السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب الشهادات
Book of Testimonies
باب: : من رد شهادة أهل الذمة
Those who rejected the testimony of the dhimmis
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قَالَ اللهُ جَلَّ ثَنَاؤُهُ: {وَأَشْهِدُوا ذَوَيْ عَدْلٍ مِنْكُمْ} [الطلاق: 2] وَقَالَ: {وَاسْتَشْهِدُوا شَهِيدَيْنِ مِنْ رِجَالِكُمْ} [البقرة: 282] وَقَالَ: {مِمَّنْ تَرْضَوْنَ مِنَ الشُّهَدَاءِ} [البقرة: 282] قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: " فَفِي هَاتَيْنِ الْآيَتَيْنِ وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ دَلَالَةٌ عَلَى أَنَّ اللهَ تَعَالَى إِنَّمَا عَنَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ دُونَ غَيْرِهِمْ مِنْ قِبَلِ أَنَّ رِجَالَنَا وَمَنْ نَرْضَى مِنْ أَهْلِ دِينِنَا لَا الْمُشْرِكُونَ لَقَطَعَ اللهُ تَعَالَى الْوَلَايَةَ بَيْنَنَا وَبَيْنَهُمْ بِالدِّينِ. ⦗274⦘ قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ: " وَكَيْفَ يَجُوزُ أَنْ تُرَدَّ شَهَادَةُ مُسْلِمٍ بِأَنْ نَعْرِفَهُ يَكْذِبُ عَلَى بَعْضِ الْآدَمَيِّينَ وَنُجِيزَ شَهَادَةَ ذَمِّيٍّ وَهُوَ يَكْذِبُ عَلَى اللهِ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى؟ " قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ: وَقَدْ أَخْبَرَنَا اللهُ بِأَنَّهُمْ قَدْ بَدَّلُوا كِتَابَ اللهِ، وَكَتَبُوا الْكِتَابَ بِأَيْدِيهِمْ، وَقَالُوا: {هَذَا مِنْ عِنْدِ اللهِ لِيَشْتَرُوا بِهِ ثَمَنًا قَلِيلًا} [البقرة: 79] ".
Allah, exalted be His praise, says: 'And take as witnesses two just men from among you.' [Surah al-Talaq: 2]
And He said: 'And take two witnesses from among your men.' [Surah al-Baqarah: 282]
And He said: 'from among those whom you approve of as witnesses.' [Surah al-Baqarah: 282]
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "So in these two verses, and Allah knows best, there is evidence that by them Allah Almighty meant only Muslims and not others, because our men and those whom we approve of are only the people of our religion, not the polytheists, since Allah Almighty has severed the bond of allegiance between us and them on the basis of religion."
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "And how can it be permissible that the testimony of a Muslim is rejected because we know that he lies about some human being, while we accept the testimony of a dhimmi though he lies about Allah, the Blessed and Exalted?"
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "And Allah Almighty has informed us that they altered the Book of Allah, wrote the book with their own hands, and said: 'This is from Allah, in order to purchase with it a small price.' [Surah al-Baqarah: 79]"
And He said: 'And take two witnesses from among your men.' [Surah al-Baqarah: 282]
And He said: 'from among those whom you approve of as witnesses.' [Surah al-Baqarah: 282]
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "So in these two verses, and Allah knows best, there is evidence that by them Allah Almighty meant only Muslims and not others, because our men and those whom we approve of are only the people of our religion, not the polytheists, since Allah Almighty has severed the bond of allegiance between us and them on the basis of religion."
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "And how can it be permissible that the testimony of a Muslim is rejected because we know that he lies about some human being, while we accept the testimony of a dhimmi though he lies about Allah, the Blessed and Exalted?"
