السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب الشهادات
Book of Testimonies
باب: : ما جاء في قول الله عز وجل: {يا أيها الذين آمنوا شهادة بينكم إذا حضر أحدكم الموت حين الوصية اثنان ذوا عدل منكم أو آخران من غيركم}
Reports on the words of Allah the Mighty and Majestic: O you who believe, the testimony among you when death approaches one of you at the time of bequest is that of two just men from among you, or two others from outside you
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بَابُ: مَا جَاءَ فِي قَوْلِ اللهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: {يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا شَهَادَةُ بَيْنِكُمْ إِذَا حَضَرَ أَحَدَكُمُ الْمَوْتُ حِينَ الْوَصِيَّةِ اثْنَانِ ذَوَا عَدْلٍ مِنْكُمْ أَوْ آخَرَانِ مِنْ غَيْرِكُمْ} [المائدة: 106].
Chapter: What has been reported concerning the saying of Allah, the Mighty and Majestic: 'O you who believe! The testimony among you, when death approaches one of you at the time of making a bequest, is that of two just men from among you, or two others from outside you.' [Surah al-Ma'idah: 106]
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ أَبِي عَمْرٍو، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ الْأَصَمُّ، أَنْبَأَ الرَّبِيعُ قَالَ: قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: " فِي هَذِهِ الْآيَةِ وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ بِمَعْنَى مَا أَرَادَ مِنْ هَذَا، وَقَدْ سَمِعْتُ مَنْ يَتَأَوَّلُ هَذِهِ الْآيَةَ عَلَى: مِنْ غَيْرِ قَبِيلِكُمْ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَيَحْتَجُّ فِيهَا بِقَوْلِ اللهِ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى: {تَحْبِسُونَهُمَا مِنْ بَعْدِ الصَّلَاةِ فَيُقْسِمَانِ بِاللهِ إِنِ ارْتَبْتُمْ لَا نَشْتَرِي بِهِ ثَمَنًا} [المائدة: ١٠٦] وَالصَّلَاةُ الْمُوَقَّتَةُ لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَبِقَولِ اللهِ: {وَلَوْ كَانَ ذَا قُرْبَى} [المائدة: ١٠٦] وَإِنَّمَا الْقَرَابَةُ ⦗٢٧٦⦘ بَيْنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ الَّذِينَ كَانُوا مَعَ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ مِنَ الْعَرَبِ، أَوْ بَيْنَهُمْ وَبَيْنَ أَهْلِ الْأَوْثَانِ، لَا بَيْنَهُمْ وَبَيْنَ أَهْلِ الذِّمَّةِ، وَيَقُولُ اللهُ: {وَلَا نَكْتُمُ شَهَادَةَ اللهِ إِنَّا إِذًا لِمَنَ الْآثِمِينَ} [المائدة: ١٠٦] وَإِنَّمَا يَتَأَثَّمُ مِنْ كِتْمَانِ الشَّهَادَةِ لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ، لَا أَهْلُ الذِّمَّةِ "..
