السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب الجزية
Book of Jizyah
باب: من يؤخذ منه الجزية من أهل الكتاب، وهم اليهود والنصارى
Those of the People of the Book, the Jews and Christians, from whom jizyah is taken
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قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: قَالَ اللهُ جَلَّ ثَنَاؤُهُ: {قَاتِلُوا الَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللهِ وَلَا بِالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ وَلَا يُحَرِّمُونَ مَا حَرَّمَ اللهُ وَرَسُولُهُ وَلَا يَدِينُونَ دِينَ الْحَقِّ مِنَ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْكِتَابَ حَتَّى يُعْطُوا الْجِزْيَةَ عَنْ يَدٍ وَهُمْ صَاغِرُونَ} [التوبة: 29]..
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "Allah, exalted be His praise, says: 'Fight those of the People of the Scripture who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day, who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful, and who do not adopt the religion of truth, until they pay the jizyah with their own hands while they are humbled.' [Surah al-Tawbah: 29]"
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَلِيٍّ الْحُسَيْنُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الرُّوذْبَارِيُّ، أنبأ أَبُو بَكْرٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ بَكْرٍ، ثنا أَبُو دَاوُدَ، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ سُلَيْمَانَ الْأَنْبَارِيُّ، ثنا وَكِيعٌ، عَنْ سُفْيَانَ، عَنْ عَلْقَمَةَ بْنِ مَرْثَدٍ، عَنْ سُلَيْمَانَ بْنِ بُرَيْدَةَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، قَالَ: كَانَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ إِذَا بَعَثَ أَمِيرًا عَلَى سَرِيَّةٍ أَوْ جَيْشٍ أَوْصَاهُ بِتَقْوَى اللهِ فِي خَاصَّةِ نَفْسِهِ وَبِمَنْ مَعَهُ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ خَيْرًا، قَالَ: " إِذَا لَقِيتَ عَدُوَّكَ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ فَادْعُهُمْ إِلَى إِحْدَى ثَلَاثِ خِصَالٍ أَوْ خِلَالٍ، فَأَيَّتُهُنَّ أَجَابُوكَ إِلَيْهَا فَاقْبَلْ مِنْهُمْ وَكُفَّ عَنْهُمْ، ادْعُهُمْ إِلَى الْإِسْلَامِ، فَإِنْ أَجَابُوكَ فَاقْبَلْ مِنْهُمْ وَكُفَّ عَنْهُمْ، ثُمَّ ادْعُهُمْ إِلَى التَّحَوُّلِ مِنْ دَارِهِمْ إِلَى دَارِ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ، وَأَعْلِمْهُمْ أَنَّهُمْ إِنْ فَعَلُوا ذَلِكَ أَنَّ لَهُمْ مَا لِلْمُهَاجِرِينَ وَأَنَّ عَلَيْهِمْ مَا عَلَى الْمُهَاجِرِينَ، فَإِنْ أَبَوْا وَاخْتَارُوا دَارَهُمْ فَأَعْلِمْهُمْ أَنَّهُمْ يَكُونُونَ مِثْلَ أَعْرَابِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ يَجْرِي عَلَيْهِمْ حُكْمُ اللهِ الَّذِي كَانَ يَجْرِي عَلَى الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، وَلَا يَكُونُ لَهُمْ فِي الْفَيْءِ وَالْغَنِيمَةِ نَصِيبٌ إِلَّا أَنْ يُجَاهِدُوا مَعَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، فَإِنْ هُمْ أَبَوْا فَادْعُهُمْ إِلَى إِعْطَاءِ الْجِزْيَةِ، فَإِنْ أَجَابُوكَ فَاقْبَلْ مِنْهُمْ وَكُفَّ عَنْهُمْ، فَإِنْ أَبَوْا فَاسْتَعِنْ بِاللهِ وَقَاتِلْهُمْ، وَإِذَا قَاتَلْتَ أَهْلَ حِصْنٍ فَأَرَادُوكَ أَنْ تُنْزِلَهُمْ عَلَى حُكْمِ اللهِ فَلَا تُنْزِلْهُمْ، وَإِنَّكُمْ لَا تَدْرُونَ مَا يَحْكُمُ اللهُ فِيهِمْ، وَلَكِنْ أَنْزِلُوهُمْ عَلَى حُكْمِكُمْ ثُمَّ اقْضُوا فِيهِمْ بَعْدُ مَا شِئْتُمْ ". ⦗٣١١⦘ قَالَ سُفْيَانُ: قَالَ عَلْقَمَةُ: فَذَكَرْتُ هَذَا الْحَدِيثَ لِمُقَاتِلِ بْنِ حَيَّانَ فَقَالَ: حَدَّثَنِي مُسْلِمٌ هُوَ ابْنُ هَيْصَمٍ، عَنِ النُّعْمَانِ بْنِ مُقَرِّنٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ، عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ مِثْلَ حَدِيثِ سُلَيْمَانَ بْنِ بُرَيْدَةَ.
