السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب الجنايات
Book of Crimes
الروايات فيه عن عمر بن الخطاب رضي الله عنه
The reports on this from Umar bin al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him)
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أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ أَبِي عَمْرٍو، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا بَحْرُ بْنُ نَصْرٍ، ثنا عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ وَهْبٍ، أَخْبَرَنِي جَرِيرُ بْنُ حَازِمٍ، أَنَّ قَيْسَ بْنَ سَعْدٍ، حَدَّثَهُ، عَنْ ⦗٥٩⦘ مَكْحُولٍ، أَنَّ عُبَادَةَ بْنَ الصَّامِتِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ دَعَا نَبَطِيًّا يُمْسِكُ لَهُ دَابَّتَهُ عِنْدَ بَيْتِ الْمَقْدِسِ فَأَبَى فَضَرَبَهُ فَشَجَّهُ، فَاسْتَعْدَى عَلَيْهِ عُمَرَ بْنَ الْخَطَّابِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ فَقَالَ لَهُ: " مَا دَعَاكَ إِلَى مَا صَنَعْتَ بِهَذَا؟ فَقَالَ: يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ أَمَرْتُهُ أَنْ يُمْسِكَ دَابَّتِي فَأَبَى، وَأَنَا رَجُلٌ فِيَّ حَدَّةٌ فَضَرَبْتُهُ، فَقَالَ: اجْلِسْ لِلْقَصَاصِ، فَقَالَ زَيْدُ بْنُ ثَابِتٍ: أَتُقِيدُ عَبْدَكَ مِنْ أَخِيكَ؟ فَتَرَكَ عُمَرُ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ الْقَوَدَ وَقَضَى عَلَيْهِ بِالدِّيَةِ.
Makhul said that Ubadah bin al-Samit (may Allah be pleased with him) called a Nabataean to hold his mount for him near Bayt al-Maqdis. He refused, so he struck him and split his head open. The matter reached Umar (may Allah be pleased with him), and he asked: Why did you do this? Ubadah (may Allah be pleased with him) said: I told him to hold my mount, and he refused. I am a man with a temper; I became angry and struck him. Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said: Sit down and submit to retaliation. Zayd bin Thabit (may Allah be pleased with him) said: Will you take retaliation for your slave from your brother? So Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) abandoned retaliation and ruled that blood money be paid. Makhul did not meet Umar (may Allah be pleased with him).
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو سَعِيدٍ، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ، ثنا بَحْرٌ، ثنا عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ وَهْبٍ، أَخْبَرَنِي اللَّيْثُ، أَنَّ يَحْيَى بْنَ سَعِيدٍ حَدَّثَهُ، أَنَّ عُمَرَ بْنَ الْخَطَّابِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ أُتِيَ بِرَجُلٍ مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ وَقَدْ جَرَحَ رَجُلًا مِنْ أَهْلِ الذِّمَّةِ فَأَرَادَ أَنْ يُقِيدَهُ، فَقَالَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ: " مَا يَنْبَغِي هَذَا، فَقَالَ عُمَرُ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ: " إِذًا نُضَعِّفُ عَلَيْهِ الْعَقْلَ "، فَأَضْعَفَهُ. وَرَوَاهُ سُلَيْمَانُ بْنُ بِلَالٍ، عَنْ يَحْيَى بْنِ سَعِيدٍ، عَنْ إِسْمَاعِيلَ بْنِ أَبِي حَكِيمٍ، أَنَّهُ سَمِعَ عُمَرَ بْنَ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ يُحَدِّثُ النَّاسَ أَنَّ رَجُلًا مِنْ أَهْلِ الذِّمَّةِ قُتِلَ بِالشَّامِ عَمْدًا، وَعُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ إِذْ ذَاكَ بِالشَّامِ، فَلَمَّا بَلَغَهُ ذَلِكَ قَالَ عُمَرُ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ: قَدْ وَقَعْتُمْ بِأَهْلِ الذِّمَّةِ لَأَقْتُلَنَّهُ بِهِ، فَقَالَ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ بْنُ الْجَرَّاحِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ: لَيْسَ ذَلِكَ لَكَ. فَصَلَّى ثُمَّ دَعَا أَبَا عُبَيْدَةَ فَقَالَ: لِمَ زَعَمْتَ لَا أَقْتُلُهُ بِهِ، فَقَالَ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ: أَرَأَيْتَ لَوْ قَتَلَ عَبْدًا لَهُ أَكُنْتَ قَاتِلَهُ بِهِ؟ فَصَمَتَ عُمَرُ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ، ثُمَّ قَضَى عَلَيْهِ بِأَلْفِ دِينَارٍ مُغَلِّظًا عَلَيْهِ.
