السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب الولاء
Book of Wala
باب: : من والى رجلا أو أسلم على يديه
One who enters into clientage with a man or accepts Islam at his hands
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قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: " لَمْ يَكُنْ مَوْلًى لَهُ بِالْإِسْلَامِ، وَلَا الْمُوَالِاةِ "، وَاحْتَجَّ فِي ذَلِكَ بِقَوْلِ اللهِ تَعَالَى لِنَبِيِّهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي زَيْدِ بْنِ حَارِثَةَ: {ادْعُوهُمْ لِآبَائِهِمْ هُوَ أَقْسَطُ عِنْدَ اللهِ فَإِنْ لَمْ تَعْلَمُوا آبَاءَهُمْ فَإِخْوَانُكُمْ فِي الدِّينِ وَمَوَالِيكُمْ} [الأحزاب: 5] وَقَالَ: {وَإِذْ تَقُولُ لِلَّذِي أَنْعَمَ اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَأَنْعَمْتَ عَلَيْهِ} [الأحزاب: 37] فَنَسَبَ الْمَوَالِيَ إِلَى نَسَبَيْنِ: أَحَدُهُمَا إِلَى الْآبَاءِ، وَالْآخَرُ إِلَى الْوَلَاءِ، وَجَعَلَ الْوَلَاءَ بِالنِّعْمَةِ..
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "He does not become his mawla by (accepting) Islam (at his hands), nor by (mutual) alliance."
And he argued for this from the words of Allah Almighty to His Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) concerning Zayd bin Harithah (may Allah be pleased with him): "Call them by (the names of) their fathers; that is more just in the sight of Allah. But if you do not know their fathers, then they are your brothers in religion and your mawali (freed dependants)." [Surah al-Ahzab: 5]
And He said: "And (remember) when you said to the one upon whom Allah had bestowed favour and upon whom you (too) had bestowed favour." [Surah al-Ahzab: 37]
So Allah Almighty attributed the mawali to two ascriptions: one of them to the fathers, and the other to wala'; and He made wala' arise from the favour (that is, the kindness of freeing).
And he argued for this from the words of Allah Almighty to His Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) concerning Zayd bin Harithah (may Allah be pleased with him): "Call them by (the names of) their fathers; that is more just in the sight of Allah. But if you do not know their fathers, then they are your brothers in religion and your mawali (freed dependants)." [Surah al-Ahzab: 5]
And He said: "And (remember) when you said to the one upon whom Allah had bestowed favour and upon whom you (too) had bestowed favour." [Surah al-Ahzab: 37]
So Allah Almighty attributed the mawali to two ascriptions: one of them to the fathers, and the other to wala'; and He made wala' arise from the favour (that is, the kindness of freeing).
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ الْقَاضِي، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، أنبأ الرَّبِيعُ بْنُ سُلَيْمَانَ، أنبأ الشَّافِعِيُّ، أنبأ مَالِكٌ، عَنْ نَافِعٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ، رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهَا، أَنَّهَا أَرَادَتْ أَنْ تَشْتَرِيَ جَارِيَةً تُعْتِقُهَا، فَقَالَ أَهْلُهَا: نَبِيعُكِهَا عَلَى أَنَّ وَلَاءَهَا لَنَا، فَذَكَرَتْ ذَلِكَ لِرَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، فَقَالَ: " لَا يَمْنَعْكِ ذَلِكَ، إِنَّمَا الْوَلَاءُ لِمَنْ أَعْتَقَ ".
Ibn Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates from Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) that Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) wanted to buy a slave girl in order to free her. Her owners said: We will sell her, but her wala' will be ours. Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) mentioned this to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), and he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Do not let this stop you from buying her. Wala' belongs to the one who frees."
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أنبأ أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا جَعْفَرُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ، وَمُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ السَّلَامِ، قَالَا: ثنا يَحْيَى بْنُ يَحْيَى، قَالَ: قَرَأْتُ عَلَى مَالِكٍ، فَذَكَرَهُ بِنَحْوِهِ. ⦗٤٩٨⦘ رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي الصَّحِيحِ عَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي أُوَيْسٍ، عَنْ مَالِكٍ، وَرَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ عَنْ يَحْيَى بْنِ يَحْيَى.
Likewise (through another chain).