Sulayman bin Buraydah narrates from his father (may Allah be pleased with him) that whenever the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) appointed a commander over a small detachment or a large army, he would advise him to fear Allah in his own affairs and to treat the Muslims with him well, and he would also say: "When you come face to face with your enemies from among the polytheists, invite them to three things; whichever of them they accept, accept it from them and hold back from them. Invite them to Islam; if they accept, do not attack them. Then invite them to leave their land and come to the land of the Hijrah, and tell them that if they come, they will have the rights of the Muhajirun and the same obligations as the Muhajirun will be upon them. If they refuse to move to the land of the Hijrah and choose their own homes, then tell them that their status will be like that of the Bedouin Muslims: the commands of Allah Almighty will apply to them as they apply to the other believers, but they will receive nothing from the spoils of war and the fay' unless they fight in jihad together with the Muslims. If they do not accept this, then demand the jizyah from them. If they agree, take the jizyah from them and say nothing to them; and if they refuse the jizyah, then seek help from Allah and fight against them. When you besiege a fortress and they ask you to let them come down on the judgment of Allah, do not let them come down on it, for you do not know what Allah will judge concerning them; rather, let them come down on your own judgment, and then afterwards decide about them as you wish."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الصَّفَّارُ، ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ مِهْرَانَ، ثنا عُبَيْدُ اللهِ بْنُ مُوسَى، أنبأ سُفْيَانُ، ح وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا الْحَسَنُ بْنُ عَلِيِّ بْنِ عَفَّانَ، ثنا يَحْيَى بْنُ آدَمَ، ثنا سُفْيَانُ الثَّوْرِيُّ، عَنْ عَلْقَمَةَ بْنِ مَرْثَدٍ، عَنْ سُلَيْمَانَ بْنِ بُرَيْدَةَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، قَالَ: كَانَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ إِذَا بَعَثَ أَمِيرًا عَلَى جَيْشٍ أَوْصَاهُ، وَذَكَرَ الْحَدِيثَ، زَادَ فِيهِ: " وَإِذَا حَاصَرْتَ أَهْلَ حِصْنٍ وَأَرَادُوكَ عَلَى أَنْ تَجْعَلَ لَهُمْ ذِمَّةَ اللهِ وَذِمَّةَ نَبِيِّكَ فَلَا تَجْعَلْ لَهُمْ ذِمَّةَ اللهِ وَذِمَّةَ نَبِيِّكَ، وَلَكِنِ اجْعَلْ لَهُمْ ذِمَّتَكَ وَذِمَّةَ آبَائِكَ وَذِمَمَ أَصْحَابِكَ، فَإِنَّكُمْ أَنْ تُخْفِرُوا ذِمَمَكُمْ وَذِمَمَ آبَائِكُمْ أَهْوَنُ عَلَيْكُمْ مِنْ أَنْ تُخْفِرُوا ذِمَّةَ اللهِ وَذِمَّةَ رَسُولِهِ ". وَلَمْ يَذْكُرْ إِسْنَادَ حَدِيثِ مُقَاتِلٍ. رَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ فِي الصَّحِيحِ عَنْ أَبِي بَكْرِ بْنِ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ، عَنْ وَكِيعٍ دُونَ إِسْنَادِ مُقَاتِلٍ، وَرَوَاهُ عَنْ إِسْحَاقَ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَنْ يَحْيَى بْنِ آدَمَ، وَذَكَرَ فِيهِ إِسْنَادَ مُقَاتِلٍ..
