Those who ordered the teaching of the rites

It is narrated from Urwah that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) performed Umrah from al-Ji'ranah in the year of the Conquest of Makkah. When the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) had finished his Umrah, he appointed Sayyiduna Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) as governor over Makkah and ordered him: "Teach the people the rites of Hajj, and (also) have it announced among the people that whoever performs Hajj this year is safe, that after this year no polytheist may perform Hajj, and that no one may circumambulate the House naked."

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) that a Bedouin came to the Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him) and said: "O son of Banu Abd al-Muttalib, peace be upon you." He (peace and blessings be upon him) replied: "And upon you." Then the Bedouin said: "I am from your maternal relatives, the tribe of Banu Sa'd bin Bakr (this tribe were his foster maternal uncles), and I am the messenger of my people to you and their delegate. I am going to adjure you and ask you, and you alone must answer this oath and this question." He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "O brother of Banu Sa'd, go ahead and ask." (That is, because of the kinship he made no distinction between himself and this man.) He said: "We have found in your book (letter), and your messengers have ordered us, that we should perform Hajj to the House. I adjure you: did you order us to do this?" He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Yes."

Ibn Buraydah said: We came to Madinah and went to Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both), and he said: We were in the presence of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) when a man with fine clothes, a pleasant fragrance and a handsome face came to him and said: "Peace be upon you, O Messenger of Allah." He (peace and blessings be upon him) replied: "And upon you." He said: "O Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him), may I come close to you?" He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Come close." So he came a little closer to him. We said (to ourselves): We have never seen, as we have today, a man with finer clothes, a better fragrance or a more handsome face, nor one who showed more reverence to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). Then he said: "O Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him), may I come close to you?" He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Yes." So he came a little closer, and we thought the same again. Then he said a third time: "O Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him), may I come close to you?" He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Yes." He came so close to him that his knees touched the blessed knees of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). He said: "O Messenger of Allah, what is Islam?" He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Establishing the prayer, giving the zakah, fasting in Ramadan, performing Hajj, and taking the ritual bath (ghusl) after major impurity." He said: "You (peace and blessings be upon him) have spoken the truth." We said: By Allah, we have never seen a man like him as we did today; it is as if he is teaching the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) (or as if he (peace and blessings be upon him) is teaching him).

It is narrated from Sa'id bin Jubayr that a man came to Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) and said: "Should I climb al-Safa before al-Marwah, or al-Marwah before al-Safa? Should I pray before the circumambulation (tawaf), or circumambulate before praying? Should I sacrifice before shaving my head, or shave before sacrificing?" Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) said: "Perform them in the order of the Qur'an (and take them from it), for it is easier to remember (and you are able to do it). Allah Almighty says: 'Indeed, al-Safa and al-Marwah are among the symbols of Allah' [al-Baqarah: 158], so climb al-Safa before al-Marwah. Allah Almighty says: 'And do not shave your heads until the sacrificial animal reaches its place of sacrifice' [al-Baqarah: 196], so sacrifice before shaving. And Allah the Pure says: 'And purify My House for those who circumambulate, those who stand (in prayer), and those who bow and prostrate' [al-Hajj: 26], so circumambulate before praying."

Sayyiduna Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) said: When (Surah) Bara'ah was revealed, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) sent me with four (proclamations): that no one should circumambulate the House naked; that after this year of theirs no polytheist should come near the Masjid (al-Haram); that whoever had a treaty with the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), it holds until its term (that was agreed); and that none but a Muslim soul will enter Paradise.

It is narrated from Husayn bin Aqil that he said: Al-Dahhak dictated the rites of Hajj to me.

Something similar is narrated from Husayn bin Aqil.

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Amr (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Jibril came to Ibrahim (peace be upon him), then went with him to Mina and prayed all the prayers with him, then prayed Fajr with him. Then in the morning he went with him to Arafah and alighted where the people alight, then prayed the two prayers together with him. Then he came with him to the place of standing, until, when the time had come at which a person who hastens prays Maghrib, he moved on. Then he came to al-Muzdalifah and prayed the two prayers together with him there, and spent the night there, until, at the time when a person who hastens prays Fajr, he prayed with him. Then he remained standing there until, at the time when a person who delays prays Fajr, he went on with him to Mina and stoned the Jamrah. Then he sacrificed and shaved his head, then went on with him. Then later Allah Almighty revealed to His Prophet: 'Follow the religion of Ibrahim, inclining to truth' [al-Nahl: 123]."