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) says regarding this verse, and Allah knows best what He meant by it: I have heard someone who interprets this verse as meaning (two others) from other than your tribe among the Muslims. He takes as evidence the saying of Allah: 'You shall detain them both after the prayer, and they shall swear by Allah, if you are in doubt: We will not sell it for a price' [Surah al-Ma'idah: 106], and the prayer at fixed times is for the Muslims; and the saying of Allah: 'even if he be a near relative' [Surah al-Ma'idah: 106], and kinship existed only among the Arab Muslims who were with the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), or between them and the idol-worshippers, not between them and the dhimmis. And Allah says: 'And we will not conceal the testimony of Allah, for then we would indeed be among the sinners.' [Surah al-Ma'idah: 106] It is only Muslims who feel sinful about concealing testimony for Muslims, not the dhimmis.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو نَصْرِ بْنُ قَتَادَةَ، أنبأ أَبُو مَنْصُورٍ النَّضْرَوِيُّ، أنبأ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ نَجْدَةَ، ثنا سَعِيدُ بْنُ مَنْصُورٍ، ثنا خَالِدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ، عَنْ يُونُسَ، عَنِ الْحَسَنِ، فِي قَوْلِهِ: {اثْنَانِ ذَوَا عَدْلٍ مِنْكُمْ أَوْ آخَرَانِ مِنْ غَيْرِكُمْ} [المائدة: ١٠٦] قَالَ: " مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، إِلَّا أَنَّهُ يَقُولُ: مِنَ الْقَبِيلَةِ أَوْ غَيْرِ الْقَبِيلَةِ "، زَادَ فِيهِ غَيْرُهُ عَنِ الْحَسَنِ: " أَلَا تَرَى أَنَّهُ يَقُولُ: " تَحْبِسُونَهُمَا مِنْ بَعْدِ الصَّلَاةِ "، وَرُوِّينَا، عَنْ عِكْرِمَةَ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: " {أَوْ آخَرَانِ مِنْ غَيْرِكُمْ} [المائدة: ١٠٦] قَالَ: " مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ مِنْ غَيْرِ حَيِّهِ ". قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: وَقَدْ سَمِعْتُ مَنْ يَذْكُرُ أَنَّهَا مَنْسُوخَةٌ بِقَوْلِ اللهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: {وَأَشْهِدُوا ذَوَيْ عَدْلٍ مِنْكُمْ} [الطلاق: ٢] وَرَأَيْتُ مُفْتِيَّ أَهْلِ دَارِ الْهِجْرَةِ وَالسُّنَّةِ يُفْتُونَ أَنْ لَا تَجُوزَ شَهَادَةُ غَيْرِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ الْعُدُولِ، وَذَلِكَ قَوْلِي. وَحَكَى الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ فِي مَوْضِعٍ آخَرَ، عَنِ ابْنِ الْمُسَيِّبِ، وَأَبِي بَكْرِ بْنِ حَزْمٍ، وَغَيْرِهِمَا أَنَّهُمْ أَبَوْا إِجَازَةَ شَهَادَةِ أَهْلِ الذِّمَّةِ قَالَ الشَّيْخُ: هَذَا مَعَ مَا رُوِيَ عَنِ ابْنِ الْمُسَيِّبِ أَنَّهُ كَانَ يَقُولُ فِي قَوْلِهِ: {أَوْ آخَرَانِ مِنْ غَيْرِكُمْ} [المائدة: ١٠٦] مِنْ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ، دَلَّ عَلَى أَنَّهُ اعْتَقَدَ فِيهَا النَّسْخَ أَوْ حَمَلَ الْآيَةَ عَلَى غَيْرِ الشَّهَادَةِ، كَمَا نَذْكُرُهُ إِنْ شَاءَ اللهُ تَعَالَى..
Yunus narrates from al-Hasan (may Allah have mercy on him) that regarding the saying of Allah: 'two just men from among you, or two others from outside you' [Surah al-Ma'idah: 106], (he said): from the Muslims, of the tribe or from outside the tribe.
Someone else narrated from al-Hasan (may Allah have mercy on him) the addition: 'You shall detain them both after the prayer.' [Surah al-Ma'idah: 106]
(b) Ikrimah (may Allah have mercy on him) says that 'or two others from outside you' means Muslims who are from other than your tribe.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) says: I heard some say that it is abrogated by the saying of Allah: 'And take as witnesses two just men from among you' [Surah al-Talaq: 2]. And I have seen the muftis of the people of the abode of Hijrah and the Sunnah give fatwas that the testimony of anyone other than just Muslims is not permissible, and that is my view.
It is reported from Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) that he related from Ibn al-Musayyib (may Allah have mercy on him), Abu Bakr bin Hazm (may Allah have mercy on him) and others that they refused to accept the testimony of the dhimmis.
