السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب آداب القاضي
Book of the Etiquette of the Judge
باب: الأمر بالإشهاد
The command to take witnesses
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قَالَ اللهُ جَلَّ ثَنَاؤُهُ {وَأَشْهِدُوا إِذَا تَبَايَعْتُمْ} [البقرة: 282]، قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: " الَّذِي يُشْبِهُ، وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ، وَإِيَّاهُ أَسْأَلُ التَّوْفِيقَ، أَنْ يَكُونَ أَمْرُهُ بِالْإِشْهَادِ عِنْدَ الْبَيْعِ دَلَالَةً عَلَى مَا فِيهِ الْحَظُّ بِالشَّهَادَةِ، لَا حَتْمًا، وَاحْتَجَّ بِقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى فِي آيَةِ الدَّيْنِ، وَالدَّيْنُ تَبَايُعٌ: {فَاكْتُبُوهُ} [البقرة: 282]، ثُمَّ قَالَ: {وَإِنْ كُنْتُمْ عَلَى سَفَرٍ وَلَمْ تَجِدُوا كَاتِبًا فَرِهَانٌ مَقْبُوضَةٌ فَإِنْ أَمِنَ بَعْضُكُمْ بَعْضًا فَلْيُؤَدِّ الَّذِي اؤْتُمِنَ أَمَانَتَهُ} [البقرة: 283]، فَلَمَّا أَمَرَ إِذَا لَمْ يَجِدُوا كَاتِبًا بِالرَّهْنِ ثُمَّ أَبَاحَ تَرْكَ الرَّهْنِ دَلَّ عَلَى أَنَّ الْأَمْرَ الْأَوَّلَ دَلَالَةٌ عَلَى الْحَظِّ، لَا فَرْضًا مِنْهُ، يَعْصِي مَنْ تَرَكَهُ، وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ..
Allah, exalted be His praise, says: "And take witnesses when you conclude a sale." [Surah al-Baqarah: 282]
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "What seems most fitting, and Allah knows best, and I ask Him alone for success, is that His command to take witnesses at the time of sale is guidance towards the benefit that lies in testimony, not a binding obligation."
And he argued from the words of Allah Almighty in the verse of debt, and debt is also (a kind of) sale: "Then write it down." [Surah al-Baqarah: 282]
Then He said: "And if you are on a journey and do not find a scribe, then a pledge taken into possession (suffices). And if one of you entrusts another, then let the one who is entrusted discharge his trust." [Surah al-Baqarah: 283]
(Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said:) "So when Allah Almighty commanded that, if they do not find a scribe, they should take a pledge, and then permitted leaving the pledge, this shows that the first command (too) is guidance towards benefit, not an obligation from Him whose neglecter is sinful, and Allah knows best."
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "What seems most fitting, and Allah knows best, and I ask Him alone for success, is that His command to take witnesses at the time of sale is guidance towards the benefit that lies in testimony, not a binding obligation."
And he argued from the words of Allah Almighty in the verse of debt, and debt is also (a kind of) sale: "Then write it down." [Surah al-Baqarah: 282]
Then He said: "And if you are on a journey and do not find a scribe, then a pledge taken into possession (suffices). And if one of you entrusts another, then let the one who is entrusted discharge his trust." [Surah al-Baqarah: 283]
(Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said:) "So when Allah Almighty commanded that, if they do not find a scribe, they should take a pledge, and then permitted leaving the pledge, this shows that the first command (too) is guidance towards benefit, not an obligation from Him whose neglecter is sinful, and Allah knows best."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو سَعْدٍ الْمَالِينِيُّ، أنبأ أَبُو أَحْمَدَ بْنُ عَدِيٍّ الْحَافِظُ، أنبأ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ شَهْرَيَارَ، ثنا هِلَالُ بْنُ بِشْرٍ، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مَرْوَانَ ح وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَمْرٍو الرَّزْجَاهِيُّ، أنبأ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الْإِسْمَاعِيلِيُّ، أنبأ الصُّوفِيُّ - وَهُوَ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْجَبَّارِ، ثنا أَبُو هَمَّامٍ الْوَلِيدُ بْنُ شُجَاعٍ، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مَرْوَانَ، ثنا عَبْدُ الْمَلِكِ بْنُ أَبِي نَضْرَةَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ أَبِي سَعِيدٍ الْخُدْرِيِّ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ: " تَلَا: {يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِذَا تَدَايَنْتُمْ بِدَيْنٍ إِلَى أَجَلٍ مُسَمًّى} [البقرة: ٢٨٢] حَتَّى بَلَغَ: {فَإِنْ أَمِنَ بَعْضُكُمْ بَعْضًا} [البقرة: ٢٨٣] قَالَ: " هَذِهِ نَسَخَتْ مَا قَبْلَهَا ".
