reached us that after that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) used to urge charity in his sermons and forbid mutilation.
Qatadah (may Allah have mercy on him) said: It was mentioned to us that the verse "The recompense of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger and strive to spread corruption in the land" [Surah al-Ma'idah: 33] was revealed about them. Qatadah (may Allah have mercy on him) said: And it reached us that after that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) used to urge charity in his sermons and forbid mutilation.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَلِيٍّ الرُّوذْبَارِيُّ، أنبأ أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ دَاسَةَ، ثنا أَبُو دَاوُدَ، ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ صَالِحٍ، ثنا عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ وَهْبٍ، أَخْبَرَنِي عَمْرٌو، عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ أَبِي هِلَالٍ، عَنْ أَبِي الزِّنَادِ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ عُبَيْدِ اللهِ، قَالَ أَحْمَدُ: يَعْنِي ابْنَ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ، عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمَا، أَنَّ أُنَاسًا، أَغَارُوا عَلَى إِبِلِ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَاسْتَاقُوهَا وَارْتَدُّوا عَنِ الْإِسْلَامِ وَقَتَلُوا رَاعِيَ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، فَبَعَثَ فِي آثَارِهِمْ فَأُخِذُوا " فَقَطَعَ أَيْدِيَهُمْ وَأَرْجُلَهُمْ وَسَمَلَ أَعْيُنَهُمْ "، قَالَ: وَنَزَلَتْ فِيهِمْ آيَةُ الْمُحَارَبَةِ، وَهُمُ الَّذِينَ أَخْبَرَ أَنَسُ بْنُ مَالِكٍ عَنْهُمُ الْحَجَّاجَ حِينَ سَأَلَهُ.
Sayyiduna Ibn Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) said that some people raided the camels of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) and drove them off, apostatized from Islam and killed the herdsman of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him). He (peace and blessings be upon him) sent (men) after them and they were captured, and he cut off their hands and feet and put out their eyes. He said: The verse of waging war (hirabah) was revealed about them, and they are the ones about whom Anas bin Malik informed al-Hajjaj when he asked him.
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَلِيٍّ الرُّوذْبَارِيُّ، أنبأ أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ دَاسَةَ، ثنا أَبُو دَاوُدَ، ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَمْرِو بْنِ السَّرْحِ، ثنا ابْنُ وَهْبٍ، أَخْبَرَنِي اللَّيْثُ بْنُ سَعْدٍ، عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَجْلَانَ، عَنْ أَبِي الزِّنَادِ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ لَمَّا قَطَعَ الَّذِينَ سَرَقُوا لِقَاحَهُ وَسَمَلَ أَعْيُنَهُمْ بِالنَّارِ عَاتَبَهُ اللهُ فِي ذَلِكَ، فَأَنْزَلَ اللهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: {إِنَّمَا جَزَاءُ الَّذِينَ يُحَارِبُونَ اللهَ وَرَسُولَهُ وَيَسْعَوْنَ فِي الْأَرْضِ فَسَادًا أَنْ يُقَتَّلُوا أَوْ يُصَلَّبُوا} [المائدة: ٣٣]، الْآيَةَ قَوْلُ قَتَادَةَ وَأَبِي الزِّنَادِ وَغَيْرِهِمَا: نُزُولُ الْآيَةِ فِيهِمْ، مُرْسَلٌ.
Abu al-Zinad (may Allah have mercy on him) said that when the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) cut off (the hands and feet of) those who had stolen his milch camels and had their eyes pierced with heated iron, Allah reproached him and revealed this verse: "The recompense of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger and strive to spread corruption in the land is only that they be killed or crucified" [Surah al-Ma'idah: 33].
The statement of Qatadah, Abu al-Zinad and others that the verse was revealed about them is mursal (missing the Companion in its chain).
The statement of Qatadah, Abu al-Zinad and others that the verse was revealed about them is mursal (missing the Companion in its chain).
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو مُحَمَّدِ بْنُ يُوسُفَ، أنبأ أَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ الْأَعْرَابِيِّ، ثنا الزَّعْفَرَانِيُّ، ثنا عَفَّانُ، ثنا هَمَّامٌ، عَنْ قَتَادَةَ، قَالَ: فَحَدَّثَنِي ابْنُ سِيرِينَ، " أَنَّ هَذَا قَبْلَ أَنْ تَنْزِلَ الْحُدُودُ، يَعْنِي مَا فَعَلَ بِالْعُرَنِيِّينَ ".