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "And Allah Almighty has informed us that they altered the Book of Allah, wrote the book with their own hands, and said: 'This is from Allah, in order to purchase with it a small price.' [Surah al-Baqarah: 79]"
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أَخْبَرَنِي أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ الْمُزَنِيُّ، أنبأ عَلِيُّ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى، ثنا أَبُو الْيَمَانِ، أَخْبَرَنِي شُعَيْبٌ، عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ، أَخْبَرَنِي عُبَيْدُ اللهِ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ، أَنَّ عَبْدَ اللهِ بْنَ عَبَّاسٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمَا قَالَ: " يَا مَعْشَرَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، كَيْفَ تَسْأَلُونَ أَهْلَ الْكِتَابِ عَنْ شَيْءٍ وَكِتَابُكُمُ الَّذِي أَنْزَلَ اللهُ عَلَى رَسُولِهِ أَحْدَثُ الْأَخْبَارِ بِاللهِ؟ تَقْرَءُونَهُ مَحْضًا لَمْ يُشَبْ، وَقَدْ حَدَّثَكُمُ اللهُ أَنَّ أَهْلَ الْكِتَابِ قَدْ بَدَّلُوا مَا كَتَبَ اللهُ، وَغَيَّرُوا، وَكَتَبُوا بِأَيْدِيهِمُ الْكُتُبَ، وَقَالُوا: هُوَ مِنْ عِنْدِ اللهِ لِيَشْتَرُوا بِهِ ثَمَنًا قَلِيلًا، أَفَلَا يَنْهَاكُمْ مَا جَاءَكُمْ مِنَ الْعِلْمِ عَنْ مُسَاءَلَتِهِمْ؟ فَلَا وَاللهِ مَا رَأَيْنَا رَجُلًا مِنْهُمْ قَطُّ يَسْأَلُكُمْ عَنِ الَّذِي أُنْزِلَ عَلَيْكُمْ "..
Ubaydullah bin Abdullah narrates from Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) that he said: O assembly of Muslims! How can you ask the People of the Book about anything when your Book, which Allah revealed to His Messenger, is the most recent of reports about Allah? You recite it pure, with no adulteration in it. And Allah has told you that the People of the Book altered what Allah had written, changed it, wrote the books with their own hands and said: 'This is from Allah, in order to purchase with it a small price.' [Surah al-Baqarah: 79] Does not the knowledge that has come to you forbid you from questioning them? By Allah! We have never seen any man among them asking you about what has been revealed to you.
وَأَخْبَرَنَا عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ عَبْدَانَ، أنبأ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عُبَيْدٍ الصَّفَّارُ، ثنا عُبَيْدُ بْنُ شَرِيكٍ، ثنا يَحْيَى بْنُ بُكَيْرٍ، ثنا اللَّيْثُ، عَنْ يُونُسَ، عَنِ ابْنِ شِهَابٍ، فَذَكَرَهُ بِمَعْنَاهُ رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي الصَّحِيحِ عَنْ أَبِي الْيَمَانِ، وَعَنْ يَحْيَى بْنِ بُكَيْرٍ.
Ibn Shihab (may Allah have mercy on him) mentioned it in the same way.
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أَخْبَرَنِي أَبُو أَحْمَدَ الْحَافِظُ، أنبأ أَبُو عَرُوبَةَ، ثنا بُنْدَارٌ، وَابْنُ الْمُثَنَّى، قَالَا: ثنا عُثْمَانُ بْنُ عُمَرَ، أنبأ عَلِيُّ بْنُ الْمُبَارَكِ، عَنْ يَحْيَى، عَنْ أَبِي سَلَمَةَ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ: كَانَ أَهْلُ الْكِتَابِ يَقْرَءُونَ التَّوْرَاةَ بِالْعِبْرَانِيَّةِ، وَيُفَسِّرُونَهَا بِالْعَرَبِيَّةِ لِأَهْلِ الْإِسْلَامِ، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " لَا تُصَدِّقُوا أَهْلَ الْكِتَابِ وَلَا تُكَذِّبُوهُمْ، قُولُوا: آمَنَّا بِاللهِ وَمَا أُنْزِلَ إِلَيْنَا وَمَا أُنْزِلَ إِلَيْكُمْ " الْآيَةَ رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي الصَّحِيحِ عَنْ بُنْدَارٍ.
Sayyiduna Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) says that the People of the Book used to recite the Torah in Hebrew and explain it in Arabic to the Muslims. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Neither affirm them nor deny them; rather say: 'Say: We believe in Allah and in what has been sent down to us' [Surah al-Baqarah: 136], to the end of the verse."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، وَأَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ أَبِي عَمْرٍو قَالَا: ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا الْعَبَّاسُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الدُّورِيُّ، ثنا شَاذَانُ، قَالَ: كُنْتُ عِنْدَ سُفْيَانَ الثَّوْرِيِّ فَسَمِعْتُ شَيْخًا يُحَدِّثُ، عَنْ يَحْيَى بْنِ أَبِي كَثِيرٍ، عَنْ أَبِي سَلَمَةَ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " لَا يَتَوَارَثْ أَهْلُ مِلَّتَيْنِ شَتَّى، وَلَا تَجُوزُ شَهَادَةُ مِلَّةٍ عَلَى مِلَّةٍ إِلَّا مِلَّةُ مُحَمَّدٍ، فَإِنَّهَا عَلَى غَيْرِهِمْ " قَالَ أَبُو عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ شَاذَانُ: فَسَأَلْتُ عَنْ هَذَا ⦗٢٧٥⦘ الشَّيْخِ بَعْضَ أَصْحَابِنَا، فَزَعَمَ أَنَّهُ عُمَرُ بْنُ رَاشِدٍ الْحَنَفِيُّ وَرَوَاهُ بَقِيَّةُ بْنُ الْوَلِيدِ، عَنِ الْأَسْوَدِ بْنِ عَامِرٍ وَهُوَ شَاذَانُ، عَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ رَاشِدٍ.