Sayyiduna Abu Sa'id al-Khudri (may Allah be pleased with him) said: The verse "O you who believe, when you contract a debt for a fixed term, write it down" [Surah al-Baqarah: 282]
"And if one of you entrusts another" [Surah al-Baqarah: 283] abrogated the earlier verse.
"And if one of you entrusts another" [Surah al-Baqarah: 283] abrogated the earlier verse.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، وَأَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ أَبِي عَمْرٍو قَالَا: ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ مَرْزُوقٍ، ثنا عَفَّانُ، عَنْ وُهَيْبٍ، عَنْ دَاوُدَ، عَنْ عَامِرٍ، فِي هَذِهِ الْآيَةِ قَالَ: {فَإِنْ أَمِنَ بَعْضُكُمْ بَعْضًا} [البقرة: ٢٨٣] قَالَ: إِنْ أَشَهَدْتَ فَحَزْمٌ، وَإِنِ ائْتَمَنْتَهُ فَفِي حِلٍّ وَسَعَةٍ ". وَرُوِّينَا عَنِ الْحَسَنِ الْبَصْرِيِّ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: إِنْ شَاءَ أَشْهَدَ، وَإِنْ شَاءَ لَمْ يَشْهَدْ، أَلَا تَسْمَعُ إِلَى قَوْلِهِ: {فَإِنْ أَمِنَ بَعْضُكُمْ بَعْضًا} [البقرة: ٢٨٣]؟ قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: " وَقَدْ حُفِظَ عَنِ ⦗٢٤٦⦘ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنَّهُ بَايَعَ أَعْرَابِيًّا فِي فَرَسٍ فَجَحَدَ الْأَعْرَابِيُّ بِأَمْرِ بَعْضِ الْمُنَافِقِينَ، وَلَمْ يَكُنْ بَيْنَهُمَا بَيِّنَةٌ ".
Amir (may Allah have mercy on him) said concerning this verse, "And if one of you entrusts another" [Surah al-Baqarah: 283]: "If you take witnesses, that is prudence; and if you trust him, that is permissible and there is latitude in it."
(b) Al-Hasan al-Basri (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "If he wishes he may take witnesses, and if he wishes he may not take witnesses. Have you not heard the words of Allah: 'And if one of you entrusts another' [Surah al-Baqarah: 283]?" Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: It is preserved that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) concluded a sale of a horse with a Bedouin, and the Bedouin denied it at the prompting of some of the hypocrites, and there was no evidence between them.
(b) Al-Hasan al-Basri (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "If he wishes he may take witnesses, and if he wishes he may not take witnesses. Have you not heard the words of Allah: 'And if one of you entrusts another' [Surah al-Baqarah: 283]?" Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: It is preserved that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) concluded a sale of a horse with a Bedouin, and the Bedouin denied it at the prompting of some of the hypocrites, and there was no evidence between them.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ، أَخْبَرَنِي أَبُو الْحَسَنِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ قُرْقُوبٍ التَّمَّارُ بِهَمَذَانَ، ثنا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ الْحُسَيْنِ، ثنا أَبُو الْيَمَانِ، أَخْبَرَنِي شُعَيْبُ بْنُ أَبِي حَمْزَةَ، عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ، عَنْ عُمَارَةَ بْنِ خُزَيْمَةَ، أَنَّ عَمَّهُ، حَدَّثَهُ، وَكَانَ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، ح، وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا عَلِيُّ بْنُ حَمْشَاذٍ الْعَدْلُ، ثنا إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ الْقَاضِي، وَالْحَسَنُ بْنُ عَلِيِّ بْنِ زِيَادٍ قَالَا: أنبأ إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ أَبِي أُوَيْسٍ، حَدَّثَنِي أَخِي أَبُو بَكْرٍ، عَنْ سُلَيْمَانَ بْنِ بِلَالٍ، عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي عَتِيقٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ شِهَابٍ، عَنْ عُمَارَةَ بْنِ خُزَيْمَةَ أَنَّ عَمَّهُ أَخْبَرَهُ، وَكَانَ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ ابْتَاعَ فَرَسًا مِنْ رَجُلٍ مِنَ الْأَعْرَابِ، فَاسْتَتْبَعَهُ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ لِيَقْضِيَ ثَمَنَ فَرَسِهِ، فَأَسْرَعَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ الْمَشْيَ، وَأَبْطَأَ الْأَعْرَابِيُّ، فَطَفِقَ رِجَالٌ يَعْتَرِضُونَ الْأَعْرَابِيَّ وَيُسَاوِمُونَهُ الْفَرَسَ، وَلَا يَشْعُرُونَ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمْ قَدِ ابْتَاعَهُ، حَتَّى زَادَ بَعْضُهُمُ الْأَعْرَابِيَّ فِي السَّوْمِ، فَلَمَّا زَادُوا، نَادَى الْأَعْرَابِيُّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: إِنْ كُنْتَ مُبْتَاعًا هَذَا الْفَرَسَ فَابْتَعْهُ، وَإِلَّا بِعْتُهُ، فَقَامَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ حِينَ سَمِعَ نِدَاءَ الْأَعْرَابِيِّ حَتَّى أَتَى الْأَعْرَابِيَّ فَقَالَ: " أَوَلَيْسَ قَدِ ابْتَعْتُ مِنْكَ؟ "، قَالَ: لَا، وَاللهِ، مَا بِعْتُكَهُ، قَالَ: " بَلِ ابْتَعْتُهُ مِنْكَ "، فَطَفِقَ النَّاسُ يَلُوذُونَ بِرَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَبِالْأَعْرَابِيِّ وَهُمَا يَتَرَاجَعَانِ، فَطَفِقَ الْأَعْرَابِيُّ يَقُولُ: هَلُمَّ شَهِيدًا أَنِّي بَايَعْتُكَ، فَقَالَ خُزَيْمَةُ: أَنَا أَشْهَدُ أَنَّكَ بَايَعْتَهُ، فَأَقْبَلَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَلَى خُزَيْمَةَ فَقَالَ: " بِمَ تَشْهَدُ؟ "، قَالَ: بِتَصْدِيقِكَ، فَجَعَلَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ شَهَادَةَ خُزَيْمَةَ شَهَادَةَ رَجُلَيْنِ.