Abu Mijlaz said concerning the verse of the Qur'an, "And when Ibrahim was raising the foundations of the House, and Isma'il" [al-Baqarah: 127] (in its explanation): When Ibrahim had finished building the House, Jibril came to him and showed him the circumambulation of the House — and I think he said: and al-Safa and al-Marwah. Then the two of them went towards al-Aqabah, and Satan appeared before them. Jibril took seven pebbles and gave Ibrahim seven pebbles; he threw at Satan, saying takbir, and said to Ibrahim: "Throw at him and say takbir." So the two of them threw pebbles at him, saying takbir with every pebble, until Satan disappeared (and fled). Then the two of them went towards the middle Jamrah, and Satan appeared before them again. Jibril took seven pebbles and gave Ibrahim seven pebbles, and the two of them threw pebbles at him, saying takbir with every pebble, until Satan disappeared (and fled). Then the two of them came to the farthest Jamrah, and Satan appeared before them again. Jibril took seven pebbles and gave Ibrahim seven pebbles and said to him: "Throw at him and say takbir." So the two of them threw pebbles at him, saying takbir with every pebble, until Satan disappeared (and fled). Then Jibril came with him to Mina and said: "Here the people will shave their heads." Then he came with him to al-Muzdalifah and said: "Here the people will join the two prayers together." Then he came with him to Arafat and said: "Have you come to know ('arafta)?" He said: "Yes." It is for this reason that the place was named Arafat.

Muhammad bin Abi Musa said concerning the verse of the Qur'an, "And whoever honours the symbols of Allah, then indeed it is from the piety of hearts" [al-Hajj: 32]: Standing at Arafah is among the symbols of Allah, al-Muzdalifah is among the symbols of Allah, stoning the Jamarat is among the symbols of Allah, sacrificing camels is among the symbols of Allah, and shaving the head is among the symbols of Allah; so whoever honours these symbols, that is a sign of the piety of his heart. Concerning the saying of Allah Almighty, "For you therein are benefits for an appointed term", he said: There are benefits in the rites of Hajj until one leaves one (place of rites) for another; the "appointed term" mentioned in the Qur'an means the time until one goes on to the next place of rites. "Then their place of sacrifice is at the Ancient House" [al-Hajj: 33]: the place and end-point of all these symbols is the circumambulation of the House.

Mujahid said concerning the saying of Allah Almighty, "And take the station of Ibrahim as a place of prayer" [al-Baqarah: 125]: This is the whole of Hajj.

It is narrated from Abu Mijlaz that he was with Sayyiduna Ibn Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both). When the sun rose, he called for his mount; it was brought (saddled) for him, and he set off from Mina riding it. The narrator said: The most pleasing of us to him was the most foolish of us, a man who used to talk to him about women and make him laugh. He said: When he had prayed Asr, he stood at Arafah and raised his hands, or he said: stretched out his hands. He said: I do not know; perhaps he said: (he raised them) below his ears. And he began saying: 'Allahu akbar wa lillahil-hamd, Allahu akbar wa lillahil-hamd, Allahu akbar wa lillahil-hamd, la ilaha illallahu wahdah, lahul-mulku wa lahul-hamd, Allahummahdini bil-huda, wa qini bit-taqwa, waghfir li fil-akhirati wal-ula' (Allah is the Greatest and to Allah belongs all praise; Allah is the Greatest and to Allah belongs all praise; Allah is the Greatest and to Allah belongs all praise. There is none worthy of worship but Allah alone; His is the dominion and His is the praise. O Allah, guide me with guidance, protect me with piety, and forgive me in the Hereafter and in this world). Then he lowered his hands and remained silent for as long as it takes a person to recite Surah al-Fatihah; then he returned, raised his hands and said the same words. He kept doing this until he moved on (from Arafah). The narrator said: When he saw open space he went at a brisk pace, and when he saw a narrow place he held back. Whenever he came to one of those hills, he stopped at each one for as long as it takes someone to say: 'Its forelegs have stopped but its hind legs have not.' The narrator said: Then he dismounted at a place on the road and went off, and I followed him, thinking: perhaps he is going to do something of the Sunnah. He said: I am only going where you know (i.e. to relieve myself). Then he came back and performed ablution slowly and calmly, then mounted his ride and did not pray until he came to al-Muzdalifah. There he had the iqamah called and prayed Maghrib, then turned to us and said: 'Al-salatu jami'ah' (the prayer is to be joined), and he did not pray anything (voluntary) between the two prayers. I said: Was there no iqamah between them (the two prayers) except his saying 'al-salatu jami'ah'? Or he said: no adhan except that? He said: No. Then he prayed the two rak'ahs of Isha; thus he prayed five rak'ahs for Maghrib and Isha and did not pray any voluntary prayer between them. Then he called for food and said: Whoever can hear our voice, let him come to us. The narrator said: It was as if he held that this was the proper thing to do. Then they all spent the night there. Then he led us in the Fajr prayer while it was still dark, when every star in the sky that I knew I could still see, and he recited Surah 'Abasa wa tawalla and did not recite qunut, neither before the bowing nor after it. Then he remained standing and made the same kind of supplications at this place as he had made at his standing the day before. Then he set off, travelling in such a way that when he saw open space he went at a brisk pace, and when he saw a narrow place he held back.