The Shaykh (may Allah have mercy on him) says: This, together with what is narrated from Ibn al-Musayyib that he used to say regarding the saying of Allah, 'or two others from outside you' [Surah al-Ma'idah: 106]: from the People of the Book, shows that he held it to be abrogated, or applied the verse to something other than testimony.
Someone else narrated from al-Hasan (may Allah have mercy on him) the addition: 'You shall detain them both after the prayer.' [Surah al-Ma'idah: 106]
(b) Ikrimah (may Allah have mercy on him) says that 'or two others from outside you' means Muslims who are from other than your tribe.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) says: I heard some say that it is abrogated by the saying of Allah: 'And take as witnesses two just men from among you' [Surah al-Talaq: 2]. And I have seen the muftis of the people of the abode of Hijrah and the Sunnah give fatwas that the testimony of anyone other than just Muslims is not permissible, and that is my view.
It is reported from Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) that he related from Ibn al-Musayyib (may Allah have mercy on him), Abu Bakr bin Hazm (may Allah have mercy on him) and others that they refused to accept the testimony of the dhimmis.
The Shaykh (may Allah have mercy on him) says: This, together with what is narrated from Ibn al-Musayyib that he used to say regarding the saying of Allah, 'or two others from outside you' [Surah al-Ma'idah: 106]: from the People of the Book, shows that he held it to be abrogated, or applied the verse to something other than testimony.
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أَنْبَأَ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ كَامِلٍ، أَنْبَأَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ سَعْدِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ عَطِيَّةَ، ثنا أَبِي، حَدَّثَنِي عَمِّي، حَدَّثَنِي أَبِي، عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَطِيَّةَ بْنِ سَعْدٍ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ عَبَّاسٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمَا فِي هَذِهِ الْآيَةِ قَالَ: " هِيَ مَنْسُوخَةٌ " وَمِنْ أَهْلِ التَّفْسِيرِ مَنْ حَمَلَ الشَّهَادَةَ الْمَذْكُورَةَ فِي هَذِهِ الْآيَةِ عَلَى الْيَمِينِ، كَمَا سُمِّيَتْ أَيْمَانُ الْمُتَلَاعِنَيْنِ شَهَادَةً.
Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) says regarding this verse: It is abrogated. And the exegetes have interpreted it as testimony by oath, just as the oaths of the two spouses who perform li'an are called testimony.
وَمَعْنَى الْآيَةِ حِينَئِذٍ مَا: أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أنبأ أَبُو الْحَسَنِ الطَّرَائِفِيُّ، وَأَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ الْكَعْبِيُّ قَالَا: أنبأ إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ قُتَيْبَةَ، ثنا أَبُو خَالِدٍ يَزِيدُ بْنُ صَالِحٍ، حَدَّثَنِي بُكَيْرُ بْنُ مَعْرُوفٍ، عَنْ مُقَاتِلِ بْنِ حَيَّانَ، فِي قَوْلِهِ: {يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا شَهَادَةُ بَيْنِكُمْ ⦗٢٧٧⦘ إِذَا حَضَرَ أَحَدَكُمُ الْمَوْتُ حِينَ الْوَصِيَّةِ اثْنَانِ ذَوَا عَدْلٍ مِنْكُمْ} [المائدة: ١٠٦] يَقُولُ: شَاهِدَانِ ذَوَا عَدْلٍ مِنْكُمْ، مِنْ أَهْلِ دِينِكُمْ، أَوْ آخَرَانِ مِنْ غَيْرِكُمْ،، يَقُولُ: يَهُودِيَّيْنِ أَوْ نَصْرَانِيَّيْنِ. قَوْلُهُ: {إِنْ أَنْتُمْ ضَرَبْتُمْ فِي الْأَرْضِ} [المائدة: ١٠٦] وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ رَجُلَيْنِ نَصْرَانِيَّيْنِ مِنْ أَهْلِ دَارِينَ، أَحَدُهُمَا تَمِيمٌ، وَالْآخَرُ عَدِيٌّ، صَحِبَهُمَا مَوْلًى لِقُرَيْشٍ فِي تِجَارَةٍ، وَرَكِبُوا الْبَحْرَ، وَمَعَ الْقُرَشِيِّ مَالٌ مَعْلُومٌ قَدْ عَلِمَهُ أَوْلِيَاؤُهُ مِنْ بَيْنِ آنِيَةٍ وَبِزَوْرَقَةٍ، فَمَرِضَ الْقُرَشِيُّ، فَجَعَلَ الْوَصِيَّةَ إِلَى الدَّارِيَّيْنِ، فَمَاتَ، فَقَبَضَ الدَّارِيَّانِ الْمَالَ، فَلَمَّا رَجَعَا مِنْ تِجَارَتِهِمِا جَاءَا بِالْمَالِ وَالْوَصِيَّةِ، فَدَفَعَاهُ إِلَى أَوْلِيَاءِ الْمَيِّتِ وَجَاءَا بِبَعْضِ مَالِهِ، فَاسْتَنْكَرَ الْقَوْمُ قِلَّةَ الْمَالِ، فَقَالُوا لِلدَّارِيَّيْنِ: إِنَّ صَاحِبَنَا قَدْ خَرَجَ مَعَهُ بِمَالٍ كَثِيرٍ مِمَّا أَتَيْتُمَا بِهِ، فَهَلْ بَاعَ شَيْئًا أَوِ اشْتَرَى شَيْئًا، فَوَضَعَ فِيهِ، أَمْ هَلْ طَالَ مَرَضُهُ، فَأَنْفَقَ عَلَى نَفْسِهِ؟ قَالَا: لَا، قَالُوا: إِنَّكُمَا قَدْ خُنْتُمَا لَنَا، فَقَبَضُوا الْمَالَ، وَرَفَعُوا أَمْرَهُمْ إِلَى النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، فَأَنْزَلَ اللهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: {يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا شَهَادَةُ بَيْنِكُمْ إِذَا حَضَرَ أَحَدَكُمُ الْمَوْتُ} [المائدة: ١٠٦] إِلَى آخِرِ الْآيَةِ، فَلَمَّا نَزَلَتْ أَنْ يُحْبَسَا بَعْدَ الصَّلَاةِ أَمْرُهُمَا النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، فَقَامَا بَعْدَ الصَّلَاةِ، فَحَلَفَا بِاللهِ رَبِّ السَّمَاوَاتِ، وَرَبِّ الْأَرْضِ، مَا تَرَكَ مَوْلَاكُمْ مِنْ مَالٍ إِلَّا مَا أَتَيْنَاكُمْ بِهِ، وَإِنَّا لَا نَشْتَرِي بِأَيْمَانِنَا ثَمَنًا مِنَ الدُّنْيَا وَلَوْ كَانَ ذَا قُرْبَى، وَلَا نَكْتُمُ شَهَادَةَ اللهِ إِنَّا إِذًا لَمِنَ الْآثِمِينَ، فَلَمَّا حلَفَا خُلِّيَ سَبِيلُهُمَا، ثُمَّ إِنَّهُمْ وَجَدُوا بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ إِنَاءً مِنْ آنِيَةِ الْمَيِّتِ، وَأَخَذُوا الدَّارِيَّيْنِ فَقَالَا: اشْتَرَيْنَاهُ مِنْهُ فِي حَيَاتِهِ، وَكَذِبَا، فَكُلِّفَا الْبَيِّنَةَ فَلَمْ يَقْدِرَا عَلَيْهَا، فَرَفَعُوا ذَلِكَ إِلَى النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، فَأَنْزَلَ اللهُ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى: {فَإِنْ عُثِرَ} [المائدة: ١٠٧]، يَقُولُ: فَإِنِ اطُّلِعَ {عَلَى أَنَّهُمَا اسْتَحَقَّا إِثْمًا} [المائدة: ١٠٧] يَعْنِي الدَّارِيَّيْنِ، يَقُولُ: إِنْ كَانَا كَتَمَا حَقًّا {فَآخَرَانِ} [المائدة: ١٠٧] مِنْ أَوْلِيَاءِ الْمَيِّتِ {يَقُومَانِ مَقَامَهُمَا مِنَ الَّذِينَ اسْتَحَقَّ عَلَيْهِمُ الْأَوْلَيَانِ فَيُقْسِمَانِ بِاللهِ} [المائدة: ١٠٧]، يَقُولُ: فَيَحْلِفَانِ بِاللهِ إِنَّ مَالَ صَاحِبِنَا كَانَ كَذَا وَكَذَا، وَإِنَّ الَّذِي نَطْلُبُ قِبَلَ الدَّارِيَّيْنِ لَحَقٌّ {وَمَا اعْتَدَيْنَا إِنَّا إِذًا لَمِنَ الظَّالِمِينَ} [المائدة: ١٠٧] فَهَذَا قَوْلُ الشَّاهِدَيْنَ، أَوْلِيَاءِ الْمَيِّتِ حِينَ اطُّلِعَ عَلَى خِيَانَةِ الدَّارِيَّيْنِ، يَقُولُ اللهُ تَعَالَى: {ذَلِكَ أَدْنَى أَنْ يَأْتُوا بِالشَّهَادَةِ عَلَى وَجْهِهَا} [المائدة: ١٠٨] يَعْنِي االدَّارِيَّيْنِ وَالنَّاسَ أَنْ يَعُودُوا لِمِثْلِ ذَلِكَ "..
