السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب الجنايات
Book of Crimes
باب: بيان ضعف الخبر الذي روي في قتل المؤمن بالكافر، وما جاء عن الصحابة في ذلك
The weakness of the report narrated on killing a believer for a disbeliever, and what is reported from the Companions on this
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أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ الْحَارِثِ الْأَصْبَهَانِيُّ الْفَقِيهُ، أنبأ أَبُو الْحَسَنِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ عُمَرَ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا الْحَسَنُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ الرَّهَاوِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنِي جَدِّي سَعِيدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الرَّهَاوِيُّ، أَنَّ عَمَّارَ بْنَ مَطَرٍ حَدَّثَهُمْ، ثنا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الْأَسْلَمِيُّ، عَنْ رَبِيعَةَ بْنِ أَبِي عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ، عَنِ ابْنِ الْبَيْلَمَانِيِّ، عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، قَتَلَ مُسْلِمًا بِمُعَاهِدٍ وَقَالَ: " أَنَا أَكْرَمُ مَنْ وَفَى بِذِمَّتِهِ " هَذَا خَطَأٌ مِنْ وَجْهَيْنِ: أَحَدُهُمَا وَصَلَهُ بِذِكْرِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ فِيهِ، وَإِنَّمَا هُوَ عَنِ ابْنِ الْبَيْلَمَانِيِّ، عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ مُرْسَلًا. وَالْآخَرُ رِوَايَتُهُ عَنْ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، عَنْ رَبِيعَةَ، وَإِنَّمَا يَرْوِيهِ إِبْرَاهِيمُ عَنِ ابْنِ الْمُنْكَدِرِ، وَالْحَمْلُ فِيهِ عَلَى عَمَّارِ بْنِ مَطَرٍ الرَّهَاوِيِّ، فَقَدْ كَانَ يُقَلِّبُ الْأَسَانِيدَ وَيَسْرِقُ الْأَحَادِيثَ حَتَّى كَثُرَ ذَلِكَ فِي رِوَايَاتِهِ وَسَقَطَ عَنْ حَدِّ الِاحْتِجَاجِ بِهِ.
Ibn Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) said that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) killed a Muslim in return for a dhimmi and said: "I am the one most faithful in fulfilling my covenant of protection."
There are two defects in this narration: (1) Making it connected through Ibn Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) is a mistake; rather, it is a mursal narration of (Ibn) al-Baylamani from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). (2) Ibrahim narrates it from Ibn al-Munkadir, and the fault in it is attributed to Ammar bin Matar al-Rahawi, who used to switch chains of narration and steal hadith; he is a narrator who has fallen below the level of being used as evidence.
There are two defects in this narration: (1) Making it connected through Ibn Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) is a mistake; rather, it is a mursal narration of (Ibn) al-Baylamani from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). (2) Ibrahim narrates it from Ibn al-Munkadir, and the fault in it is attributed to Ammar bin Matar al-Rahawi, who used to switch chains of narration and steal hadith; he is a narrator who has fallen below the level of being used as evidence.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ أَبِي عَمْرٍو، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا الْحَسَنُ بْنُ عَلِيِّ بْنِ عَفَّانَ، ثنا يَحْيَى بْنُ آدَمَ، ثنا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ أَبِي يَحْيَى، عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ الْمُنْكَدِرِ، عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ الْبَيْلَمَانِيِّ، أَنَّ رَجُلًا مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ قَتَلَ رَجُلًا مِنْ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ، فَرُفِعَ إِلَى النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " أَنَا أَحَقُّ مَنْ وَفَى بِذِمَّتِهِ "، ثُمَّ أَمَرَ بِهِ فَقُتِلَ. هَذَا هُوَ الْأَصْلُ فِي هَذَا الْبَابِ، وَهُوَ مُنْقَطِعٌ وَرَاوِيهِ غَيْرُ ثِقَةٍ وَقَدْ رُوِيَ عَنْ رَبِيعَةَ، عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ الْبَيْلَمَانِيِّ، عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، مُرْسَلًا.