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، أنبأ الرَّبِيعُ بْنُ سُلَيْمَانَ، أنبأ الشَّافِعِيُّ، أنبأ مَالِكٌ، عَنْ هِشَامِ بْنِ عُرْوَةَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ، رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهَا أَنَّهَا قَالَتْ: جَاءَتْنِي بَرِيرَةُ، فَقَالَتْ: إِنِّي كَاتَبْتُ أَهْلِيَ عَلَى تِسْعِ أَوَاقٍ، فِي كُلِّ عَامٍ أُوقِيَّةٌ، فَأَعِينِينِي، فَقَالَتْ لَهَا عَائِشَةُ: إِنْ أَحَبَّ أَهْلُكِ أَنْ أَعُدَّهَا لَهُمْ وَيَكُونَ وَلَاؤُكِ لِي فَعَلْتُ، فَذَهَبَتْ بَرِيرَةُ إِلَى أَهْلِهَا يَعْنِي: فَقَالَتْ لَهُمْ ذَلِكَ، فَأَبَوْا ذَلِكَ عَلَيْهَا، فَجَاءَتْ مِنْ عِنْدِ أَهْلِهَا، وَرَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ جَالِسٌ، فَقَالَتْ: إِنِّي قَدْ عَرَضْتُ ذَلِكَ عَلَيْهِمْ، فَأَبَوْا إِلَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ الْوَلَاءُ لَهُمْ، فَسَمِعَ ذَلِكَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، فَسَأَلَهَا، فَأَخْبَرْتُهُ عَائِشَةُ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهَا، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " خُذِيهَا، وَاشْتَرِطِي لَهُمُ الْوَلَاءَ، فَإِنَّ الْوَلَاءَ لِمَنْ أَعْتَقَ "، فَفَعَلَتْ عَائِشَةُ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهَا، ثُمَّ قَامَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي النَّاسِ، فَحَمِدَ اللهَ ثُمَّ قَالَ: " أَمَّا بَعْدُ، فَمَا بَالُ رِجَالٍ يَشْتَرِطُونَ شُرُوطًا لَيْسَتْ فِي كِتَابِ اللهِ؟ مَا كَانَ مِنْ شَرْطٍ لَيْسَ فِي كِتَابِ اللهِ فَهُوَ بَاطِلٌ، وَإِنْ كَانَ مِائَةَ شَرْطٍ، قَضَاءُ اللهِ أَحَقُّ، وَشَرْطُهُ أَوْثَقُ، وَإِنَّمَا الْوَلَاءُ لِمَنْ أَعْتَقَ " رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي الصَّحِيحِ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ يُوسُفَ وَغَيْرِهِ، عَنْ مَالِكٍ.
Hisham bin Urwah narrates from his father, and he from Sayyidah Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her), that she said: Barirah (may Allah be pleased with her) came to me and said: I have made a contract of manumission (mukatabah) with my masters for nine uqiyahs, one uqiyah to be paid each year, so help me. Sayyidah Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) said to her: "If your masters agree, I will pay this amount and the wala' will be mine." Barirah (may Allah be pleased with her) went and put this to her masters, but they refused. Barirah (may Allah be pleased with her) came back while the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) was also sitting there. Barirah (may Allah be pleased with her) told Sayyidah Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) that they say the wala' will be theirs. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) heard this too and asked Sayyidah Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her). When Sayyidah Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) informed him, the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Buy her and make the condition of wala' for them, for wala' belongs only to the one who frees." So Sayyidah Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) did so. Then the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) stood among the people and delivered a sermon, saying: "People make conditions that are not in the Book of Allah. Any condition that is not in the Book of Allah is void, even if there are a hundred conditions. The decree of Allah is more rightful and His condition is firmer, and wala' belongs to the one who frees."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ، أنبأ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ النَّضْرِ، ثنا مُعَاوِيَةُ بْنُ عَمْرٍو، ثنا زَائِدَةُ، عَنْ سِمَاكٍ، عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ الْقَاسِمِ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ، رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهَا أَنَّهَا اشْتَرَتْ بَرِيرَةَ مِنْ أُنَاسٍ مِنَ الْأَنْصَارِ، وَاشْتَرَطُوا الْوَلَاءَ، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " الْوَلَاءُ لِمَنْ وَلِيَ النِّعْمَةَ " أَخْرَجَهُ مُسْلِمٌ فِي الصَّحِيحِ مِنْ حَدِيثِ زَائِدَةَ.