Muqatil bin Hayyan (may Allah have mercy on him) said concerning this saying of Allah Almighty: 'O you who believe! The testimony among you, when death approaches one of you at the time of making a bequest, is that of two just men from among you' [Surah al-Ma'idah: 106], meaning two just men from the people of your religion; 'or two others from outside you' [Surah al-Ma'idah: 106], meaning two Jews or two Christians. 'If you are travelling in the land' [Surah al-Ma'idah: 106]. (Its background is that) there were two Christian men from the people of Darin, one of them named Tamim and the other Adi. A freed slave (mawla) of Quraysh accompanied them on a trading journey, and they travelled by sea. The Qurayshi had known property with him, which his heirs knew of, consisting of vessels and goods. The Qurayshi fell ill and entrusted his bequest to the two men of Darin, then he died. The two of them took possession of the property. When they returned from their trading journey, they brought the property and the will and handed them over to the heirs of the deceased, bringing only part of his property. The people found the property to be too little, and said to the two men of Darin: "Our companion set out with much more property than what you have brought. Did he sell or buy anything and suffer a loss in it, or was his illness prolonged so that he spent on himself?" They said: "No." They said: "Then you have betrayed us." They took the property and brought their case to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). Then Allah Almighty revealed: 'O you who believe! The testimony among you, when death approaches one of you' [Surah al-Ma'idah: 106] to the end of the verse. When it was revealed that they should be detained after the prayer, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) ordered them, and they stood after the prayer and swore by Allah, Lord of the heavens and Lord of the earth, that your freed slave left no property except what we have brought you, and that we do not sell our oaths for any price of this world, 'even if he be a near relative, and we will not conceal the testimony of Allah, for then we would indeed be among the sinners.' [Surah al-Ma'idah: 106]
When they had sworn, they were let go. Then later they found one of the vessels of the deceased and seized the two men of Darin, who said: "We bought it from him during his lifetime," and they lied. They were asked to produce proof but could not. Then the matter was brought to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), and Allah, the Blessed and Exalted, revealed: 'But if it is discovered' [Surah al-Ma'idah: 107], that is, if it comes to light, 'that the two were guilty of sin' [Surah al-Ma'idah: 107], meaning the two men of Darin, if they had concealed a right; 'then two others' [Surah al-Ma'idah: 107] from the heirs of the deceased 'shall stand in their place, from among those who have a claim against them, the two nearest, and they shall swear by Allah' [Surah al-Ma'idah: 107], that is, they shall swear by Allah that our companion's property was such and such, and that what we claim from the two men of Darin is the truth, 'and we have not transgressed, for then we would indeed be among the wrongdoers.' [Surah al-Ma'idah: 107] This is the statement of the two witnesses from the heirs of the deceased when the betrayal of the two men of Darin came to light. Allah Almighty says: 'That is more likely to make them give testimony in its true form' [Surah al-Ma'idah: 108], meaning the two men of Darin and the people, (so that they would not) return to the like of that.