Sulayman bin Buraydah (may Allah have mercy on him) narrates from his father, Sayyiduna Buraydah (may Allah be pleased with him), that whenever the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) sent someone off as the commander of an army, he would give him some instructions. This narration has the addition: "When you besiege a fortress and they ask you for the covenant of protection of Allah and His Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him), then instead of the covenant of Allah and the Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him), give them your own covenant and that of your companions; for if you break your own covenant and that of your fathers and companions, it is a lesser matter than breaking that of Allah and His Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him)."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أنبأ أَبُو الْفَضْلِ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ سَلَمَةَ، ثنا عَبْدُ الْوَارِثِ بْنُ عَبْدِ الصَّمَدِ، حَدَّثَنِي أَبِي، ثنا شُعْبَةُ، حَدَّثَنِي عَلْقَمَةُ بْنُ مَرْثَدٍ، أَنَّ سُلَيْمَانَ بْنَ بُرَيْدَةَ الْأَسْلَمِيَّ حَدَّثَهُ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، قَالَ: كَانَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ إِذَا بَعَثَ أَمِيرًا عَلَى جَيْشٍ أَوْ سَرِيَّةٍ دَعَاهُ فَأَوْصَاهُ فِي خَاصَّةِ نَفْسِهِ وَبِمَنْ مَعَهُ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَذَكَرَ الْحَدِيثَ بِزِيَادَتِهِ فِي مَتْنِهِ. ⦗٣١٢⦘ رَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ فِي الصَّحِيحِ عَنْ حَجَّاجِ بْنِ الشَّاعِرِ عَنْ عَبْدِ الصَّمَدِ..
Sulayman bin Buraydah narrates from his father (may Allah be pleased with him) that whenever the Master of both worlds (peace and blessings be upon him) appointed a commander over a small detachment or a large army, he would advise him "to fear Allah Almighty in his own affairs and to treat the Muslims with him well."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحُسَيْنِ بْنُ بِشْرَانَ بِبَغْدَادَ، أنبأ أَبُو الْحَسَنِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الْمِصْرِيُّ، ثنا رَوْحُ بْنُ الْفَرَجِ، ثنا يَحْيَى بْنُ بُكَيْرٍ، حَدَّثَنِي اللَّيْثُ بْنُ سَعْدٍ، عَنْ جَرِيرِ بْنِ حَازِمٍ، عَنْ شُعْبَةَ بْنِ الْحَجَّاجِ، فَذَكَرَهُ.
Likewise (through another chain, from Shu'bah bin al-Hajjaj).
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ الْمُزَنِيُّ، ح وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو نَصْرِ بْنُ قَتَادَةَ، أنبأ أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ الْهَرَوِيُّ قَالَا: أنبأ عَلِيُّ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى، ثنا أَبُو الْيَمَانِ، أَخْبَرَنِي شُعَيْبٌ، عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ، أَخْبَرَنِي حُمَيْدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ، أَنَّ أَبَا هُرَيْرَةَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ: بَعَثَنِي أَبُو بَكْرٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ فِيمَنْ يُؤَذِّنُ يَوْمَ النَّحْرِ بِمِنًى أَنْ لَا يَحُجَّ بَعْدَ الْعَامِ مُشْرِكٌ، وَأَنْ لَا يَطُوفَ بِالْبَيْتِ عُرْيَانٌ، وَيَوْمُ الْحَجِّ الْأَكْبَرِ يَوْمُ النَّحْرِ، وَإِنَّمَا قِيلَ الْحَجُّ الْأَكْبَرُ مِنْ أَجْلِ قَوْلِ النَّاسِ الْحَجَّ الْأَصْغَرَ، فَنَبَذَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ إِلَى النَّاسِ فِي