Tafsir of Surah al-Anfal: the distribution of the spoils of war

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Ubadah bin al-Samit (may Allah be pleased with him) that he was asked about al-Anfal (the spoils of war), and he said: "This verse was revealed concerning us on the day of Badr. At that time the people were (divided) into three groups: one third were fighting the enemy, one third were gathering the spoils and seizing captives, and one third were at the tent guarding the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him). When the goods had been gathered, they disagreed about them. Those who had gathered and seized them said: 'The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) has granted each man whatever he obtained, so it is ours and not yours.' Those who were fighting the enemy and pursuing them said: 'By Allah, were it not for us you would not have obtained it; it was we who kept the enemy occupied away from you.' And the guards said: 'By Allah, you are not more entitled to it than us. We saw ourselves in a position where, when Allah gave us the upper hand over the enemy, we too could have seized the goods, since there was no one to prevent it; but we feared a surprise attack by the enemy on the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him), so we stood guarding him (peace and blessings be upon him).' (Sayyiduna Ubadah) said: Then Allah Almighty took that wealth out of our hands and handed it over to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him), and he (peace and blessings be upon him) divided it equally (among everyone). On that day there was no fifth (khumus) in it. In this (ruling) there was (the lesson of) fear of Allah, obedience to Him, obedience to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him), and setting right relations among one another."
This hadith is sahih (authentic) on the condition of Imam Muslim, and the two Shaykhs did not record it.

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Whoever does such-and-such, or reaches such-and-such a place, will have such-and-such a reward." So the young men rushed towards it (for the sake of the rewards), while the elders held firm (in their places) beneath the banners. Then, when Allah granted them victory, the young men came asking for the share that had been appointed for them, while the elders said: "We were your support and backing, and we remained beneath the banners." At this Allah, the Mighty and Majestic, revealed this verse: "They ask you about the spoils of war. Say: The spoils of war belong to Allah and the Messenger, so fear Allah and set right the relations between you" [Surah al-Anfal: 1].
The chain of this hadith is sahih (authentic), and the two Shaykhs did not record it.

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) that when the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) had finished (dealing with) the slain, it was said to him (peace and blessings be upon him): "Go after the caravan; there is now nothing standing in its way." Sayyiduna Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him), while he was bound as a captive, called out to him (peace and blessings be upon him): "That is not right for you." He (peace and blessings be upon him) asked: "Why?" He said: "Because Allah promised you one of the two groups, and He has already fulfilled for you what He promised you (meaning that pursuing the caravan is no longer part of the promise)."
The chain of this hadith is sahih (authentic), and the two Shaykhs did not record it.

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abu Sa'id al-Khudri (may Allah be pleased with him) concerning this verse: "And whoever turns his back to them on that day" [Surah al-Anfal: 16], that he said: "This verse was revealed concerning us on the day of the Battle of Badr."
This hadith is sahih (authentic) on the condition of Imam Muslim, and the two Shaykhs did not record it.