Abd al-Rahman bin al-Baylamani (may Allah have mercy on him) narrates, attributing it to the Prophet (marfu'), that a Muslim killed a dhimmi, and the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I am the one most faithful in fulfilling a covenant of protection." Then he (peace and blessings be upon him) had that Muslim killed. This narration is munqati' (has a broken chain), and its narrator is not trustworthy.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو نَصْرٍ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ بْنِ قَتَادَةَ، أنبأ أَبُو الْفَضْلِ بْنُ خِمَرَوَيْهِ، أنبأ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ نَجْدَةَ، ثنا سَعِيدُ بْنُ مَنْصُورٍ، ثنا عَبْدُ الْعَزِيزِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ، أَخْبَرَنِي رَبِيعَةُ، عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ الْبَيْلَمَانِيِّ، أَنَّ رَجُلًا مِنْ أَهْلِ الذِّمَّةِ أَتَى رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَقَالَ: " ⦗٥٧⦘ إِنَّا عَاهَدْنَاكَ وَبَايَعْنَاكَ عَلَى كَذَا وَكَذَا، وَقَدْ خُتِرَ بِرَجُلٍ مِنَّا فَقُتِلَ، فَقَالَ: " أَنَا أَحَقُّ مَنْ أَوْفَى بِذِمَّتِهِ "، فَأَمْكَنَهُ مِنْهُ فَضُرِبَتْ عُنُقُهُ.
Abd al-Rahman bin al-Baylamani said: A man from among the dhimmis came to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and said: We had such-and-such an agreement with you. One of your men has killed one of our men. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I have the greatest right to fulfil my covenant of protection." So he (peace and blessings be upon him) had that Muslim killed.
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ السُّلَمِيُّ، وَأَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ الْحَارِثِ الْفَقِيهُ، أنبأ عَلِيُّ بْنُ عُمَرَ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا إِسْمَاعِيلُ الصَّفَّارُ، ثنا الرَّمَادِيُّ، ح قَالَ: وَثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ الْفَارِسِيُّ، ثنا إِسْحَاقُ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، قَالَا: ثنا عَبْدُ الرَّزَّاقِ، عَنِ الثَّوْرِيِّ، عَنْ رَبِيعَةَ، عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ الْبَيْلَمَانِيِّ، يَرْفَعُهُ، أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، أَقَادَ مُسْلِمًا قَتَلَ يَهُودِيًّا. وَقَالَ الرَّمَادِيُّ: أَقَادَ مُسْلِمًا بِذِمِّيٍّ وَقَالَ: " أَنَا أَحَقُّ مَنْ وَفَى بِذِمَّتِي " وَيُقَالُ: إِنَّ رَبِيعَةَ إِنَّمَا أَخَذَهُ عَنْ إِبْرَاهِيمَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي يَحْيَى. وَالْحَدِيثُ يَدُورُ عَلَيْهِ..
Ibn al-Baylamani (may Allah have mercy on him) narrates, attributing it to the Prophet (marfu'), that a Muslim killed a Jew (and in the narration of al-Ramadi: a dhimmi), so that Muslim was killed in retaliation, and he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I am the most entitled to fulfil my covenant of protection."
It is said that Rabi'ah only took it from Ibrahim bin Muhammad bin Abi Yahya, and the hadith revolves around him.
It is said that Rabi'ah only took it from Ibrahim bin Muhammad bin Abi Yahya, and the hadith revolves around him.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْحُسَيْنِ السُّلَمِيُّ، أَنْبَأَ أَبُو الْحَسَنِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الْكَارِزِيُّ، ثنا عَلِيُّ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ، قَالَ: قَالَ أَبُو عُبَيْدٍ الْقَاسِمُ بْنُ سَلَّامٍ: سَمِعْتُ ابْنَ أَبِي يَحْيَى، يُحَدِّثُهُ، عَنِ ابْنِ الْمُنْكَدِرِ، وَسَمِعْتُ أَبَا يُوسُفَ، يُحَدِّثُهُ عَنْ رَبِيعَةَ الرَّأْيِ، كِلَاهُمَا عَنِ ابْنِ الْبَيْلَمَانِيِّ، ثُمَّ بَلَغَنِي عَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي يَحْيَى، أَنَّهُ قَالَ: أَنَا حَدَّثْتُ رَبِيعَةَ بِهَذَا الْحَدِيثِ، فَإِنَّمَا دَارَ الْحَدِيثُ عَلَى ابْنِ أَبِي يَحْيَى عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ الْبَيْلَمَانِيِّ، أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَقَادَ مُسْلِمًا بِمُعَاهِدٍ، وَقَالَ: " أَنَا أَحَقُّ مَنْ وَفَى بِذِمَّتِهِ ". قَالَ أَبُو عُبَيْدٍ: وَهَذَا حَدِيثٌ لَيْسَ بِمُسْنَدٍ، وَلَا يُجْعَلُ مِثْلُهُ أمِا مَّا يُسْفَكُ بِهِ دِمَاءُ الْمُسْلِمِينَ. قَالَ أَبُو عُبَيْدٍ: وَقَدْ أَخْبَرَنِي عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ مَهْدِيٍّ، عَنْ عَبْدِ الْوَاحِدِ بْنِ زِيَادٍ قَالَ: قُلْتُ لِزُفَرَ: إِنَّكُمْ تَقُولُونَ: إِنَّا نَدْرَأُ الْحَدَّ بِالشُّبُهَاتِ، وَإِنَّكُمْ جِئْتُمْ إِلَى أَعْظَمِ الشُّبُهَاتِ فَأَقْدَمْتُمْ عَلَيْهَا. قَالَ: وَمَا هُوَ؟ قَالَ: قُلْتُ: الْمُسْلِمُ يُقْتَلُ بِالْكَافِرِ. قَالَ: فَاشْهَدْ أَنْتَ عَلَى رُجُوعِي عَنْ هَذَا. قَالَ: وَكَذَلِكَ قَوْلُ أَهْلِ الْحِجَازِ، لَا يُقِيدُونَهُ بِهِ، وَأَمَّا قَوْلُهُ: " وَلَا ذُو عَهْدٍ فِي عَهْدِهِ " فَإِنَّ ذَا الْعَهْدِ الرَّجُلُ مِنْ أَهْلِ دَارِ الْحَرْبِ يَدْخُلُ إِلَيْنَا بِأَمَانٍ فَقَتْلُهُ مُحَرَّمٌ عَلَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ حَتَّى يَرْجِعَ إِلَى مَأْمَنِهِ. وَأَصْلُ هَذَا مِنْ قَوْلِهِ: {وَإِنْ أَحَدٌ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ اسْتَجَارَكَ فَأَجِرْهُ حَتَّى يَسْمَعَ كَلَامَ اللهِ، ثُمَّ أَبْلِغْهُ مَأْمَنَهُ} [التوبة: ٦].
Ibn al-Baylamani (may Allah have mercy on him) narrates that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) killed a Muslim in return for a dhimmi and said: "I have the greatest right to fulfil my covenant of protection."
Abu Ubayd (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Then it reached me that Ibn Abi Yahya said: It was I who narrated this hadith to Rabi'ah; so the hadith revolves only around Ibn Abi Yahya. This hadith is not musnad, and a narration like it should not be made an authority on the basis of which the blood of Muslims is shed. Abu Ubayd (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Abd al-Rahman bin Mahdi (may Allah have mercy on him) told me, through Abd al-Wahid bin Ziyad (may Allah have mercy on him), that he said: I said to Zufar (may Allah have mercy on him): You say that we avert the hadd punishments because of doubts, yet you yourselves bring the greatest doubt. He said: What is that? I said: That a Muslim is to be killed in return for a disbeliever. Imam Zufar (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Be my witness that I retract this. Abu Ubayd (may Allah have mercy on him) said: This is also the position of the people of the Hijaz, that a Muslim is not to be killed (for him). As for his saying, "nor one who has a covenant during his covenant": when a person from Dar al-Harb comes to the Muslims, he too is not to be killed until he returns, because Allah Almighty says: "And if any one of the polytheists seeks your protection, then grant him protection so that he may hear the word of Allah, then convey him to his place of safety." [Surah al-Tawbah: 6]
Abu Ubayd (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Then it reached me that Ibn Abi Yahya said: It was I who narrated this hadith to Rabi'ah; so the hadith revolves only around Ibn Abi Yahya. This hadith is not musnad, and a narration like it should not be made an authority on the basis of which the blood of Muslims is shed. Abu Ubayd (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Abd al-Rahman bin Mahdi (may Allah have mercy on him) told me, through Abd al-Wahid bin Ziyad (may Allah have mercy on him), that he said: I said to Zufar (may Allah have mercy on him): You say that we avert the hadd punishments because of doubts, yet you yourselves bring the greatest doubt. He said: What is that? I said: That a Muslim is to be killed in return for a disbeliever. Imam Zufar (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Be my witness that I retract this. Abu Ubayd (may Allah have mercy on him) said: This is also the position of the people of the Hijaz, that a Muslim is not to be killed (for him). As for his saying, "nor one who has a covenant during his covenant": when a person from Dar al-Harb comes to the Muslims, he too is not to be killed until he returns, because Allah Almighty says: "And if any one of the polytheists seeks your protection, then grant him protection so that he may hear the word of Allah, then convey him to his place of safety." [Surah al-Tawbah: 6]