ذَلِكَ الْعَامِ فَلَمْ يَحُجَّ فِي الْعَامِ الْقَابِلِ الَّذِي حَجَّ فِيهِ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ حَجَّةَ الْوَدَاعِ مُشْرِكٌ، وَأَنْزَلَ اللهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ فِي الْعَامِ الَّذِي نَبَذَ فِيهِ أَبُو بَكْرٍ إِلَى الْمُشْرِكِينَ: {يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِنَّمَا الْمُشْرِكُونَ نَجَسٌ فَلَا يَقْرَبُوا الْمَسْجِدَ الْحَرَامَ} [التوبة: ٢٨] إِلَى قَوْلِهِ: {عَلِيمٌ حَكِيمٌ} [التوبة: ٢٨]، فَكَانَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ يُوَافُونَ بِالتِّجَارَةِ فَيَنْتَفِعُ بِهَا الْمُسْلِمُونَ، فَلَمَّا حَرَّمَ اللهُ عَلَى الْمُشْرِكِينَ أَنْ لَا يَقْرَبُوا الْمَسْجِدَ الْحَرَامَ وَجَدَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ فِي أَنْفُسِهِمْ مِمَّا قُطِعَ عَنْهُمْ مِنَ التِّجَارَةِ الَّتِي كَانَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ يُوَافُونَ بِهَا، فَقَالَ اللهُ تَعَالَى: {وَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ عَيْلَةً فَسَوْفَ يُغْنِيكُمُ اللهُ مِنْ فَضْلِهِ إِنْ شَاءَ} [التوبة: ٢٨]، ثُمَّ أَحَلَّ فِي الْآيَةِ الَّتِي تَتْبَعُهَا الْجِزْيَةَ، وَلَمْ تَكُنْ تُؤْخَذُ قَبْلَ ذَلِكَ، فَجَعَلَهَا عِوَضًا مِمَّا مَنَعَهُمْ مِنْ مُوَافَاةِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ بِتِجَارَاتِهِمْ فَقَالَ: {قَاتِلُوا الَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللهِ وَلَا بِالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ وَلَا يُحَرِّمُونَ مَا حَرَّمَ اللهُ وَرَسُولُهُ وَلَا يَدِينُونَ دِينَ الْحَقِّ مِنَ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْكِتَابَ حَتَّى يُعْطُوا الْجِزْيَةَ عَنْ يَدٍ وَهُمْ صَاغِرُونَ} [التوبة: ٢٩]، فَلَمَّا أَحَلَّ اللهُ ذَلِكَ لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ عَرَفُوا أَنَّهُ قَدْ عَاضَهُمْ أَفْضَلَ مِمَّا كَانُوا وَجَدُوا عَلَيْهِ مِمَّا كَانَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ يُوَافُونَ بِهِ مِنَ التِّجَارَةِ. رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي الصَّحِيحِ عَنْ أَبِي الْيَمَانِ إِلَى قَوْلِهِ: حَجَّةَ الْوَدَاعِ مُشْرِكٌ دُونَ مَا بَعْدَهُ، وَأَظُنُّهُ مِنْ قَوْلِ الزُّهْرِيِّ.
Sayyiduna Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) says: Sayyiduna Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) sent me at Mina on the Day of Sacrifice to announce: "From next year no polytheist shall come for Hajj, and no one shall circumambulate the House naked; and the greater Hajj (al-Hajj al-Akbar) is the Day of Sacrifice." It was also said that it was called the greater Hajj because people speak of the lesser Hajj. Sayyiduna Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) had this announced that year, and in the following year no polytheist was to perform Hajj with the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). In that same year in which Sayyiduna Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) made the announcement, Allah Almighty revealed these verses: "O you who believe, the polytheists are impure, so let them not come near al-Masjid al-Haram" [Surah al-Tawbah: 28] up to "He is All-Knowing, All-Wise" [Surah al-Tawbah: 28].
The polytheists used to come for trade, from which the Muslims benefited. When Allah Almighty barred the polytheists from al-Masjid al-Haram, the Muslims thought that the flow of trade had been cut off.
