السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب قسم الفيء والغنيمة
Book of the Division of Fai and Spoils of War
بابُ مَصْرِفِ الأَرْبَعَةِ الأَخْمَاسِ مِنْ مَالِ الفَيْءِ غَيْرِ الخُمُسِ
How the four-fifths of fay, other than the fifth, are spent
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بَابُ مَصْرِفِ أَرْبَعَةِ أَخْمَاسِ الْفَيْءِ فِي زَمَانِ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، وَأَنَّهَا كَانَتْ لَهُ خَاصَّةً دُونَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ يَضَعُهَا حَيْثُ أَرَاهُ اللهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ.
Chapter: The expenditure of the four-fifths of fay' in the time of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him), and that they were exclusively for him (peace and blessings be upon him), to the exclusion of the Muslims; he (peace and blessings be upon him) would spend them wherever Allah, the Mighty and Majestic, showed him (to be appropriate).
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ الْقَاضِي، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، أنا الرَّبِيعُ بْنُ سُلَيْمَانَ، أنا الشَّافِعِيُّ قَالَ: سَمِعْتُ ابْنَ عُيَيْنَةَ يُحَدِّثُ، عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ، أَنَّهُ سَمِعَ مَالِكَ بْنَ أَوْسِ بْنِ الْحَدَثَانِ يَقُولُ: سَمِعْتُ عُمَرَ بْنَ الْخَطَّابِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ، وَالْعَبَّاسُ وَعَلِيُّ بْنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمَا يَخْتَصِمَانِ إِلَيْهِ فِي أَمْوَالِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، فَقَالَ عُمَرُ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ: " كَانَتْ أَمْوَالُ بَنِي النَّضِيرِ مِمَّا أَفَاءَ اللهُ عَلَى رَسُولِهِ مِمَّا لَمْ يُوجِفْ عَلَيْهِ الْمُسْلِمُونَ بِخَيْلٍ وَلَا رِكَابٍ، فَكَانَتْ لِرَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ خَالِصًا دُونَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَكَانَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ يُنْفِقُ مِنْهَا عَلَى أَهْلِهِ نَفَقَةَ سَنَةٍ، فَمَا فَضَلَ جَعَلَهُ فِي الْكُرَاعِ وَالسِّلَاحِ عُدَّةً فِي سَبِيلِ اللهِ، ثُمَّ تُوُفِّيَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَوَلِيَهَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ بِمِثْلِ مَا وَلِيَهَا بِهِ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، ثُمَّ وَلِيتُهَا بِمِثْلِ مَا وَلِيَهَا بِهِ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَأَبُو بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ، ثُمَّ سَأَلْتُمَانِي أَنْ أُوَلِّيَكُمَاهَا، فَوَلَّيْتُكُمَاهَا عَلَى أَنْ تَعْمَلَا فِيهَا بِمِثْلِ مَا وَلِيَهَا بِهِ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ ثُمَّ وَلِيَهَا بِهِ أَبُو بَكْرٍ ثُمَّ وَلِيتُهَا بِهِ، فَجِئْتُمَانِي تَخْتَصِمَانِ أتُرِيدَانِ أَنْ أَدْفَعَ إِلَى كُلِّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْكُما نِصْفًا، أتُرِيدَانِ مِنِّي قَضَاءً غَيْرَ مَا قَضَيْتُ بِهِ بَيْنَكُمَا أَوَّلًا، فَلَا وَالَّذِي بِإِذْنِهِ تَقُومُ السَّمَاوَاتُ وَالْأَرْضُ، لَا أَقْضِي بَيْنَكُمَا قَضَاءً غَيْرَ ذَلِكَ، فَإِنْ عَجَزْتُمَا عَنْهَا فَادْفَعَاهَا إِلِيَّ أَكْفِيكُمَاهَا " قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ: فَقَالَ لِي سُفْيَانُ: لَمْ أَسْمَعْهُ مِنَ الزُّهْرِيِّ، وَلَكِنْ أَخْبَرَنِيهِ عَمْرُو بْنُ دِينَارٍ عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ، قُلْتُ: كَمَا قَصَصْتَ؟ قَالَ: نَعَمْ أَخْرَجَهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ وَمُسْلِمٌ فِي الصَّحِيحِ مِنْ حَدِيثِ ابْنِ عُيَيْنَةَ مُخْتَصَرًا. قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ: وَمَعْنَى قَوْلِ عُمَرَ: لِرَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ خَاصَّةً، يُرِيدُ مَا كَانَ يَكُونُ لِلْمُوجِفِينَ، وَذَلِكَ أَرْبَعَةُ أَخْمَاسٍ ⦗٤٨٤⦘.