When they had sworn, they were let go. Then later they found one of the vessels of the deceased and seized the two men of Darin, who said: "We bought it from him during his lifetime," and they lied. They were asked to produce proof but could not. Then the matter was brought to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), and Allah, the Blessed and Exalted, revealed: 'But if it is discovered' [Surah al-Ma'idah: 107], that is, if it comes to light, 'that the two were guilty of sin' [Surah al-Ma'idah: 107], meaning the two men of Darin, if they had concealed a right; 'then two others' [Surah al-Ma'idah: 107] from the heirs of the deceased 'shall stand in their place, from among those who have a claim against them, the two nearest, and they shall swear by Allah' [Surah al-Ma'idah: 107], that is, they shall swear by Allah that our companion's property was such and such, and that what we claim from the two men of Darin is the truth, 'and we have not transgressed, for then we would indeed be among the wrongdoers.' [Surah al-Ma'idah: 107] This is the statement of the two witnesses from the heirs of the deceased when the betrayal of the two men of Darin came to light. Allah Almighty says: 'That is more likely to make them give testimony in its true form' [Surah al-Ma'idah: 108], meaning the two men of Darin and the people, (so that they would not) return to the like of that.
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ أَبِي عَمْرٍو، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ الْأَصَمُّ، ثنا الرَّبِيعُ بْنُ سُلَيْمَانَ، أنبأ الشَّافِعِيُّ، أنبأ أَبُو سَعِيدٍ مُعَاذُ بْنُ مُوسَى الْجَعْفَرِيُّ، عَنْ بُكَيْرِ بْنِ مَعْرُوفٍ، عَنْ مُقَاتِلِ بْنِ حَيَّانَ، قَالَ بُكَيْرٌ: قَالَ مُقَاتِلٌ: أَخَذْتُ هَذَا التَّفْسِيرَ عَنْ مُجَاهِدٍ، وَالْحَسَنِ، وَالضَّحَّاكِ فِي قَوْلِ اللهِ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى: {اثْنَانِ ذَوَا عَدْلٍ مِنْكُمْ أَوْ آخَرَانِ مِنْ غَيْرِكُمْ} [المائدة: ١٠٦] الْآيَةَ: إِنَّ رَجُلَيْنِ نَصْرَانِيَّيْنِ مِنْ أَهْلِ دَارِينَ، أَحَدُهُمَا تَمِيمِيٌّ، وَالْآخَرُ يَمَانِيٌّ، صَحِبَهُمَا مَوْلًى لِقُرَيْشٍ فِي تِجَارَةٍ، فَرَكِبُوا الْبَحْرَ، وَمَعَ الْقُرَشِيِّ مَالٌ مَعْلُومٌ، فَذَكَرَ مَعْنَى مَا رُوِّينَا.⦗٢٧٨⦘ قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: وَإِنَّمَا مَعْنَى {شَهَادَةُ بَيْنِكُمْ} [المائدة: ١٠٦] إِيمَانٌ بَيْنَكُمْ، إِذَا كَانَ هَذَا الْمَعْنَى، وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ. قَالَ الشَّيْخُ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: وَقَدْ ثَبَتَ مَعْنَى مَا ذَكَرَهُ مُقَاتِلُ بْنُ حَيَّانَ، عَنْ أَهْلِ التَّفْسِيرِ بِإِسْنَادٍ صَحِيحٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمَا، إِلَّا أَنَّهُ لَمْ يُحْفَظْ فِيهِ دَعْوَى تَمِيمٍ وَعَدِيٍّ أَنَّهُمَا اشْتَرَيَاهُ، وَحَفِظَهُ مُقَاتِلٌ.
