السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب آداب القاضي
Book of the Etiquette of the Judge
باب: من اجتهد، ثم رأى أن اجتهاده خالف نصا أو إجماعا أو ما في معناه، رده على نفسه، وعلى غيره
One who exercises ijtihad, then sees that it contradicts a text, consensus or something of its meaning, must revoke it for himself and others
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أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَمْرٍو مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ الْأَدِيبُ، أنبأ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الْإِسْمَاعِيلِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنِي أَبُو يَعْلَى، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الصَّبَّاحِ - يَعْنِي الدُّولَابِيَّ -، ثنا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ سَعْدٍ، ثنا أَبِي، عَنِ الْقَاسِمِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ، رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهَا قَالَتْ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " مَنْ أَحْدَثَ فِي أَمْرِنَا مَا لَيْسَ مِنْهُ فَهُوَ رَدٌّ " رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي الصَّحِيحِ عَنْ يَعْقُوبَ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، وَرَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ الصَّبَّاحِ وَغَيْرِهِ.
Sayyidah Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) narrates that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Whoever introduces into our religion something new that is not part of it, it is rejected."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو طَاهِرٍ الْفَقِيهُ، أنبأ أَبُو حَامِدِ بْنُ بِلَالٍ، ثنا يَحْيَى بْنُ الرَّبِيعِ، ثنا سُفْيَانُ، عَنْ إِدْرِيسَ الْأَوْدِيِّ، قَالَ: أَخْرَجَ إِلَيْنَا سَعِيدُ بْنُ أَبِي بُرْدَةَ كِتَابًا، فَقَالَ: هَذَا كِتَابُ عُمَرَ إِلَى أَبِي مُوسَى رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمَا: " أَمَّا بَعْدُ، لَا يَمْنَعْكَ قَضَاءٌ قَضَيْتَهُ بِالْأَمْسِ رَاجَعْتَ الْحَقَّ، فَإِنَّ الْحَقَّ قَدِيمٌ، لَا يُبْطِلُ الْحَقَّ شَيْءٌ، وَمُرَاجَعَةُ الْحَقِّ خَيْرٌ مِنَ التَّمَادِي فِي الْبَاطِلِ " وَرَوَاهُ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ حَنْبَلٍ وَغَيْرُهُ عَنْ سُفْيَانَ. وَقَالُوا فِي الْحَدِيثِ: " لَا يَمْنَعْكَ قَضَاءٌ قَضَيْتَهُ بِالْأَمْسِ رَاجَعْتَ فِيهِ نَفْسَكَ وَهُدِيتَ فِيهِ لِرُشْدِكَ أَنْ تُرَاجِعَ الْحَقَّ، فَإِنَّ الْحَقَّ قَدِيمٌ، وَإِنَّ الْحَقَّ لَا يُبْطِلُهُ شَيْءٌ، وَمُرَاجَعَةُ الْحَقِّ خَيْرٌ مِنَ التَّمَادِي فِي الْبَاطِلِ ".
Idris al-Awdi (may Allah have mercy on him) said that Sa'id bin Abi Burdah (may Allah have mercy on him) brought out a letter and said: This letter is from Sayyiduna Umar bin al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him) to Sayyiduna Abu Musa (may Allah be pleased with him): After praise and glorification! Let not a judgement you made yesterday prevent you; you have returned to the truth, and the truth alone is ancient. Nothing nullifies the truth, and returning to the truth is better than persisting in falsehood.
(b) In the narration of Ahmad bin Hanbal (may Allah have mercy on him) and others from Sufyan it says: Let not a judgement you made yesterday prevent you, in which you consulted your own heart and were guided to what is right; the truth is ancient, nothing nullifies the truth, and returning to the truth is better than going on in falsehood.