Yahya bin Sa'id (may Allah have mercy on him) said: A man who had wounded a dhimmi was brought to Umar (may Allah be pleased with him), and he (may Allah be pleased with him) wanted to take retaliation from him. The Muslims said: This cannot be. Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said: Then we will double the blood money against him; so the blood money was doubled. And Isma'il bin Abi Hakim said: I heard Umar bin Abd al-Aziz (may Allah have mercy on him) narrating to the people that a man from the dhimmis was deliberately killed in Syria, and Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) was in Syria at that time. When this reached him, he (may Allah be pleased with him) said: Now he too will be killed in retaliation. Abu Ubaydah bin al-Jarrah (may Allah be pleased with him) said: This cannot be. Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) prayed, then called Abu Ubaydah (may Allah be pleased with him) and asked: Why should I not kill him? Abu Ubaydah (may Allah be pleased with him) said: If the slain man had been (your) slave, would you still have killed him? Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) fell silent, and he ruled against him for a thousand dinars, imposing it severely.
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ أَبِي عَمْرٍو، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، أنبأ الرَّبِيعُ بْنُ سُلَيْمَانَ، أنبأ الشَّافِعِيُّ، أنبأ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ، أنبأ أَبُو حَنِيفَةَ، عَنْ حَمَّادٍ، عَنْ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، أَنَّ رَجُلًا مِنْ بَكْرِ بْنِ وَائِلٍ قَتَلَ رَجُلًا مِنْ أَهْلِ الْحِيرَةِ فَكَتَبَ فِيهِ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ أَنْ يُدْفَعَ إِلَى أَوْلِيَاءِ الْمَقْتُولِ، فَإِنْ شَاءُوا قَتَلُوا وَإِنْ شَاءُوا عَفَوْا. فَدُفِعَ الرَّجُلُ إِلَى وَلِيِّ الْمَقْتُولِ، إِلَى رَجُلٍ يُقَالُ لَهُ: حُنَيْنٌ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْحِيرَةِ فَقَتَلَهُ. فَكَتَبَ عُمَرُ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ: إِنْ كَانَ الرَّجُلُ لَمْ يُقْتَلْ فَلَا تَقْتُلُوهُ. فَرَأَوْا أَنَّ عُمَرَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ أَرَادَ أَنْ يُرَضِّيَهُمْ مِنَ الدِّيَةِ. قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: " الَّذِي رَجَعَ إِلَيْهِ أَوْلَى بِهِ، وَلَعَلَّهُ أَرَادَ أَنْ يُخِيفَهُ بِالْقَتْلِ وَلَا يَقْتُلُهُ ". قَالَ الَّذِي تَكَلَّمَ مَعَهُ: فَقَدْ رَوَيْتُمْ عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ دِينَارٍ أَنَّ عُمَرَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ كَتَبَ ⦗٦٠⦘ فِي مُسْلِمٍ قَتَلَ نَصْرَانِيًّا: إِنْ كَانَ الْقَاتِلُ قَتَّالًا فَاقْتُلُوهُ، وَإِنْ كَانَ غَيْرَ قَتَّالٍ فَذَرُوهُ وَلَا تَقْتُلُوهُ؟ قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ: قَدْ رُوِّينَاهُ، فَاتَّبِعْ عُمَرَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ كَمَا قَالَ، فَأَنْتَ لَا تَتَّبِعُهُ فِيمَا قَالَ. قَالَ: فَيَثْبُتُ عِنْدَكُمْ عَنْ عُمَرَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ مِنْ هَذَا شَيْءٌ؟ قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ: قُلْنَا: وَلَا حَرْفٌ، وَهَذِهِ أَحَادِيثُ مُنْقَطِعَاتٌ، أَوْ ضِعَافٌ، أَوْ تَجْمَعُ الِانْقِطَاعَ وَالضَّعْفَ جَمِيعًا.