Sayyiduna Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) says that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "The people of two different religions shall not inherit from one another, nor can the follower of one religion testify against another. Only the Ummah of Muhammad has this right, that its testimony is valid even against others."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو زَكَرِيَّا بْنُ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ الْمُزَكِّي، أنبأ أَبُو الْحَسَنِ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عُبْدُوسٍ الطَّرَائِفِيُّ، ثنا عُثْمَانُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ الدَّارِمِيُّ، ثنا يَزِيدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ رَبِّهِ الْحِمْصِيُّ، ثنا بَقِيَّةُ، عَنِ الْأَسْوَدِ بْنِ عَامِرٍ الْأَزْدِيِّ، عَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ رَاشِدٍ، عَنْ يَحْيَى بْنِ أَبِي كَثِيرٍ، عَنْ أَبِي سَلَمَةَ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " لَا تَرِثُ مِلَّةٌ مِلَّةً، وَلَا تَجُوزُ شَهَادَةُ مِلَّةٍ عَلَى مِلَّةٍ إِلَّا شَهَادَةُ الْمُسْلِمِينَ فَإِنَّهَا تَجُوزُ عَلَى جَمِيعِ الْمِلَلِ " وَكَذَلِكَ رَوَاهُ الْحَسَنُ بْنُ مُوسَى، عَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ رَاشِدٍ.
Sayyiduna Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) says that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "People of different religions cannot inherit from one another, nor can they be witnesses (against one another). But Muslims can testify regarding the followers of every other religion; their testimony is valid against the people of all religions."
وَرَوَاهُ عَلِيُّ بْنُ الْجَعْدِ، عَنْ عُمَرَ كَمَا: أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو سَعْدٍ الْمَالِينِيُّ، أنبأ أَبُو أَحْمَدَ بْنُ عَدِيٍّ الْحَافِظُ، أنبأ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَحْيَى بْنِ سُلَيْمَانَ الْمَرْوَزِيُّ، ثنا عَلِيُّ بْنُ الْجَعْدِ، ثنا عُمَرُ بْنُ رَاشِدٍ الْيَمَامِيُّ، عَنْ يَحْيَى بْنِ أَبِي كَثِيرٍ، عَنْ أَبِي سَلَمَةَ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ، أَحْسِبُهُ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " لَا يَرِثُ أَهْلُ مِلَّةٍ مِلَّةً، وَلَا تَجُوزُ شَهَادَةُ مِلَّةٍ عَلَى مِلَّةٍ إِلَّا أُمَّتِي، تَجُوزُ شَهَادَتُهُمْ عَلَى مَنْ سِوَاهُمْ " عُمَرُ بْنُ رَاشِدٍ هَذَا لَيْسَ بِالْقَوِيِّ، قَدْ ضَعَّفَهُ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ حَنْبَلٍ، وَيَحْيَى بْنُ مَعِينٍ وَغَيْرُهُمَا مِنْ أَئِمَّةِ أَهْلِ النَّقْلِ.
Sayyiduna Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) says: I think that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "People of different religions shall neither inherit from one another nor testify against one another, except my Ummah; their testimony is valid against the people of all religions."
This Umar bin Rashid is not strong; Ahmad bin Hanbal, Yahya bin Ma'in and other imams of transmission have declared him da'if (weak).
This Umar bin Rashid is not strong; Ahmad bin Hanbal, Yahya bin Ma'in and other imams of transmission have declared him da'if (weak).
وَفِيمَا أَجَازَ لِي أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ رِوَايَتَهُ عَنْهُ، عَنْ أَبِي الْعَبَّاسِ، عَنِ الرَّبِيعِ، عَنِ الشَّافِعِيِّ.
Ibn Abi Najih (may Allah have mercy on him) narrates from Mujahid (may Allah have mercy on him) that (the witnesses) should be two just, free Muslims, that is, the saying of Allah: 'from among those whom you approve of as witnesses' [Surah al-Baqarah: 282].