(b) In the narration of Ahmad bin Hanbal (may Allah have mercy on him) and others from Sufyan it says: Let not a judgement you made yesterday prevent you, in which you consulted your own heart and were guided to what is right; the truth is ancient, nothing nullifies the truth, and returning to the truth is better than going on in falsehood.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أَخْبَرَنِي أَحْمَدُ بْنُ سَهْلٍ، ثنا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ مَعْقِلٍ، حَدَّثَنِي حَرْمَلَةُ، ثنا ابْنُ وَهْبٍ، حَدَّثَنِي مَالِكٌ، عَنْ يَحْيَى بْنِ سَعِيدٍ، وَرَبِيعَةَ بْنِ أَبِي عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ، قَالَا: كَانَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ، يَقُولُ: " مَا مِنْ طِينَةٍ أَهْوَنُ عَلَيَّ فَكًّا، وَمَا مِنْ كِتَابٍ أَيْسَرُ عَلَيَّ رَدًّا مِنْ كِتَابٍ قَضَيْتُ بِهِ، ثُمَّ أَبْصَرْتُ أَنَّ الْحَقَّ فِي غَيْرِهِ، فَفَسَخْتُهُ ".
Umar bin Abd al-Aziz (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Breaking open a clay seal is very easy for me, and changing a judgement I have made is easier still, when I see that the truth is contrary to it.
Chapter: A ruler who exercises ijtihad, and then his ijtihad, or the ijtihad of someone else, changes in a matter where ijtihad is permissible: what he judged is not overturned
"When a ruler, or someone else, exercises ijtihad in permissible cases and then his ijtihad changes, it is not permissible to change the judgement."
By way of evidence from what has passed concerning an error in the qibla in the Book of Prayer.
Chapter: A ruler who exercises ijtihad, and then his ijtihad, or the ijtihad of someone else, changes in a matter where ijtihad is permissible: what he judged is not overturned
"When a ruler, or someone else, exercises ijtihad in permissible cases and then his ijtihad changes, it is not permissible to change the judgement."
By way of evidence from what has passed concerning an error in the qibla in the Book of Prayer.
وَبِمَا أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ أَبِي عَمْرٍو، أنبأ أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ ⦗٢٠٥⦘ الشَّيْبَانِيُّ، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ نَصْرٍ الْمَرْوَزِيُّ، ثنا الْحَسَنُ بْنُ عِيسَى، أنبأ ابْنُ الْمُبَارَكِ، أنبأ مَعْمَرٌ، قَالَ: سَمِعْتُ سِمَاكَ بْنَ الْفَضْلِ الْخَوْلَانِيَّ، يُحَدِّثُ عَنْ وَهْبِ بْنِ مُنَبِّهٍ، عَنِ الْحَكَمِ بْنِ مَسْعُودٍ الثَّقَفِيِّ، قَالَ: شَهِدْتُ عُمَرَ بْنَ الْخَطَّابِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ أَشْرَكَ الْإِخْوَةَ مِنَ الْأَبِ وَالْأُمِّ مَعَ الْإِخْوَةِ مِنَ الْأُمِّ فِي الثُّلُثِ، فَقَالَ لَهُ رَجُلٌ: لَقَدْ قَضَيْتُ عَامَ أَوَّلَ بِغَيْرِ هَذَا، قَالَ: " فَكَيْفَ قَضَيْتُ؟ قَالَ: جَعَلْتَهُ لِلْإِخْوَةِ مِنَ الْأَبِ وَالْأُمِّ، وَلَمْ تَجْعَلْ لِلْإِخْوَةِ مِنَ الْأُمِّ شَيْئًا، قَالَ: " تِلْكَ عَلَى مَا قَضَيْنَا، وَهَذِهِ عَلَى مَا قَضَيْنَا ".