Sayyiduna Abbas and Sayyiduna Ali bin Abi Talib (may Allah be pleased with them both) were both disputing before Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) about the property of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said: "The properties of Banu al-Nadir were among what Allah restored to His Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him), against which the Muslims had not spurred on horses or camels. So they were exclusively for the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him), to the exclusion of the Muslims. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) would spend from it on his family a year's provision, and whatever remained he would put into horses and weapons as preparation in the path of Allah. Then the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) passed away, and Sayyiduna Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) took charge of it in the same way as the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) had been in charge of it. Then I took charge of it just as the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) and Sayyiduna Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) had taken charge of it. Then you both asked me to put you in charge of it, so I put you both in charge of it on the condition that you would manage it just as the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him), Sayyiduna Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him), and then I had managed it. Now you both have come to me disputing; you want me to give each of you half. Do you want a judgment from me that I give each of you half? Do you want me to give a judgment other than the first? By the One by whose permission the heavens and the earth stand, I will not give any judgment between you other than that. If you are both unable to manage it, then return it to me, and I will suffice you both in it."
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "The meaning of Sayyiduna Umar's (may Allah be pleased with him) saying 'exclusively for the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him)' is what would otherwise have belonged to those who spurred on (their horses) against it, and that is four-fifths."
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "The meaning of Sayyiduna Umar's (may Allah be pleased with him) saying 'exclusively for the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him)' is what would otherwise have belonged to those who spurred on (their horses) against it, and that is four-fifths."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، وَأَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ أَبِي عَمْرٍو، قَالَا: ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ، ثنا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ حَمْزَةَ، ثنا حَاتِمُ بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ، عَنْ أُسَامَةَ بْنِ زَيْدٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ شِهَابٍ، عَنْ مَالِكِ بْنِ أَوْسِ بْنِ الْحَدَثَانِ قَالَ: بَيْنَمَا أَنَا جَالِسٌ فِي أَهْلِي حِينَ تَمَتَّعَ النَّهَارُ، إِذْ أَتَى رَسُولُ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ فَقَالَ: أَجِبْ أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، فَانْطَلَقْتُ حَتَّى أَدْخُلَ عَلَيْهِ. فَذَكَرَ الْحَدِيثَ بِطُولِهِ فِي مُحَاوَرَةِ عَلِيٍّ وَعَبَّاسٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمَا، فَقَالَ عُمَرُ: أَنَا أُحَدِّثُكُمْ عَنْ هَذَا الْأَمْرِ، إِنَّ اللهَ خَصَّ رَسُولَهُ بِشَيْءٍ مِنْ هَذَا الْفَيْءِ، لَمْ يُعْطِهِ أَحَدًا غَيْرَهُ، ثُمَّ قَرَأَ {مَا أَفَاءَ اللهُ عَلَى رَسُولِهِ مِنْهُمْ فَمَا أَوْجَفْتُمْ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ خَيْلٍ وَلَا رِكَابٍ} [الحشر: ٦] حَتَّى بَلَغَ {وَاللهُ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ} [البقرة: ٢٨٤]، وَكَانَتْ هَذِهِ خَاصَّةً لِرَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، مَا اخْتَارَهَا دُونَكُمْ، وَلَا اسْتَأْثَرَ بِهَا عَلَيْكُمْ، وَلَكِنْ أَعْطَاكُمُوهَا وَبَثَّهَا فِيكُمْ، حَتَّى بَقِيَ مِنْهَا هَذَا الْمَالُ، فَكَانَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ يُنْفِقُ مِنْهَا عَلَى أَهْلِهِ سَنَتَهُمْ مِنْ هَذَا، ثُمَّ يَأْخُذُ مَا بَقِيَ مِنْهَا فَيَجْعَلُهُ مَجْعَلَ مَالِ اللهِ، فَعَمِلَ بِذَلِكَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ حَيَاتَهُ. وَذَكَرَ بَاقِيَ الْحَدِيثِ. ثُمَّ قَالَ أُسَامَةُ بْنُ زَيْدٍ: أَخْبَرَنِي مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْمُنْكَدِرِ، عَنْ مَالِكِ بْنِ أَوْسٍ نَحْوَ هَذَا الْحَدِيثِ قَالَ ابْنُ شِهَابٍ: أَخْبَرَنِي مَالِكُ بْنُ أَوْسٍ، أَنَّ عُمَرَ قَالَ فِيمَا يَحْتَجُّ بِهِ: كَانَ لِرَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ ثَلَاثَةُ صَفَايَا: بَنُو النَّضِيرِ، وَخَيْبَرُ، وَفَدَكٌ، فَأَمَّا بَنُو النَّضِيرِ فَكَانَتْ حَبْسًا لِنَوَائِبِهِ، وَأَمَّا فَدَكٌ فَكَانَتْ لِابْنِ السَّبِيلِ، وَأَمَّا خَيْبَرُ فَجَزَّأَهَا ثَلَاثَةَ أَجْزَاءٍ، فَقَسَمَ مِنْهَا جُزْئَيْنِ بَيْنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَحَبَسَ جُزْءًا لِنَفْسِهِ وَنَفَقَةِ أَهْلِهِ، فَمَا فَضَلَ عَنْ نَفَقَةِ أَهْلِهِ رَدَّهُ عَلَى فُقَرَاءِ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ.
