السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب النكاح
Book of Marriage
باب: الكلام الذي ينعقد به النكاح
The words by which marriage is contracted
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قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: قَالَ اللهُ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى لِنَبِيِّهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: {فَلَمَّا قَضَى زَيْدٌ مِنْهَا وَطَرًا زَوَّجْنَاكَهَا} [الأحزاب: 37]، وَقَالَ تَعَالَى: {وَامْرَأَةً مُؤْمِنَةً إِنْ وَهَبَتْ نَفْسَهَا لِلنَّبِيِّ إِنْ أَرَادَ النَّبِيُّ أَنْ يَسْتَنْكِحَهَا خَالِصَةً لَكَ مِنْ دُونِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ} [الأحزاب: 50] مَعَ آيَاتٍ سِوَاهُمَا ذَكَرَهَا، قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: سَمَّى اللهُ النِّكَاحَ اسْمَيْنِ النِّكَاحَ، وَالتَّزْوِيجَ وَأَبَانَ أَنَّ الْهِبَةَ لِرَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ دُونَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "Allah, the Blessed and Exalted, said to His Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him): 'Then when Zayd had fulfilled his need of her (that is, divorced her), We married her to you' [Surah al-Ahzab: 37].
And Allah Almighty said: 'And a believing woman if she gives herself to the Prophet, if the Prophet wishes to marry her; (this is) exclusively for you, not for the (other) believers' [Surah al-Ahzab: 50]," along with some other verses besides these two that he mentioned.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "Allah Almighty has given marriage two names: nikah and tazwij, and He made clear that (marriage by) gift is only for the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him), not for the other believers."
And Allah Almighty said: 'And a believing woman if she gives herself to the Prophet, if the Prophet wishes to marry her; (this is) exclusively for you, not for the (other) believers' [Surah al-Ahzab: 50]," along with some other verses besides these two that he mentioned.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "Allah Almighty has given marriage two names: nikah and tazwij, and He made clear that (marriage by) gift is only for the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him), not for the other believers."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَلِيٍّ الرُّوذْبَارِيُّ، أنبأ أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ دَاسَةَ، ثنا أَبُو دَاوُدَ، ثنا الْقَعْنَبِيُّ، عَنْ مَالِكٍ، عَنْ أَبِي حَازِمِ بْنِ دِينَارٍ، عَنْ سَهْلِ بْنِ سَعْدٍ السَّاعِدِيِّ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ جَاءَتْهُ امْرَأَةٌ، فَقَالَتْ: يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ إِنِّي قَدْ وَهَبْتُ نَفْسِي لَكَ، فَقَامَتْ قِيَامًا طَوِيلًا، فَقَامَ رَجُلٌ، فَقَالَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ زَوِّجْنِيهَا إِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَكَ بِهَا حَاجَةٌ، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " هَلْ عِنْدَكَ مِنْ شَيْءٍ تُصْدِقُهَا إِيَّاهُ؟ " فَقَالَ: مَا عِنْدِي إِلَّا إِزَارِي هَذَا، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " إِنَّكَ إِنْ أَعْطَيْتَهَا إِزَارَكَ جَلَسْتَ لَا إِزَارَ لَكَ، فَالْتَمِسْ شَيْئًا " قَالَ: لَا أَجِدُ شَيْئًا قَالَ: " فَالْتَمِسْ وَلَوْ خَاتَمًا مِنْ حَدِيدٍ " فَالْتَمَسَ فَلَمْ يَجِدْ شَيْئًا، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " هَلْ مَعَكَ مِنَ الْقُرْآنِ شَيْءٌ؟ " قَالَ: نَعَمْ سُورَةُ كَذَا وَسُورَةُ كَذَا لِسُوَرٍ سَمَّاهَا، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " قَدْ زَوَّجْتُكَهَا بِمَا مَعَكَ مِنَ الْقُرْآنِ " رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي الصَّحِيحِ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ يُوسُفَ، عَنْ مَالِكٍ، وَكَذَلِكَ رَوَاهُ زَائِدَةُ بْنُ قُدَامَةَ، وَفُضَيْلُ بْنُ سُلَيْمَانَ، وَعَبْدُ الْعَزِيزِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الدَّرَاوَرْدِيُّ وَغَيْرُهُمْ، عَنْ أَبِي حَازِمٍ، عَنْ سَهْلِ بْنِ سَعْدٍ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ " قَدْ زَوَّجْتُكَهَا "، وَقَالَ ابْنُ عُيَيْنَةَ، عَنْ أَبِي حَازِمٍ، عَنْ سَهْلِ بْنِ سَعْدٍ فِي إِحْدَى الرِّوَايَتَيْنِ عَنْهُ: " قَدْ أَنْكَحْتُكَهَا عَلَى مَا مَعَكَ مِنَ ⦗٢٣٣⦘ الْقُرْآنِ "، وَقَالَ فِي رِوَايَةٍ أُخْرَى عَنْهُ: " قَدْ زَوَّجْتُكَهَا بِمَا مَعَكَ مِنَ الْقُرْآنِ ".