Hakam bin Mas'ud al-Thaqafi (may Allah have mercy on him) said: I was with Sayyiduna Umar bin al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him). He made the full brothers share the one-third together with the maternal half-brothers. A man said: The year before, you judged the opposite of this. He asked: What did I judge? He said: You gave a share to the full brothers and gave nothing at all to the maternal half-brothers. Sayyiduna Umar bin al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him) said: That stands as we judged it then, and this stands in its own place.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا الْحَسَنُ بْنُ عَلِيِّ بْنِ عَفَّانَ، ثنا ابْنُ نُمَيْرٍ، عَنِ الْأَعْمَشِ، عَنْ سَالِمِ بْنِ أَبِي الْجَعْدِ، قَالَ: " لَوْ كَانَ عَلِيٌّ طَاعِنًا عَلَى عُمَرَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمَا يَوْمًا مِنَ الدَّهْرِ لطَعَنَ عَلَيْهِ يَوْمَ أَتَاهُ أَهْلُ نَجْرَانَ وَكَانَ عَلِيٌّ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ كَتَبَ الْكِتَابَ بَيْنَ أَهْلِ نَجْرَانَ وَبَيْنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، فَكَثُرُوا فِي عَهْدِ عُمَرَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ حَتَّى خَافَهُمْ عَلَى النَّاسِ، فَوَقَعَ بَيْنَهَمُ الِاخْتِلَافُ، فَأَتَوْا عُمَرَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ، فَسَأَلُوهُ الْبَدَلَ فَأَبْدَلَهُمْ، قَالَ: ثُمَّ نَدِمُوا، وَوَضَعَ بَيْنَهُمْ شَيئًا فَأَبَوْهُ فَاسْتَقَالُوهُ فَأَبَى أَنْ يُقِيلَهُمْ فَلَمَّا وَلِيَ عَلِيٌّ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ أَتَوْهُ فَقَالُوا: يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ شَفَاعَتُكَ بِلِسَانِكَ وَخَطُّكَ بِيَمِينِكَ، فَقَالَ عَلِيٌّ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ: " وَيْحَكُمْ إِنَّ عُمَرَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ كَانَ رَشِيدَ الْأَمْرِ ".
Salim bin Abi al-Ja'd said: If Sayyiduna Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) had ever criticised Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him), he would have done so on the day the people of Najran came to him. Sayyiduna Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) had written the document between the people of Najran and the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). In the time of Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) their numbers grew, until Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) feared harm from them to the people, and disagreement arose among them. They came to Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) and asked for a change, so he made the change at their request. Then they regretted it, or disagreement arose between them; then they sought to have the matter reversed, but it was refused. When Sayyiduna Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) became the Commander of the Believers, they came to him and said: O Commander of the Believers! Your intercession by your tongue, and the document in your own handwriting! Sayyiduna Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) said: Woe to you! Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) was a man of sound judgement in affairs.
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا أَبُو الْفَضْلِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، ثنا أَبُو دَاوُدَ سُلَيْمَانُ بْنُ سَلَّامٍ - نَيْسَابُورِيٌّ -، ثنا إِسْحَاقُ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، أنبأ عَطَاءُ بْنُ مُسْلِمٍ، قَالَ سَمِعْتُ صَالِحًا الْمُرَادِيَّ يَقُولُ: قَالَ عَبْدُ خَيْرٍ: كُنْتُ قَرِيبًا مِنْ عَلِيٍّ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ حِينَ جَاءَهُ أَهْلُ نَجْرَانَ قَالَ: قُلْتُ: إِنْ كَانَ رَادًّا عَلَى عُمَرَ شَيْئًا فَالْيَوْمَ، قَالَ: فَسَلَّمُوا وَاصْطَفُّوا بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ، قَالَ: ثُمَّ أَدْخَلَ بَعْضُهُمْ يَدَهُ فِي كُمِّهِ فَأَخْرَجَ كِتَابًا فَوَضَعَهُ فِي يَدِ عَلِيٍّ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ، قَالُوا: يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، خَطُّكُ بِيَمِينِكَ وَإِمْلَاءُ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَلَيْكَ، قَالَ: فَرَأَيْتُ عَلِيًّا رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ وَقَدْ جَرَتِ الدُّمُوعُ عَلَى خَدِّهِ، قَالَ: ثُمَّ رَفَعَ رَأْسَهُ إِلَيْهِمْ فَقَالَ: " يَا أَهْلَ نَجْرَانَ إِنَّ هَذَا لَآخِرُ كِتَابٍ كَتَبْتُهُ بَيْنَ يَدَيْ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ "، قَالُوا: فَأَعْطِنَا مَا فِيهِ، قَالَ: " سَأُخْبِرُكُمْ عَنْ ذَاكَ، إِنَّ الَّذِي أَخَذَ مِنْكُمْ عُمَرُ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ لَمْ يَأْخُذْهُ لِنَفْسِهِ، إِنَّمَا أَخَذَهُ لِجَمَاعَةٍ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَكَانَ الَّذِي أَخَذَ مِنْكُمْ خَيْرًا مِمَّا أَعْطَاكُمْ، وَاللهِ لَا أَرُدُّ شَيْئًا مِمَّا صَنَعَهُ عُمَرُ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ، إِنَّ عُمَرَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ كَانَ رَشِيدَ الْأَمْرِ ".
