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السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب الجزية
Book of Jizyah
باب: من يؤخذ منه الجزية من أهل الكتاب، وهم اليهود والنصارى
Chapter: Those of the People of the Book, the Jews and Christians, from whom jizyah is taken
Bayhaqi 18635 — Those of the People of the Book, the Jews
اُردوEn
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ الْمُزَنِيُّ، ح وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو نَصْرِ بْنُ قَتَادَةَ، أنبأ أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ الْهَرَوِيُّ قَالَا: أنبأ عَلِيُّ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى، ثنا أَبُو الْيَمَانِ، أَخْبَرَنِي شُعَيْبٌ، عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ، أَخْبَرَنِي حُمَيْدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ، أَنَّ أَبَا هُرَيْرَةَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ: بَعَثَنِي أَبُو بَكْرٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ فِيمَنْ يُؤَذِّنُ يَوْمَ النَّحْرِ بِمِنًى أَنْ لَا يَحُجَّ بَعْدَ الْعَامِ مُشْرِكٌ، وَأَنْ لَا يَطُوفَ بِالْبَيْتِ عُرْيَانٌ، وَيَوْمُ الْحَجِّ الْأَكْبَرِ يَوْمُ النَّحْرِ، وَإِنَّمَا قِيلَ الْحَجُّ الْأَكْبَرُ مِنْ أَجْلِ قَوْلِ النَّاسِ الْحَجَّ الْأَصْغَرَ، فَنَبَذَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ إِلَى النَّاسِ فِي ذَلِكَ الْعَامِ فَلَمْ يَحُجَّ فِي الْعَامِ الْقَابِلِ الَّذِي حَجَّ فِيهِ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ حَجَّةَ الْوَدَاعِ مُشْرِكٌ، وَأَنْزَلَ اللهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ فِي الْعَامِ الَّذِي نَبَذَ فِيهِ أَبُو بَكْرٍ إِلَى الْمُشْرِكِينَ: {يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِنَّمَا الْمُشْرِكُونَ نَجَسٌ فَلَا يَقْرَبُوا الْمَسْجِدَ الْحَرَامَ} [التوبة: ٢٨] إِلَى قَوْلِهِ: {عَلِيمٌ حَكِيمٌ} [التوبة: ٢٨]، فَكَانَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ يُوَافُونَ بِالتِّجَارَةِ فَيَنْتَفِعُ بِهَا الْمُسْلِمُونَ، فَلَمَّا حَرَّمَ اللهُ عَلَى الْمُشْرِكِينَ أَنْ لَا يَقْرَبُوا الْمَسْجِدَ الْحَرَامَ وَجَدَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ فِي أَنْفُسِهِمْ مِمَّا قُطِعَ عَنْهُمْ مِنَ التِّجَارَةِ الَّتِي كَانَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ يُوَافُونَ بِهَا، فَقَالَ اللهُ تَعَالَى: {وَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ عَيْلَةً فَسَوْفَ يُغْنِيكُمُ اللهُ مِنْ فَضْلِهِ إِنْ شَاءَ} [التوبة: ٢٨]، ثُمَّ أَحَلَّ فِي الْآيَةِ الَّتِي تَتْبَعُهَا الْجِزْيَةَ، وَلَمْ تَكُنْ تُؤْخَذُ قَبْلَ ذَلِكَ، فَجَعَلَهَا عِوَضًا مِمَّا مَنَعَهُمْ مِنْ مُوَافَاةِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ بِتِجَارَاتِهِمْ فَقَالَ: {قَاتِلُوا الَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللهِ وَلَا بِالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ وَلَا يُحَرِّمُونَ مَا حَرَّمَ اللهُ وَرَسُولُهُ وَلَا يَدِينُونَ دِينَ الْحَقِّ مِنَ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْكِتَابَ حَتَّى يُعْطُوا الْجِزْيَةَ عَنْ يَدٍ وَهُمْ صَاغِرُونَ} [التوبة: ٢٩]، فَلَمَّا أَحَلَّ اللهُ ذَلِكَ لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ عَرَفُوا أَنَّهُ قَدْ عَاضَهُمْ أَفْضَلَ مِمَّا كَانُوا وَجَدُوا عَلَيْهِ مِمَّا كَانَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ يُوَافُونَ بِهِ مِنَ التِّجَارَةِ. رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي الصَّحِيحِ عَنْ أَبِي الْيَمَانِ إِلَى قَوْلِهِ: حَجَّةَ الْوَدَاعِ مُشْرِكٌ دُونَ مَا بَعْدَهُ، وَأَظُنُّهُ مِنْ قَوْلِ الزُّهْرِيِّ.
Sayyiduna Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) says: Sayyiduna Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) sent me at Mina on the Day of Sacrifice to announce: "From next year no polytheist shall come for Hajj, and no one shall circumambulate the House naked; and the greater Hajj (al-Hajj al-Akbar) is the Day of Sacrifice." It was also said that it was called the greater Hajj because people speak of the lesser Hajj. Sayyiduna Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) had this announced that year, and in the following year no polytheist was to perform Hajj with the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). In that same year in which Sayyiduna Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) made the announcement, Allah Almighty revealed these verses: "O you who believe, the polytheists are impure, so let them not come near al-Masjid al-Haram" [Surah al-Tawbah: 28] up to "He is All-Knowing, All-Wise" [Surah al-Tawbah: 28].
The polytheists used to come for trade, from which the Muslims benefited. When Allah Almighty barred the polytheists from al-Masjid al-Haram, the Muslims thought that the flow of trade had been cut off.
Then Allah Almighty [said] [Surah al-Tawbah: 28]:
"If you fear poverty, Allah will enrich you from His bounty, if He wills." Then taking the jizyah from them was made lawful, which had not been taken before this. This was a substitute for the benefit they used to derive from the trade of the polytheists. He said: "Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day, who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful, and who do not adopt the religion of truth, from among the People of the Scripture, until they pay the jizyah while they are humbled." [Surah al-Tawbah: 29] When Allah Almighty made this lawful for the Muslims, they recognised that Allah had given them a better replacement for what they used to obtain from the trade of the polytheists.
The polytheists used to come for trade, from which the Muslims benefited. When Allah Almighty barred the polytheists from al-Masjid al-Haram, the Muslims thought that the flow of trade had been cut off.
Then Allah Almighty [said] [Surah al-Tawbah: 28]:
"If you fear poverty, Allah will enrich you from His bounty, if He wills." Then taking the jizyah from them was made lawful, which had not been taken before this. This was a substitute for the benefit they used to derive from the trade of the polytheists. He said: "Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day, who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful, and who do not adopt the religion of truth, from among the People of the Scripture, until they pay the jizyah while they are humbled." [Surah al-Tawbah: 29] When Allah Almighty made this lawful for the Muslims, they recognised that Allah had given them a better replacement for what they used to obtain from the trade of the polytheists.
