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السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب آداب القاضي
Book of the Etiquette of the Judge
باب: الأمر بالإشهاد
Chapter: The command to take witnesses
Bayhaqi 20513 — The command to take witnesses
قَالَ اللهُ جَلَّ ثَنَاؤُهُ {وَأَشْهِدُوا إِذَا تَبَايَعْتُمْ} [البقرة: 282]، قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: " الَّذِي يُشْبِهُ، وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ، وَإِيَّاهُ أَسْأَلُ التَّوْفِيقَ، أَنْ يَكُونَ أَمْرُهُ بِالْإِشْهَادِ عِنْدَ الْبَيْعِ دَلَالَةً عَلَى مَا فِيهِ الْحَظُّ بِالشَّهَادَةِ، لَا حَتْمًا، وَاحْتَجَّ بِقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى فِي آيَةِ الدَّيْنِ، وَالدَّيْنُ تَبَايُعٌ: {فَاكْتُبُوهُ} [البقرة: 282]، ثُمَّ قَالَ: {وَإِنْ كُنْتُمْ عَلَى سَفَرٍ وَلَمْ تَجِدُوا كَاتِبًا فَرِهَانٌ مَقْبُوضَةٌ فَإِنْ أَمِنَ بَعْضُكُمْ بَعْضًا فَلْيُؤَدِّ الَّذِي اؤْتُمِنَ أَمَانَتَهُ} [البقرة: 283]، فَلَمَّا أَمَرَ إِذَا لَمْ يَجِدُوا كَاتِبًا بِالرَّهْنِ ثُمَّ أَبَاحَ تَرْكَ الرَّهْنِ دَلَّ عَلَى أَنَّ الْأَمْرَ الْأَوَّلَ دَلَالَةٌ عَلَى الْحَظِّ، لَا فَرْضًا مِنْهُ، يَعْصِي مَنْ تَرَكَهُ، وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ..
Allah, exalted be His praise, says: "And take witnesses when you conclude a sale." [Surah al-Baqarah: 282]
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "What seems most fitting, and Allah knows best, and I ask Him alone for success, is that His command to take witnesses at the time of sale is guidance towards the benefit that lies in testimony, not a binding obligation."
And he argued from the words of Allah Almighty in the verse of debt, and debt is also (a kind of) sale: "Then write it down." [Surah al-Baqarah: 282]
Then He said: "And if you are on a journey and do not find a scribe, then a pledge taken into possession (suffices). And if one of you entrusts another, then let the one who is entrusted discharge his trust." [Surah al-Baqarah: 283]
(Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said:) "So when Allah Almighty commanded that, if they do not find a scribe, they should take a pledge, and then permitted leaving the pledge, this shows that the first command (too) is guidance towards benefit, not an obligation from Him whose neglecter is sinful, and Allah knows best."
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "What seems most fitting, and Allah knows best, and I ask Him alone for success, is that His command to take witnesses at the time of sale is guidance towards the benefit that lies in testimony, not a binding obligation."
And he argued from the words of Allah Almighty in the verse of debt, and debt is also (a kind of) sale: "Then write it down." [Surah al-Baqarah: 282]
Then He said: "And if you are on a journey and do not find a scribe, then a pledge taken into possession (suffices). And if one of you entrusts another, then let the one who is entrusted discharge his trust." [Surah al-Baqarah: 283]
(Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said:) "So when Allah Almighty commanded that, if they do not find a scribe, they should take a pledge, and then permitted leaving the pledge, this shows that the first command (too) is guidance towards benefit, not an obligation from Him whose neglecter is sinful, and Allah knows best."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو سَعْدٍ الْمَالِينِيُّ، أنبأ أَبُو أَحْمَدَ بْنُ عَدِيٍّ الْحَافِظُ، أنبأ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ شَهْرَيَارَ، ثنا هِلَالُ بْنُ بِشْرٍ، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مَرْوَانَ ح وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَمْرٍو الرَّزْجَاهِيُّ، أنبأ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الْإِسْمَاعِيلِيُّ، أنبأ الصُّوفِيُّ - وَهُوَ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْجَبَّارِ، ثنا أَبُو هَمَّامٍ الْوَلِيدُ بْنُ شُجَاعٍ، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مَرْوَانَ، ثنا عَبْدُ الْمَلِكِ بْنُ أَبِي نَضْرَةَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ أَبِي سَعِيدٍ الْخُدْرِيِّ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ: " تَلَا: {يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِذَا تَدَايَنْتُمْ بِدَيْنٍ إِلَى أَجَلٍ مُسَمًّى} [البقرة: ٢٨٢] حَتَّى بَلَغَ: {فَإِنْ أَمِنَ بَعْضُكُمْ بَعْضًا} [البقرة: ٢٨٣] قَالَ: " هَذِهِ نَسَخَتْ مَا قَبْلَهَا ".
Sayyiduna Abu Sa'id al-Khudri (may Allah be pleased with him) said: The verse "O you who believe, when you contract a debt for a fixed term, write it down" [Surah al-Baqarah: 282]
"And if one of you entrusts another" [Surah al-Baqarah: 283] abrogated the earlier verse.
"And if one of you entrusts another" [Surah al-Baqarah: 283] abrogated the earlier verse.