The paternal uncle of Umarah bin Khuzaymah (may Allah be pleased with them both), who was one of the Companions of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), reported that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) bought a horse from a Bedouin. He (peace and blessings be upon him) took him along so that he could pay him the price of the horse. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) walked quickly and the Bedouin lagged behind. Some people met the Bedouin and began bargaining with him over the horse; they did not know that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) had bought it. Some of them offered a higher price. When they wanted to pay more, the Bedouin called out to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him): If you are going to buy the horse, then buy it; otherwise I will sell it. When the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) heard the Bedouin's call, he came and said: "Did I not buy the horse from you?" He said: By Allah! I did not sell it to you. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I did buy it from you." The people were coming to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and protecting him. He (peace and blessings be upon him) and the Bedouin were talking back and forth, and the Bedouin said: Bring a witness that I sold it. So Khuzaymah (may Allah be pleased with him) said: I testify that you sold it. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) turned to Khuzaymah (may Allah be pleased with him): "Why did you testify?" He said: Because I believe you (peace and blessings be upon him). He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "The testimony of Khuzaymah is equal to that of two men."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أنبأ الْأُسْتَاذُ أَبُو الْوَلِيدِ، ثنا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ، وَمُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ، قَالَا: ثنا عَبْدَةُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ الْخُزَاعِيُّ، ثنا زَيْدُ بْنُ الْحُبَابِ، حَدَّثَنِي مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ زُرَارَةَ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ خُزَيْمَةَ بْنِ ثَابِتٍ، حَدَّثَنِي عُمَارَةُ بْنُ خُزَيْمَةَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ خُزَيْمَةَ بْنِ ثَابِتٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ ابْتَاعَ مِنْ سَوَاءِ بْنِ الْحَارِثِ الْمُحَارِبِيِّ فَرَسًا، فَجَحَدَ، فَشَهِدَ لَهُ خُزَيْمَةُ بْنُ ثَابِتٍ، فَقَالَ لَهُ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " مَا حَمَلَكَ عَلَى الشَّهَادَةِ، وَلَمْ تَكُنْ مَعَهُ؟ "، قَالَ: صَدَقْتَ يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ، وَلَكِنْ صَدَّقْتُكَ بِمَا قُلْتَ، وَعَرَفْتُ أَنَّكَ لَا تَقُولُ إِلَّا حَقًّا، فَقَالَ: " مَنْ شَهِدَ لَهُ خُزَيْمَةُ أَوْ شَهِدَ عَلَيْهِ فَهُوَ حَسْبُهُ ". ⦗٢٤٧⦘ قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: " فَلَوْ كَانَ حَتْمًا لَمْ يُبَايِعْ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِلَا بَيِّنَةٍ ".
Umarah bin Khuzaymah (may Allah have mercy on him) narrates from his father Khuzaymah bin Thabit (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) bought a horse from Sawa' bin al-Harith al-Muharibi. He denied it, so Khuzaymah bin Thabit (may Allah be pleased with him) testified. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Why did you testify when you were not present?" He said: O Messenger of Allah! You have spoken the truth; but I believed you, because you speak nothing but the truth. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Whoever Khuzaymah testifies for or against, that is sufficient for him."
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: If it (taking witnesses) were obligatory, the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) would not have made a sale without evidence.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: If it (taking witnesses) were obligatory, the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) would not have made a sale without evidence.