Mujahid, al-Hasan and al-Dahhak (may Allah have mercy on them) say regarding the saying of Allah Almighty: 'two just men from among you, or two others from outside you' [Surah al-Ma'idah: 106]: There were two Christian men from the people of Darin, one of them from Tamim and the other from Yemen. They accompanied a Qurayshi on a trading journey, and the Qurayshi's property was known.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: The meaning of 'the testimony among you' [Surah al-Ma'idah: 106] is swearing oaths among yourselves.
The meaning of what Muqatil bin Hayyan mentioned from the exegetes is established with a sahih (authentic) chain from Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both), except that the claim of Tamim and Adi that they had bought it is not preserved in it, while Muqatil preserved it.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: The meaning of 'the testimony among you' [Surah al-Ma'idah: 106] is swearing oaths among yourselves.
The meaning of what Muqatil bin Hayyan mentioned from the exegetes is established with a sahih (authentic) chain from Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both), except that the claim of Tamim and Adi that they had bought it is not preserved in it, while Muqatil preserved it.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا أَبُو قُتَيْبَةَ سَلَمَةُ بْنُ الْفَضْلِ الْآدَمِيُّ بِمَكَّةَ، ثنا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ الْبَصْرِيُّ، ثنا عَلِيُّ بْنُ الْمَدِينِيِّ، ثنا يَحْيَى بْنُ آدَمَ، ثنا ابْنُ أَبِي زَائِدَةَ، عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي الْقَاسِمِ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ سَعِيدِ بْنِ جُبَيْرٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمَا قَالَ: " خَرَجَ رَجُلٌ مِنْ بَنِي سَهْمٍ مَعَ تَمِيمٍ الدَّارِيِّ وَعَدِيِّ بْنِ بِذَا، فَمَاتَ السَّهْمِيُّ بِأَرْضٍ لَيْسَ بِهَا مُسْلِمٌ، فَلَمَّا قَدِمَا بِتَرِكَتِهِ، فَقَدُوا جَامَ فِضَّةٍ مُخَوَّصًا بِالذَّهَبِ، فَأَحْلَفَهُمَا رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ ثُمَّ وَجَدُوا الْجَامَ بِمَكَّةَ، فَقَالُوا: اشْتَرَيْنَاهُ مِنْ تَمِيمٍ وَعَدِيٍّ، فَقَامَ رَجُلَانِ مِنْ أَوْلِيَاءِ السَّهْمِيِّ فَحَلَفَا: لَشَهَادَتُنَا أَحَقُّ مِنْ شَهَادَتِهِمَا، وَإِنَّ الْجَامَ لِصَاحِبِهِمْ، وَفِيهِمْ نَزَلَتْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ: {يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا شَهَادَةُ بَيْنِكُمْ} [المائدة: ١٠٦] ". أَخْرَجَهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي الصَّحِيحِ فَقَالَ: قَالَ لِي عَلِيُّ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ - هُوَ ابْنُ الْمَدِينِيِّ، فَذَكَرَهُ، وَكَذَلِكَ رُوِيَ عَنْ عَطَاءِ بْنِ السَّائِبِ، عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ جُبَيْرٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمَا.
Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) says that a man from Banu Sahm set out with Tamim al-Dari and Adi bin Badda'. The Sahmi died in a land where there was no Muslim. When the two of them brought his estate, (his heirs) found missing a silver goblet inlaid with gold. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) made the two of them swear oaths. Then the goblet was found in Makkah, and (those who had it) said: We bought it from Tamim and Adi. Then two of the heirs of the Sahmi stood up and swore that our testimony is more rightful than their testimony, and that the goblet belongs to their companion. Concerning them this verse was revealed: 'O you who believe! The testimony among you' [Surah al-Ma'idah: 106].