Sayyiduna Sahl bin Sa'd al-Sa'idi (may Allah be pleased with him) says that a woman came to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) and said: "O Messenger of Allah, I have given myself to you as a gift." She remained standing for a long time; then a man stood up and said: "O Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him), if you have no need of her, then marry her to me." He (peace and blessings be upon him) asked: "Do you have anything to give as a dower?" He said: "(Only) this lower garment of mine." He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "If you give her this garment, you will have no garment left; look for something else." He said: "I cannot find anything." He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Look for even an iron ring." Despite searching he found nothing. He (peace and blessings be upon him) asked: "Do you know any part of the Qur'an?" He said: "Such-and-such surahs," and he named them. Then he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I have married her to you for the Qur'an (that is, teach her the Qur'an)."
(b) Sayyiduna Sahl bin Sa'd (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates in one of two narrations that he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I have married her to you in return for what you know of the Qur'an."
(c) In another narration he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I have married her to you in return for what you have of the Qur'an."
(b) Sayyiduna Sahl bin Sa'd (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates in one of two narrations that he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I have married her to you in return for what you know of the Qur'an."
(c) In another narration he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I have married her to you in return for what you have of the Qur'an."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَمْرٍو الْأَدِيبُ، ثنا أَبُو بَكْرٍ الْإِسْمَاعِيلِيُّ، أنبأ أَبُو أَحْمَدَ بْنُ زِيَادٍ، ثنا ابْنُ أَبِي عُمَرَ، ثنا سُفْيَانُ، عَنْ أَبِي حَازِمِ بْنِ دِينَارٍ، عَنْ سَهْلِ بْنِ سَعْدٍ قَالَ: كُنْتُ مَعَ الْقَوْمِ عِنْدَ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَذَكَرَ هَذِهِ الْقِصَّةَ وَلَمْ يَذْكُرِ الْإِزَارَ قَالَ: فَقَامَ رَجُلٌ، فَقَالَ: أَنْكِحْنِيهَا، وَقَالَ فِي آخِرِهِ: فَقَالَ: " قَدْ أَنْكَحْتُكَهَا بِمَا مَعَكَ مِنَ الْقُرْآنِ ". أَخْرَجَاهُ فِي الصَّحِيحِ مِنْ حَدِيثِ سُفْيَانَ بْنِ عُيَيْنَةَ.
Sayyiduna Sahl bin Sa'd (may Allah be pleased with him) says: I was with the people in the presence of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him). He mentioned this story but did not mention the lower garment, and he said: A man stood up and said: Marry her to me. At its end it says that he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I have married her to you in return for what you have of the Qur'an."