He said: Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) had told me that the valley in front of Mina which is called Muhassir is to be crossed quickly. When he (Ibn Umar) came to it, he spurred his mount with his foot, and I knew that he wanted to go quickly, but his mount was too tired for him, so I urged it on quickly. Then he stoned the Jamrah. The next day he stoned the Jamrah — I think he said to me: at midday — then he went forward until he was between it and the middle Jamrah, and he made supplications like his supplications at the two places of standing, except that he added: 'Wa aslih li' (and set right for me), or he said: 'Wa atmim lana manasikana' (and complete for us our rites). He said: His standing there lasted, I reckon, as long as it takes a person to recite Surah Yusuf. Then he stoned the middle Jamrah, then went forward and supplicated in the same way and stood for a similar length of time.

He said: I asked Salim or Nafi': "Did he say anything during his silence?" He said: "As for anything from the Sunnah, no."

Ja'far narrates from his father that he said: We came to Sayyiduna Jabir bin Abdullah (may Allah be pleased with him), and he began asking about the people (present) until he reached me. I said: I am Muhammad bin Ali bin Husayn. He passed his hand over my head, then undid my upper button and then the button below it, and placed his hand on my chest; I was a young man at that time. He said: "Welcome to you, O my nephew. Ask whatever you wish." So I asked him, while he was blind. (Meanwhile) the time for prayer came, and he stood up wrapped in a woven cloth; whenever he put it over his shoulder, its ends came back to him because of its smallness, while his upper garment was hanging on a clothes rack. Then he led us in prayer. (After the prayer) I said: Tell me about the Hajj of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). He made the number nine with his hand and said: The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) stayed in Madinah for nine years without performing Hajj. Then in the tenth year it was announced among the people that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) was going to perform Hajj. (Hearing this) a great many people began coming to Madinah, every one of them wishing to travel for Hajj with the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and to do as he did. Then we set out with him (peace and blessings be upon him) until we reached Dhu al-Hulayfah, where Sayyidah Asma' bint Umays (may Allah be pleased with her) gave birth to Muhammad bin Abi Bakr. She sent word to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) in the mosque: "What shall I do?" He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Take a bath, bind a cloth (over the private part), and then enter ihram." He (peace and blessings be upon him) prayed in the mosque and then mounted the she-camel named al-Qaswa'. When his she-camel reached al-Bayda', I looked ahead of me at the people, some riding and some on foot, and likewise on the right, likewise on the left and likewise behind, while the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) was among us; the Qur'an was being revealed to him and he knew its interpretation, and he (peace and blessings be upon him) did nothing but that we did it with him. Then he recited the talbiyah of tawhid (in these words): 'Labbayk Allahumma labbayk, labbayk la sharika laka labbayk, innal-hamda wan-ni'mata laka wal-mulk, la sharika lak' (Here I am, O Allah, here I am; here I am, You have no partner, here I am. Indeed all praise, blessings and dominion are Yours; You have no partner). The people also recited the talbiyah with these same words, and he (peace and blessings be upon him) did not reject anything of it from them, and he (peace and blessings be upon him) kept to his talbiyah. Jabir said: We had intended only Hajj; we did not know about Umrah. When we came to the House, he touched the Corner and performed the circumambulation, walking briskly (ramal) in three rounds and completing four rounds walking. Then he proceeded to the Station of Ibrahim and recited the verse of the Qur'an, "And take the station of Ibrahim as a place of prayer" [al-Baqarah: 125], and then he (peace and blessings be upon him) placed the Station of Ibrahim between himself and the House.

