Reports on seeking the help of polytheists

Sayyidah Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) said: When the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) set out towards Badr, at Harrat al-Wabarah a man met him who was well known for his daring, bravery and courage. The companions of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) were pleased when they saw him. He came to him and said: I want to be with you. He (peace and blessings be upon him) asked him: "Do you believe in Allah and His Messenger?" He said: No. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Go back, for I will not seek help from a polytheist." Then he (peace and blessings be upon him) went on, and when he reached al-Shajarah, the same man met him again and said as he had said the first time. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) also said to him as he had said the first time: "Go back, for I will never seek help from a polytheist." Sayyidah Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) said: He went back, then met him (peace and blessings be upon him) at al-Bayda', and the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) asked him as the first time: "Do you believe in Allah and His Messenger?" He answered yes, and he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Then come along."
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Perhaps the one who was sent back was sent back in the hope that he would accept Islam, and the leader has latitude in this.
After Badr he (peace and blessings be upon him) went on campaign taking the Jews of Banu Qaynuqa' along, and Safwan bin Umayyah took part with him (peace and blessings be upon him) in the battle of Hunayn, which was after the conquest of Makkah, and at that time Safwan bin Umayyah was a polytheist.
The Shaykh (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Among the scholars of the Maghazi, Safwan bin Umayyah's taking part in the battle while a polytheist is well known, and it has passed earlier; as for his campaigning with Banu Qaynuqa', I have not found it except in the hadith of al-Hasan bin Umarah, and he is da'if (weak). It is narrated from Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) sought help from the Jews of Banu Qaynuqa' and gave them something from the wealth, but did not fix a share for them.

Abu Humayd al-Sa'idi (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) set out on a campaign. When he had gone beyond Thaniyyat al-Wada', he saw a detachment and asked: "Who are these?" People said: These are the people of Banu Qaynuqa', and they are the clan of Abdullah bin Salam (may Allah be pleased with him). He (peace and blessings be upon him) asked: "Have they accepted Islam?" People said: No, rather they are on their religion. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Tell them to go back; we do not seek help from polytheists."
This chain is more authentic.

Khubayb bin Abd al-Rahman narrates from his father, from his grandfather (Sayyiduna Khubayb bin Yasaf (may Allah be pleased with him)), who said: The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) set out for one of his campaigns. Another man and I came to him (peace and blessings be upon him) before we had accepted Islam, and we said: We are ashamed that our people should go to a battle and we not go. He (peace and blessings be upon him) asked: "Have you accepted Islam?" We said: No. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "We will not seek help from polytheists against polytheists." Then we accepted Islam and went to battle with him (peace and blessings be upon him). I killed a man, and that man had struck me a blow, and I married his daughter. She used to say: May you never lack the man who put this sash (the scar of the wound) on you. I would say to her: May you never lack the man who hastened your father to the Fire. The grandfather of Khubayb bin Abd al-Rahman was Khubayb bin Yasaf, and it is also said Isaf (may Allah be pleased with him); he had the companionship of the Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him).

Al-Shaybani (may Allah have mercy on him) said that Sayyiduna Sa'd bin Malik (may Allah be pleased with him) fought taking some Jews along with him, and also gave them some wealth.