Ibn al-Baylamani (may Allah have mercy on him) narrates, attributing it to the Prophet (marfu'), that a Muslim killed a Jew (and in the narration of al-Ramadi: a dhimmi), so that Muslim was killed in retaliation, and he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I am the most entitled to fulfil my covenant of protection."
It is said that Rabi'ah only took it from Ibrahim bin Muhammad bin Abi Yahya, and the hadith revolves around him.
Hadith Referenceالسنن الكبرى للبيهقي / كتاب الجنايات / 15920