(Ja'far said:) My father used to say — and I do not know that he mentioned it except from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) — that he recited in the two rak'ahs: "Say, He is Allah, the One" and "Say, O disbelievers."

Then he returned to the Corner and touched it, then went out through the gate towards al-Safa. When he drew near al-Safa, he recited: "Indeed, al-Safa and al-Marwah are among the symbols of Allah" [al-Baqarah: 158], (and said:) "I begin with what Allah began with." So he began with al-Safa and climbed it until he saw the House. Then he faced the House, declared the oneness of Allah and His greatness, and said: 'La ilaha illallahu wahdahu la sharika lah, lahul-mulku wa lahul-hamdu wa huwa 'ala kulli shay'in qadir, la ilaha illallahu wahdah, anjaza wa'dah, wa nasara 'abdah, wa hazamal-ahzaba wahdah' (There is none worthy of worship but Allah alone, with no partner; His is the dominion and His is the praise, and He has power over all things. There is none worthy of worship but Allah alone; He fulfilled His promise, helped His servant and defeated the confederates alone). Then he supplicated in between, saying this three times. Then he descended towards al-Marwah until, when his feet reached the bottom of the valley, he ran; when we began to climb, he walked, until he came to al-Marwah, and on al-Marwah he did as he had done on al-Safa. When it was the last round, at al-Marwah, he said: "If I had known beforehand what I have come to know afterwards about my affair, I would not have brought the sacrificial animals, and I would have made it an Umrah. So whoever among you does not have sacrificial animals with him, let him leave ihram and make it an Umrah." Sayyiduna Suraqah bin Malik bin Ju'shum (may Allah be pleased with him) stood up and said: "O Messenger of Allah, is this for this year of ours or forever?" The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) interlaced his fingers, one hand into the other, and said twice: "Umrah has entered into Hajj. No, rather forever and ever." Sayyiduna Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) came from Yemen with the sacrificial camels of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and found Sayyidah Fatimah (may Allah be pleased with her) among those who had left ihram; she had put on dyed clothes and applied kohl. He objected to this, and she said: "My father ordered me to do this."

He (Jabir) said: Sayyiduna Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) used to say in Iraq: So I went to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) to complain against Fatimah for what she had done, seeking the ruling of the Messenger of Allah about what she had reported from him. I told him that I had objected to it, and he said: "She has spoken the truth, she has spoken the truth." He said: "What did you say when you undertook the Hajj?" I said: "O Allah, I enter ihram for that for which Your Messenger has entered ihram." He said: "I have sacrificial animals with me, so do not leave ihram."