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا أَبُو الْفَضْلِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ إِمْلَاءً، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ نُعَيْمٍ، ثنا أَبُو قُدَامَةَ، ثنا عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ مَهْدِيٍّ، ثنا عَبْدُ الْوَاحِدِ بْنُ زِيَادٍ، قَالَ: ⦗٥٨⦘ لَقِيتُ زُفَرَ فَقُلْتُ لَهُ: صِرْتُمْ حَدِيثًا فِي النَّاسِ وَضُحْكَةً. قَالَ: وَمَا ذَلِكَ؟ قَالَ: قُلْتُ: تَقُولُونَ فِي الْأَشْيَاءِ كُلِّهَا: ادْرَءُوا الْحُدُودَ بِالشُّبُهَاتِ، وَجِئْتُمْ إِلَى أَعْظَمِ الْحُدُودِ، فَقُلْتُمْ: تُقَامُ بِالشُّبُهَاتِ، قَالَ: وَمَا ذَلِكَ؟ قُلْتُ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " لَا يُقْتَلُ مُؤْمِنٌ بِكَافِرٍ "، فَقُلْتُمْ: يُقْتَلُ بِهِ، قَالَ: فَإِنِّي أُشْهِدُكَ السَّاعَةَ أَنِّي قَدْ رَجَعْتُ عَنْهُ..
Abd al-Wahid bin Ziyad (may Allah have mercy on him) said: I said to Imam Zufar (may Allah have mercy on him): You have become a topic of talk and a laughingstock among the people. He asked: How so? I said: You say that the hadd is to be averted when there is doubt, yet you yourselves establish a very grave hadd despite doubt. He asked: How is that? I said: He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "A believer will not be killed in return for a disbeliever," and you say that he will be killed. Imam Zufar (may Allah have mercy on him) said: I make you my witness that I have retracted it.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحُسَيْنِ بْنُ الْفَضْلِ الْقَطَّانُ، بِبَغْدَادَ، أَنْبَأَ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ، ثنا يَعْقُوبُ بْنُ سُفْيَانَ الْفَارِسِيُّ، حَدَّثَنِي مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحِيمِ، قَالَ: قَالَ عَلِيُّ بْنُ الْمَدِينِيِّ: حَدِيثُ ابْنِ الْبَيْلَمَانِيِّ أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " قَتَلَ مُسْلِمًا بِمُعَاهِدٍ "، هَذَا إِنَّمَا يَدُورُ عَلَى ابْنِ أَبِي يَحْيَى، لَيْسَ لَهُ وَجْهٌ حَجَّاجٌ، إِنَّمَا أَخَذَهُ عَنْهُ..
Ali bin al-Madini (may Allah have mercy on him) said: The narration of Ibn al-Baylamani, attributed to the Prophet (marfu'), that "a Muslim was killed in return for a dhimmi," revolves around Ibn Abi Yahya; it has no route that can serve as proof, and (Rabi'ah) only took it from him.
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أَنْبَأَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الْفَقِيهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ، ثنا صَالِحُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الْحَافِظُ، قَالَ: عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ الْبَيْلَمَانِيِّ حَدِيثُهُ مُنْكَرٌ، وَرَوَى عَنْهُ رَبِيعَةُ أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: قَتَلَ مُسْلِمًا بِمُعَاهِدٍ، وَهُوَ مُرْسَلٌ مُنْكَرٌ.
Salih bin Muhammad al-Hafiz (may Allah have mercy on him) said: The hadith of Abd al-Rahman bin al-Baylamani is munkar (rejected). That which Rabi'ah (may Allah have mercy on him) narrated from him, that "the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) killed a Muslim in return for a dhimmi," is also mursal and munkar.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ الْحَارِثِ الْفَقِيهُ، قَالَ: قَالَ أَبُو الْحَسَنِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ عُمَرَ الدَّارَقُطْنِيُّ الْحَافِظُ ابْنُ الْبَيْلَمَانِيِّ ضَعِيفٌ، لَا تَقُومُ بِهِ حُجَّةٌ إِذَا وَصَلَ الْحَدِيثَ، فَكَيْفَ بِمَا يُرْسِلُهُ؟ وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ.
Abu al-Hasan Ali bin Umar al-Daraqutni al-Hafiz (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Ibn al-Baylamani is da'if (weak); no proof can be taken from him even when he narrates a hadith with a connected chain, so how about what he narrates mursal? 'Wallahu a'lam' (And Allah knows best).