Abd Khayr said: I was near Sayyiduna Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) when the people of Najran came. I said: If he is ever going to reverse anything of Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him), it will be today. The narrator said: They gave greetings of peace and sat before him. Then one of them put his hand into his sleeve, took out a document and placed it in the hand of Sayyiduna Ali (may Allah be pleased with him), and they said: This is the document in your handwriting which the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) dictated. The narrator said: Tears flowed from the eyes of Sayyiduna Ali (may Allah be pleased with him). Then he raised his head towards them and said: This is the last document I wrote in the presence of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). They said: Grant us what is in it. He said: I will soon tell you about that. Whatever Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) took, he did not take for himself; he collected it for the Muslims. What Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) took from you was better than what he gave you. By Allah, I will not undo anything that Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) did, because Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) was a man of sound judgement.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ يُوسُفَ الْأَصْبَهَانِيُّ، أنبأ أَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ ⦗٢٠٦⦘ الْأَعْرَابِيِّ، أنبأ الْحَسَنُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الزَّعْفَرَانِيُّ، ثنا عَبْدُ الْوَهَّابِ بْنُ عَطَاءٍ، عَنْ سَعِيدٍ، عَنْ قَتَادَةَ، عَنْ أَبِي حَسَّانَ، أَنَّ الْعَبَّاسَ بْنَ خَرَشَةَ الْكِلَابِيَّ، قَالَ لَهُ بَنُو عَمِّهِ، وَبَنُو عَمِّ امْرَأَتِهِ: إِنَّ امْرَأَتَكَ لَا تُحِبُّكَ، فَإِنْ أَحْبَبْتَ أَنْ تَعْلَمَ ذَلِكَ، فَخَيِّرْهَا، فَقَالَ: يَا بَرْزَةَ بِنْتَ الْحُرِّ اخْتَارِي، فَقَالَتْ: وَيْحَكَ اخْتَرْتُ، وَلَسْتَ بِخِيَارٍ، قَالَتْ ذَلِكَ ثَلَاثَ مَرَّاتٍ، فَقَالُوا: حَرُمَتْ عَلَيْكَ، فَقَالَ: كَذَبْتُمْ، فَأَتَى عَلِيًّا رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهَ، فَذَكَرَ ذَلِكَ لَهُ، فَقَالَ: " لَئِنْ قَرَبْتَهَا حَتَّى تُنْكِحَ زَوْجًا غَيْرَكَ لَأُغُيِّبَنَكَ بِالْحِجَارَةِ "، أَوْ قَالَ: " أَرْضَخُكَ بِالْحِجَارَةِ "، قَالَ: فلَمَّا اسْتُخْلِفَ مُعَاوِيَةُ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ، أَتَاهُ فَقَالَ: إِنَّ أَبَا تُرَابٍ فَرَّقَ بَيْنِي وَبَيْنَ امْرَأَتِي بِكَذَا وَكَذَا، قَالَ: قَدْ أَجَزْنَا قَضَاءَهُ عَلَيْكَ، أَوْ قَالَ: مَا كُنَّا لَنَرُدُ قَضَاءً قَضَاهُ عَلَيْكَ.
The sons of the paternal uncles of Abbas bin Kharashah al-Kilabi and the sons of his wife's paternal uncles said to him: Your wife does not love you; if you want to know, give her the choice. He gave his wife Barzah bint al-Hurr the choice. She said: Woe to you! I have made my choice, and you are no good choice. She said this three times. They said: She has become unlawful for you. He said: You are lying. He came to Sayyiduna Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) and mentioned it, and he (may Allah be pleased with him) said: If you go near her before she marries another husband, I will stone you with stones. The narrator said: Then he came to Amir Mu'awiyah (may Allah be pleased with him) and said: Sayyiduna Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) separated me from my wife for this reason. He said: We too have kept that same judgement in place, or he said: We will not change his judgement.