He (Jabir) said: The total number of sacrificial animals that Sayyiduna Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) brought from Yemen and those that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) brought was one hundred. All the people left ihram and shortened their hair, except the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and those who had sacrificial animals with them. When it was the Day of Tarwiyah, they set out for Mina and entered ihram for Hajj. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) rode and prayed Zuhr, Asr, Maghrib, Isha and Fajr there. Then he waited a little until the sun rose, and he ordered that a tent of hair be pitched for him at Namirah. Then the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) set off, and Quraysh had no doubt that he would stop at al-Mash'ar al-Haram, as Quraysh used to do in the Jahiliyyah; but the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) passed on until he came to Arafah. He found that the tent had been pitched for him at Namirah and stayed in it. When the sun had passed its zenith, he ordered al-Qaswa' to be saddled for him, and he came to the bottom of the valley and addressed the people, saying: "Your blood and your wealth are sacred to you, like the sanctity of this day of yours, in this month of yours, in this land of yours. Behold, everything from the affairs of the Jahiliyyah is abolished under my feet. The blood-claims of the Jahiliyyah are abolished, and the first of our blood-claims that I abolish is the blood of the son of Rabi'ah bin al-Harith, who was being nursed among Banu Sa'd and whom Hudhayl killed. The usury (riba) of the Jahiliyyah is abolished, and the first of our usury that I abolish is the usury of Abbas bin Abd al-Muttalib, for it is all abolished. So fear Allah concerning women, for you have taken them by the command of Allah and made their private parts lawful to you by the word of Allah. Your right over them is that they do not let anyone whom you dislike tread on your furnishings; if they do that, then strike them in a way that does not cause injury. Their right over you is their provision and their clothing according to what is customary. I have left among you that after which you will never go astray if you hold fast to it: the Book of Allah. And you will be asked about me, so what will you say?" They said: "We bear witness that you have conveyed (the message), fulfilled (your duty) and given sincere counsel." Then, raising his index finger to the sky and pointing it towards the people, he said: "O Allah, bear witness. O Allah, bear witness," three times. Then the adhan was given, then the iqamah, and he prayed Zuhr; then the iqamah, and he prayed Asr, and he did not pray anything between them. Then the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) rode until he came to the place of standing; he turned the belly of his she-camel al-Qaswa' towards the rocks, kept the path of those on foot in front of him and faced the qiblah. He remained standing until the sun set and the yellowness had faded a little, until the disc had disappeared. He seated Usamah behind him, and the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) pushed on, having pulled in al-Qaswa's reins so tightly that her head was touching the front of his saddle, and he was saying, gesturing with his right hand: "O people, calmly, calmly." Whenever he came to one of the hills, he loosened the reins for her a little until she climbed it, until he came to al-Muzdalifah, where he prayed Maghrib and Isha with one adhan and two iqamahs, and he did not offer any voluntary prayer between them. Then the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) lay down until dawn broke, and when the dawn had become clear to him he prayed Fajr with an adhan and an iqamah. Then he rode al-Qaswa' until he came to al-Mash'ar al-Haram; he faced the qiblah, supplicated to Allah, declared His greatness, said la ilaha illallah and declared His oneness, and he remained standing until it had become very bright. Then he pushed on before the sun rose, and he seated al-Fadl bin Abbas behind him; he was a man with beautiful hair, fair and handsome. As the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) pushed on, women riding in their litters passed by, and al-Fadl began looking at them. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) put his hand on al-Fadl's face, so al-Fadl turned his face to the other side to look; the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) moved his hand to the other side onto al-Fadl's face, and al-Fadl turned his face from the other side, looking, until he came to (the valley of) Muhassir, where he urged (his mount) on a little. Then he took the middle road that leads out to the Great Jamrah, until he came to the Jamrah that is by the tree and stoned it with seven pebbles, saying takbir with each pebble, pebbles like those used for flicking; he threw from the bottom of the valley. Then he went to the place of sacrifice and slaughtered sixty-three (camels) with his own hand, then gave (the rest) to Ali, who slaughtered what remained, and he made him a partner in his sacrificial animals. Then he ordered that a piece be taken from each camel; they were put in a pot and cooked, and the two of them ate from its meat and drank from its broth. Then the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) rode and went on to the House (for the circumambulation of Ifadah), and prayed Zuhr in Makkah. He came to Banu Abd al-Muttalib, who were giving people water to drink at Zamzam, and said: "Draw water, O Banu Abd al-Muttalib; were it not that the people would overpower you in your (right of) giving water, I would draw water with you." So they handed him a bucket, and he drank from it.

It is narrated from Masruq that he said: In the Book of Allah you have been commanded with four things: establishing the prayer, giving the zakah, performing Hajj and performing Umrah.

Ata was asked about a Sindi hen that is taken out of the Haram (what is its ruling?). He said: "No, it is game."

Ata said: The wives of the Prophet (may Allah be pleased with them) used to perform the circumambulation along with the men.

Ata said: A woman said to Sayyidah Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her): "Come to the Black Stone and touch it." She said: "Go on yourself (and leave me)."