Ibn Sirin (may Allah have mercy on him) said: This was before the hudud (prescribed punishments) were revealed, meaning what was done to the people of Urayna.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحُسَيْنِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ الْفَضْلِ الْقَطَّانُ بِبَغْدَادَ، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ عَمْرَوَيْهِ الصَّفَّارُ، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ الصَّغَانِيُّ، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ سَابِقٍ، ثنا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ طَهْمَانَ، عَنْ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ بْنِ رُفَيْعٍ، عَنْ عُبَيْدِ بْنِ عُمَيْرٍ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ، قَالَتْ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " لَا يَحِلُّ قَتْلُ امْرِئٍ مُسْلِمٍ يَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللهُ وَأَنِّي رَسُولُ اللهِ إِلَّا فِي إِحْدَى ثَلَاثٍ: زَانٍ بَعْدَ إِحْصَانٍ، وَرَجُلٌ قَتَلَ يُقْتَلُ بِهِ، وَرَجُلٌ خَرَجَ مُحَارِبًا لِلَّهِ وَرَسُولِهُ فَيُقْتَلُ أَوْ يُصْلَبُ أَوْ يُنْفَى مِنَ الْأَرْضِ ".
Sayyidah Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) said that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "It is not lawful for anyone to kill a Muslim who recites the kalimah (testifying that there is no god but Allah and that I am the Messenger of Allah), except for one of three reasons: first, a married adulterer; second, by way of retaliation (qisas); and third, a man who goes out waging war against Allah and His Messenger: he is either to be killed, or crucified, or exiled from the land."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، أنبأ الرَّبِيعُ بْنُ سُلَيْمَانَ، أنبأ الشَّافِعِيُّ، أنبأ إِبْرَاهِيمُ، عَنْ صَالِحٍ، مَوْلَى التَّوْأَمَةِ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، فِي قُطَّاعِ الطَّرِيقِ: " إِذَا قَتَلُوا وَأَخَذُوا الْمَالَ قُتِلُوا وَصُلِبُوا، وَإِذَا قَتَلُوا وَلَمْ يَأْخُذُوا الْمَالَ قُتِلُوا وَلَمْ يُصْلَبُوا، وَإِذَا أَخَذُوا الْمَالَ وَلَمْ يَقْتُلُوا قُطِعَتْ أَيْدِيهِمْ وَأَرْجُلُهُمْ مِنْ خِلَافٍ، وَإِذَا أَخَافُوا السَّبِيلَ وَلَمْ يَأْخُذُوا مَالًا نُفُوا مِنَ الْأَرْضِ " وَلِإِبْرَاهِيمَ بْنِ أَبِي يَحْيَى فِي هَذَا إِسْنَادٌ آخَرُ.
Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) said: If highway robbers kill and take property, they are to be killed and crucified; if they kill but do not take property, they are only to be killed; if they only take property and do not kill, their hands and feet are to be cut off on opposite sides; and if they only cause fear, neither taking property nor killing, they are to be exiled.
وأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ السُّلَمِيُّ، وَأَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ الْحَارِثِ الْفَقِيهُ، قَالَا: أنبأ عَلِيُّ بْنُ عُمَرَ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ الْفَارِسِيُّ، ثنا إِسْحَاقُ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، أنبأ عَبْدُ الرَّزَّاقِ، عَنْ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، عَنْ دَاوُدَ، عَنْ عِكْرِمَةَ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، قَالَ: " نَزَلَتْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ فِي الْمُحَارِبِ {إِنَّمَا جَزَاءُ الَّذِينَ يُحَارِبُونَ اللهَ وَرَسُولَهُ} [المائدة: ٣٣] إِذَا عَدَا فَقَطَعَ ⦗٤٩٢⦘ الطَّرِيقَ فَقَتَلَ وَأَخَذَ الْمَالَ صُلِبَ، فَإِنْ قَتَلَ وَلَمْ يَأْخُذْ مَالًا قُتِلَ، فَإِنْ أَخَذَ الْمَالَ وَلَمْ يَقْتُلْ قُطِعَ مِنْ خِلَافٍ، فَإِنْ هَرَبَ وَأَعْجَزَهُمْ فَذَلِكَ نَفْيُهُ ".
Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) said: This verse, "The recompense of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger" [Surah al-Ma'idah: 33], was revealed concerning the one who wages war (muharib): if he attacks, robs on the highway, kills and takes property, he is to be crucified; if he kills but does not take property, he is to be killed; if he takes property but does not kill, (his hand and foot) are to be cut off on opposite sides; and if he flees and escapes them, then that is his exile.