Malik bin Aws bin al-Hadathan says: I was sitting in my home during the day when the messenger of Sayyiduna Umar bin al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him) came and said: "The Commander of the Believers is calling you." I went with him until I entered upon him. Then he mentioned the long hadith about the dialogue of Sayyiduna Ali and Sayyiduna Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both). Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said: "I will tell you about this matter. Allah singled out His Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him) with a portion of this fay', which He did not give to anyone besides him (peace and blessings be upon him)." Then he recited this verse: "And what Allah restored to His Messenger from them, you did not spur on for it any horses or camels" [Surah al-Hashr: 6]. "So this was exclusively for the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him). He (peace and blessings be upon him) did not single it out for anyone besides you, nor did he prefer anyone over you; rather, he (peace and blessings be upon him) gave it to you and included you in it, until this wealth remained of it. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) would spend from it on his family for the whole year, and he (peace and blessings be upon him) would put the rest into the wealth of Allah. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) did so throughout his life."
In another narration from Malik bin Aws, Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said, in what he used as his proof: "Three things were exclusively for the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him): Banu al-Nadir, Khaybar and Fadak. As for Banu al-Nadir, it was set aside for emergencies; Fadak was for travellers; and Khaybar he (peace and blessings be upon him) divided into three parts: two parts for the Muslims, and one for himself and his family, and whatever was left over from his family's expenses he would return to the poor among the Muhajirun."
In another narration from Malik bin Aws, Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said, in what he used as his proof: "Three things were exclusively for the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him): Banu al-Nadir, Khaybar and Fadak. As for Banu al-Nadir, it was set aside for emergencies; Fadak was for travellers; and Khaybar he (peace and blessings be upon him) divided into three parts: two parts for the Muslims, and one for himself and his family, and whatever was left over from his family's expenses he would return to the poor among the Muhajirun."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَلِيٍّ الرُّوذْبَارِيُّ، أنا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ دَاسَةَ، ثنا أَبُو دَاوُدَ، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عُبَيْدٍ، ثنا ابْنُ ثَوْرٍ، عَنْ مَعْمَرٍ، عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ، فِي قَوْلِهِ {فَمَا أَوْجَفْتُمْ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ خَيْلٍ وَلَا رِكَابٍ} [الحشر: ٦]، قَالَ: صَالَحَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَهْلَ فَدَكٍ وَقُرًى قَدْ سَمَّاهَا لَا أَحْفَظُهَا وَهُوَ مُحَاصِرٌ قَوْمًا آخَرِينَ، فَأَرْسَلُوا إِلَيْهِ بِالصُّلْحِ، قَالَ: {فَمَا أَوْجَفْتُمْ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ خَيْلٍ وَلَا رِكَابٍ} [الحشر: ٦]، يَقُولُ: " بِغَيْرِ قِتَالٍ "، قَالَ الزُّهْرِيُّ: " وَكَانَتْ بَنُو النَّضِيرِ لِلنَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ خَالِصًا لَمْ يَفْتَحُوهَا عَنْوَةً، افْتَتَحُوهَا عَلَى صُلْحٍ، فَقَسَمَهَا النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بَيْنَ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ، لَمْ يُعْطِ الْأَنْصَارَ مِنْهَا شَيْئًا، إِلَّا رَجُلَيْنِ كَانَتْ بِهِمَا حَاجَةٌ " وَرَوَاهُ عَبْدُ الرَّزَّاقِ عَنْ مَعْمَرٍ، عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ، عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ كَعْبِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ، عَنْ رَجُلٍ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِمَعْنَاهُ.