Abd al-Rahman bin al-Qasim narrates from his father that Sayyidah Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) bought Barirah from some people of the Ansar, and they made the condition of wala'. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Wala' belongs to the one who has bestowed the favour (of freedom)."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَمْرٍو الْأَدِيبُ، أنبأ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الْإِسْمَاعِيلِيُّ، ثنا عِمْرَانُ هُوَ ابْنُ مُوسَى، ثنا عُثْمَانُ هُوَ ابْنُ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ، ثنا وَكِيعٌ، عَنْ سُفْيَانَ، عَنْ مَنْصُورٍ، عَنْ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، عَنِ الْأَسْوَدِ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ، رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهَا أَنَّهَا أَرَادَتْ أَنْ تَشْتَرِيَ بَرِيرَةَ، فَاشْتَرَطُوا الْوَلَاءَ، فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " اشْتَرِيهَا، فَإِنَّمَا الْوَلَاءُ لِمَنْ أَعْطَى الثَّمَنَ، وَوَلِيَ النِّعْمَةَ " رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي الصَّحِيحِ، عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ سَلَّامٍ، عَنْ وَكِيعٍ. وَاحْتَجَّ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ فِي ذَلِكَ أَيْضًا بِأَنَّ النَّسَبَ شَبِيهٌ بِالْوَلَاءِ، وَالْوَلَاءَ شَبِيهٌ بِالنَّسَبِ، وَلَوْ أَنَّ رَجُلًا لَا أَبًا لَهُ يُعْرَفُ، سَأَلَ رَجُلًا أَنْ يَنْسِبَهُ إِلَى نَفْسِهِ وَرَضِيَ ذَلِكَ الرَّجُلُ لَمْ يَجُزْ أَنْ يَكُونَ لَهُ ابْنًا أَبَدًا، وَإِنَّمَا قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " الْوَلَدُ لِلْفِرَاشِ "، وَكَذَلِكَ إِذَا لَمْ يُعْتِقِ ⦗٤٩٩⦘ الرَّجُلُ رَجُلًا لَمْ يَجُزْ أَنْ يَكُونَ مَنْسُوبًا إِلَيْهِ بِالْوَلَاءِ، فَيُدْخِلَ عَلَى عَاقِلَتِهِ الْمَظْلَمَةَ، فِي عْقْلِهِمْ عَنْهُ، وَيْنِسبَ إِلَى نَفْسِهِ وَلَاءَ مَنْ لَمْ يُعْتِقْ، وَإِنَّمَا قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " الْوَلَاءُ لِمَنْ أَعْتَقَ، قَالَ، وَبَيَّنَ فِي قَوْلِهِ: " إِنَّمَا الْوَلَاءُ لِمَنْ أَعْتَقَ "، أَنَّهُ لَا يَكُونُ الْوَلَاءُ إِلَّا لِمَنْ أَعْتَقَ..
Al-Aswad (may Allah have mercy on him) narrates from Sayyidah Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) that she intended to buy Barirah, and they made the condition of wala'. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Buy her! Wala' is the right of the one who paid the price and bestowed the favour (of freedom)."
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Lineage resembles wala', and wala' resembles lineage. If a man whose father is not known asked a man to ascribe him to himself, and that man agreed, it would never be permissible for him to become his son, for the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "The child belongs to the (owner of the) bed." Likewise, when a man has not freed someone, it is not permissible for that person to be ascribed to him through wala'; otherwise he would bring injustice upon his 'aqilah (the kin who pay blood money) in their paying blood money on his behalf, and would ascribe to himself the wala' of someone he did not free. For the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Wala' belongs to the one who frees," and he made clear by his saying, "Wala' belongs only to the one who frees," that wala' belongs to none but the one who frees.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Lineage resembles wala', and wala' resembles lineage. If a man whose father is not known asked a man to ascribe him to himself, and that man agreed, it would never be permissible for him to become his son, for the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "The child belongs to the (owner of the) bed." Likewise, when a man has not freed someone, it is not permissible for that person to be ascribed to him through wala'; otherwise he would bring injustice upon his 'aqilah (the kin who pay blood money) in their paying blood money on his behalf, and would ascribe to himself the wala' of someone he did not free. For the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Wala' belongs to the one who frees," and he made clear by his saying, "Wala' belongs only to the one who frees," that wala' belongs to none but the one who frees.