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أنبأ أَبُو بَكْرٍ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ كَامِلٍ الْقَاضِي، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ سَعْدِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ عَطِيَّةَ، ثنا أَبِي، حَدَّثَنِي عَمِّي، حَدَّثَنِي أَبِي، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، فِي قَوْلِهِ: {إِنَّمَا جَزَاءُ الَّذِينَ يُحَارِبُونَ اللهَ وَرَسُولَهُ} [المائدة: ٣٣] الْآيَةَ، قَالَ: " إِذَا حَارَبَ فَقَتَلَ فَعَلَيْهِ الْقَتْلُ إِذَا ظَهَرَ عَلَيْهِ قَبْلَ تَوْبَتِهِ، وَإِذَا حَارَبَ وَأَخَذَ الْمَالَ وَقَتَلَ فَعَلَيْهِ الصَّلْبُ إِنْ ظَهَرَ عَلَيْهِ قَبْلَ تَوْبَتِهِ، وَإِذَا حَارَبَ وَأَخَذَ الْمَالَ وَلَمْ يَقْتُلْ فَعَلَيْهِ قَطْعُ الْيَدِ وَالرِّجْلِ مِنْ خِلَافٍ إِنْ ظَهَرَ عَلَيْهِ قَبْلَ تَوْبَتِهِ، وَإِذَا حَارَبَ وَأَخَافَ السَّبِيلَ فَإِنَّمَا عَلَيْهِ النَّفْيُ وَنَفْيُهُ أَنْ يُطْلَبَ " وَرَوَى عُثْمَانُ بْنُ عَطَاءٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ عَلِيٍّ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ، قَالَ: إِنْ أَخَذَ وَقَدْ أَصَابَ الْمَالَ وَلَمْ يُصِبِ الدَّمَ قُطِعَتْ يَدُهُ وَرِجْلُهُ مِنْ خِلَافٍ، وَإِنْ وُجِدَ وَقَدْ أَصَابَ الدَّمَ قُتِلَ وَصُلِبَ.
Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) said concerning this same verse: When highway robbers fight and kill someone, and are overpowered before they repent, they are to be killed. If they fight, take property and also kill, and are overpowered before they repent, they are to be crucified. If they fight and take property but do not kill, their hands and feet are to be cut off on opposite sides. If they fight and terrorize people, they are to be exiled, and his exile is that he be pursued. It is narrated from Sayyiduna Ali (may Allah be pleased with him): If he is caught having taken property but not having shed blood, his hand and foot are to be cut off on opposite sides; and if he is found having shed blood, he is to be killed and crucified.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا يَحْيَى بْنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ، أنبأ عَبْدُ الْوَهَّابِ بْنُ عَطَاءٍ، عَنْ سَعِيدٍ، عَنْ قَتَادَةَ، أَنَّهُ قَالَ فِي هَذِهِ الْآيَةِ: {إِنَّمَا جَزَاءُ الَّذِينَ يُحَارِبُونَ اللهَ وَرَسُولَهُ وَيَسْعَوْنَ فِي الْأَرْضِ فَسَادًا} [المائدة: ٣٣] الْآيَةَ، قَالَ: " حُدُودٌ أَرْبَعَةٌ أَنْزَلَهَا اللهُ: فَأَمَّا مَنْ حَارَبَ فَسَفَكَ الدَّمَ وَأَخَذَ الْمَالَ فَإِنَّ عَلَيْهِ الصَّلْبَ، وَأَمَّا مَنْ حَارَبَ فَسَفَكَ الدَّمَ وَلَمْ يَأْخُذْ مَالًا فَعَلَيْهِ الْقَتْلُ، أَمَّا مَنْ حَارَبَ وَأَخَذَ الْمَالَ وَلَمْ يَسْفِكْ دَمًا فَإِنَّ عَلَيْهِ النَّفْيَ " وَرُوِيَ ذَلِكَ عَنْ قَتَادَةَ، عَنْ مُوَرِّقٍ وَرُوِّينَاهُ عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ جُبَيْرٍ وَإِبْرَاهِيمَ النَّخَعِيِّ قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: وَاخْتِلَافُ حُدُودِهُمْ بِاخْتِلَافِ أَفْعَالِهِمْ عَلَى مَا قَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ، إِنْ شَاءَ اللهُ.
Qatadah (may Allah have mercy on him) said concerning "The recompense of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger and strive to spread corruption in the land" [Surah al-Ma'idah: 33]: Allah Almighty has revealed 4 hudud: whoever wages war, sheds blood and takes property, upon him is crucifixion; whoever wages war and sheds blood but does not take property, upon him is killing; and whoever wages war and takes property but does not shed blood, upon him is exile.