Then Allah Almighty [said] [Surah al-Tawbah: 28]:
"If you fear poverty, Allah will enrich you from His bounty, if He wills." Then taking the jizyah from them was made lawful, which had not been taken before this. This was a substitute for the benefit they used to derive from the trade of the polytheists. He said: "Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day, who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful, and who do not adopt the religion of truth, from among the People of the Scripture, until they pay the jizyah while they are humbled." [Surah al-Tawbah: 29] When Allah Almighty made this lawful for the Muslims, they recognised that Allah had given them a better replacement for what they used to obtain from the trade of the polytheists.
The polytheists used to come for trade, from which the Muslims benefited. When Allah Almighty barred the polytheists from al-Masjid al-Haram, the Muslims thought that the flow of trade had been cut off.
Then Allah Almighty [said] [Surah al-Tawbah: 28]:
"If you fear poverty, Allah will enrich you from His bounty, if He wills." Then taking the jizyah from them was made lawful, which had not been taken before this. This was a substitute for the benefit they used to derive from the trade of the polytheists. He said: "Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day, who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful, and who do not adopt the religion of truth, from among the People of the Scripture, until they pay the jizyah while they are humbled." [Surah al-Tawbah: 29] When Allah Almighty made this lawful for the Muslims, they recognised that Allah had given them a better replacement for what they used to obtain from the trade of the polytheists.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أنبأ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ الْقَاضِي، ثنا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ الْحُسَيْنِ، ثنا آدَمُ بْنُ أَبِي إِيَاسٍ، ثنا وَرْقَاءُ، عَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي نَجِيحٍ، عَنْ مُجَاهِدٍ، فِي قَوْلِهِ: {قَاتِلُوا الَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللهِ وَلَا بِالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ} [التوبة: ٢٩] إِلَى قَوْلِهِ: {حَتَّى يُعْطُوا الْجِزْيَةَ ⦗٣١٣⦘ عَنْ يَدٍ وَهُمْ صَاغِرُونَ} [التوبة: ٢٩] قَالَ: نَزَلَ هَذَا حِينَ أُمِرَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَأَصْحَابُهُ بِغَزْوَةِ تَبُوكَ.
Ibn Abi Najih (may Allah have mercy on him) narrates from Mujahid (may Allah have mercy on him) regarding the saying of Allah Almighty: "Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day" [Surah al-Tawbah: 29] and "until they pay the jizyah with their own hands while they are humbled" [Surah al-Tawbah: 29], that he said: This verse was revealed when the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and his Companions were commanded to undertake the expedition of Tabuk.
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أنبأ أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْجَبَّارِ، ثنا يُونُسُ بْنُ بُكَيْرٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ إِسْحَاقَ، قَالَ: فَلَمَّا انْتَهَى رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ إِلَى تَبُوكَ أَتَاهُ يَحْنَةُ بْنُ رَوْبَةَ صَاحِبُ أَيْلَةَ فَصَالَحَ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَأَعْطَاهُ الْجِزْيَةَ وَأَتَاهُ أَهْلُ جَرَبَا وَأَذْرُحَ فَأَعْطَوْهُ الْجِزْيَةَ.
Ibn Ishaq (may Allah have mercy on him) says: When the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) reached Tabuk, Yuhannah bin Ru'bah made peace and paid the jizyah; likewise the people of Jarba and Adhruh also paid the jizyah.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ الْحَافِظُ، أنبأ أَبُو عَمْرِو بْنُ حَمْدَانَ، أنبأ الْحَسَنُ بْنُ سُفْيَانَ، ثنا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ، ثنا وَكِيعٌ، ثنا فُضَيْلُ بْنُ عِيَاضٍ، عَنْ لَيْثٍ، عَنْ مُجَاهِدٍ، قَالَ: يُقَاتَلُ أَهْلُ الْأَوْثَانِ عَلَى الْإِسْلَامِ وَيُقَاتَلُ أَهْلُ الْكِتَابِ عَلَى الْجِزْيَةِ.
Layth (may Allah have mercy on him) narrates from Mujahid (may Allah have mercy on him) that he said: The idol-worshippers are to be fought until they accept Islam, and the People of the Scripture are to be fought until they pay the jizyah.