It is narrated from Imam al-Zuhri (may Allah have mercy on him) about the saying of Allah Almighty: "You did not spur on for it any horses or camels" [Surah al-Hashr: 6], that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) made peace with the people of Fadak and with the people of some villages (whose name the narrator forgot), while he (peace and blessings be upon him) was besieging another people. Those people sent wealth to him by way of peace, so Allah Almighty said: "You did not spur on for it any horses or camels" [Surah al-Hashr: 6], meaning without fighting. Al-Zuhri (may Allah have mercy on him) said that the properties of Banu al-Nadir were also exclusively for the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him), because they were obtained without war; they had not conquered them by force but conquered them by way of a peace treaty. Therefore the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) divided those properties among the Muhajirun and gave nothing of it to the Ansar, except two men who were in need.
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ الْفَارِسِيُّ، أنا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ الْأَصْبَهَانِيُّ، ثنا أَبُو أَحْمَدَ بْنُ فَارِسٍ، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ الْبُخَارِيُّ قَالَ: قَالَ لِي إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ يَحْيَى بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ: حَدَّثَنِي أَبِي، عَنْ أَبِي حُذَيْفَةَ قَالَ: أَخْبَرَنِي عَمِّي زِيَادُ بْنُ صَيْفِيٍّ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ جَدِّهِ صُهَيْبِ بْنِ سِنَانٍ قَالَ: " لَمَّا فَتَحَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بَنِي النَّضِيرِ أَنْزَلَ ⦗٤٨٥⦘ اللهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ عَلَيْهِ {مَا أَفَاءَ اللهُ عَلَى رَسُولِهِ مِنْهُمْ فَمَا أَوْجَفْتُمْ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ خَيْلٍ وَلَا رِكَابٍ} [الحشر: ٦]، وَكَانَتْ لِلنَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ خَاصَّةً، فَقَسَمَهَا لِلْمُهَاجِرِينَ، وَأَعْطَى رَجُلَيْنِ مِنْهَا مِنَ الْأَنْصَارِ؛ سَهْلَ بْنَ حُنَيْفٍ وَابْنَ عَبْدِ الْمُنْذِرِ يَعْنِي أَبَا لُبَابَةَ، وَأَعْطَى أَبَا بَكْرٍ، وَأَعْطَى عُمَرَ بْنَ الْخَطَّابِ بِئْرَ حَزْمٍ، وَأَعْطَى صُهَيْبًا وَأَعْطَى سَهْلَ بْنَ حُنَيْفٍ وَأَبَا دُجَانَةَ مَالَ الْأَخَوَيْنِ، وَأَعْطَى عَبْدَ الرَّحْمَنِ الْبِئْرَ، وَهُوَ الَّذِي يُقَالُ لَهُ: مَالُ سُلَيْمَانَ، وَأَعْطَى الزُّبَيْرَ الْبِئْرَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمْ ".
Sayyiduna Suhayb bin Sinan (may Allah be pleased with him) says: When the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) conquered Banu al-Nadir, Allah Almighty revealed: "And what Allah restored to His Messenger from them, you did not spur on for it any horses or camels" [Surah al-Hashr: 6]. It was exclusively for the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), and he (peace and blessings be upon him) divided it among the Muhajirun, and from it he gave two men of the Ansar: Sahl bin Hunayf and Ibn Abd al-Mundhir, that is, Abu Lubabah. He gave Abu Bakr, and he gave Umar bin al-Khattab the well of Hazm. He gave Suhayb, and he gave Sahl bin Hunayf and Abu Dujanah the property of the two brothers. He gave Abd al-Rahman the well, which is the one called the property of Sulayman, and he gave al-Zubayr the well (may Allah be pleased with them all).