Ibrahim (may Allah have mercy on him) said: A man from the tribe of Bakr bin Wa'il killed a man from the people of al-Hirah. Sayyiduna Umar bin al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him) ruled that the killer be handed over to the heirs of the slain man; if they wished they could kill him, or if they wished they could forgive him. So the man was handed over to one of their heirs, a man named Hunayn, and he killed him. Afterwards Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) wrote to them: If he has not yet been killed, do not kill him. The people understood that Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) intended to satisfy them with blood money.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: The view to which he returned is more fitting, and perhaps he intended to frighten him with killing, not to kill him. The one who was debating him said: It has been narrated to you from Amr bin Dinar that Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) wrote concerning a Muslim who had killed a Christian: If the killer is a habitual killer, then kill him; otherwise leave him and do not kill him. Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: We have narrated it; so follow Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) as he said, though you do not follow him in what he said. Then he said: Is anything regarding this established from Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him)? Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Not a single letter; the narrations that exist are either munqati' or weak, or both munqati' and weak.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: The view to which he returned is more fitting, and perhaps he intended to frighten him with killing, not to kill him. The one who was debating him said: It has been narrated to you from Amr bin Dinar that Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) wrote concerning a Muslim who had killed a Christian: If the killer is a habitual killer, then kill him; otherwise leave him and do not kill him. Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: We have narrated it; so follow Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) as he said, though you do not follow him in what he said. Then he said: Is anything regarding this established from Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him)? Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Not a single letter; the narrations that exist are either munqati' or weak, or both munqati' and weak.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو طَاهِرٍ الْفَقِيهُ، أنبأ أَبُو بَكْرٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْحُسَيْنِ الْقَطَّانُ، ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ السُّلَمِيُّ، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ، قَالَ: ذَكَرَ سُفْيَانُ، عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ دِينَارٍ، عَنْ شَيْخٍ، قَالَ: كَتَبَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ فِي مُسْلِمٍ قَتَلَ مُعَاهِدًا فَكَتَبَ: إِنْ كَانَتْ طَيْرَةً فِي غَضِبٍ فَأَغْرِمْ أَرْبَعَةَ آلَافٍ، وَإِنْ كَانَ لِصًّا عَادِيًا فَاقْتُلْهُ ".
Amr bin Dinar (may Allah have mercy on him) narrates from his teacher that Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) gave a ruling concerning a Muslim who had killed a dhimmi: If he did this in a fit of anger, then take 4,000 as blood money; and if he is a habitual criminal, then kill him.
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو نَصْرِ بْنُ قَتَادَةَ، أنبأ أَبُو بَكْرٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ صَالِحٍ الْبَغْدَادِيُّ بِبَلْخٍ، ثنا يُوسُفُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ الْقَاضِي، ثنا أَبُو الرَّبِيعِ، ثنا حَمَّادٌ، عَنْ عَمْرٍو، عَنِ الْقَاسِمِ بْنِ أَبِي بَزَّةَ، أَنَّ رَجُلًا مُسْلِمًا قَتَلَ رَجُلًا مِنْ أَهْلِ الذِّمَّةِ بِالشَّامِ، فَرُفِعَ إِلَى أَبِي عُبَيْدَةَ بْنِ الْجَرَّاحِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ، فَكَتَبَ فِيهِ إِلَى عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ، فَكَتَبَ عُمَرُ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ: " إِنْ كَانَ ذَاكَ مِنْهُ خُلُقًا فَقَدِّمْهُ وَاضْرِبْ عُنُقَهُ، وَإِنْ كَانَتْ هِيَ طَيْرَةً طَارَهَا فَأَغْرِمْهُ أَرْبَعَةَ آلَافٍ ".
Al-Qasim bin Abi Bazzah (may Allah have mercy on him) said: A Muslim killed a dhimmi in Syria, and the case came before Sayyiduna Abu Ubaydah bin al-Jarrah (may Allah be pleased with him). He wrote to Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) about it, and Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) wrote back: If he is a habitual criminal, then kill him; otherwise impose four thousand as blood money.