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحُسَيْنِ بْنُ بِشْرَانَ، أنبأ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ الرَّزَّازُ، ثنا سَعْدَانُ بْنُ نَصْرٍ، ثنا سُفْيَانُ بْنُ عُيَيْنَةَ، عَنْ أَبِي حَازِمٍ، سَمِعَ سَهْلَ بْنَ سَعْدٍ، يَقُولُ: كُنْتُ فِي الْقَوْمِ عِنْدَ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَقَامَتِ امْرَأَةٌ، فَذَكَرَ الْحَدِيثَ وَقَالَ: فَقَامَ رَجُلٌ مِنَ النَّاسِ، فَقَالَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ زَوِّجْنِيهَا، وَقَالَ فِي آخِرِهِ: اذْهَبْ " فَقَدْ زَوَّجْتُكَهَا عَلَى مَا مَعَكَ مِنَ الْقُرْآنِ ".
Sayyiduna Sahl bin Sa'd (may Allah be pleased with him) says: I was present with the people in the company of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). A woman stood up. He mentioned the hadith and said: A man from among the people stood up and said: Marry her to me. At its end it says that he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Go, I have married her to you in return for what you know of the Qur'an."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَمْرٍو الْبِسْطَامِيُّ الْأَدِيبُ، أنبأ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الْإِسْمَاعِيلِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنِي الْحَسَنُ بْنُ سُفْيَانَ، ثنا قُتَيْبَةُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ، ثنا يَعْقُوبُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ، عَنْ أَبِي حَازِمٍ، عَنْ سَهْلِ بْنِ سَعْدٍ، أَنَّ امْرَأَةً جَاءَتْ إِلَى النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَذَكَرَ الْحَدِيثَ، وَفِيهِ فَقَامَ رَجُلٌ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَقَالَ: أَيْ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ إِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَكَ بِهَا حَاجَةٌ فَزَوِّجْنِيهَا، وَقَالَ فِي آخِرِهِ قَالَ: " فَاذْهَبْ " قَدْ مُلِّكْتَهَا بِمَا مَعَكَ مِنَ الْقُرْآنِ "، رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي الصَّحِيحِ، عَنْ قُتَيْبَةَ دُونَ سِيَاقِهِ تَمَامَ الْمَتْنِ، وَرَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ فِي الصَّحِيحِ، عَنْ قُتَيْبَةَ، عَنْ يَعْقُوبَ، وَعَبْدُ الْعَزِيزِ بْنُ أَبِي حَازِمٍ عَنْ أَبِي حَازِمٍ، عَنْ سَهْلِ بْنِ سَعْدٍ، عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي هَذَا الْحَدِيثِ: " اذْهَبْ فَقَدْ مَلَّكْتُكَهَا بِمَا مَعَكَ مِنَ الْقُرْآنِ "، ثُمَّ قَالَ: هَذَا حَدِيثُ ابْنِ أَبِي حَازِمٍ.
Sayyiduna Sahl bin Sa'd (may Allah be pleased with him) says that a woman came to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). He mentioned the hadith, and in it is: A man from among the Companions of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) stood up and said: O Messenger of Allah, if you have no need of her, then marry her to me. At its end it says that he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I have made you her owner in return for the Qur'an that you have (that is, what you know; teach it to her as well)."
(b) Sayyiduna Sahl bin Sa'd (may Allah be pleased with him), in this hadith narrated from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), says that he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I have made you her owner in return for what you have of the Qur'an." Then he said: This is the hadith of Ibn Abi Hazim.
(b) Sayyiduna Sahl bin Sa'd (may Allah be pleased with him), in this hadith narrated from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), says that he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I have made you her owner in return for what you have of the Qur'an." Then he said: This is the hadith of Ibn Abi Hazim.
أَخْبَرَنَاهُ أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أنبأ أَبُو الْفَضْلِ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ سَلَمَةَ، ثنا قُتَيْبَةُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ، ثنا يَعْقُوبُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ، وَعَبْدُ الْعَزِيزِ بْنُ أَبِي حَازِمٍ، عَنْ أَبِي حَازِمٍ، عَنْ سَهْلِ بْنِ سَعْدٍ، فَذَكَرَ الْحَدِيثَ وَقَالَ فِيهِ: " اذْهَبْ فَقَدْ مَلَّكْتُكَهَا ⦗٢٣٤⦘ بِمَا مَعَكَ مِنَ الْقُرْآنِ "، رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ عَنِ الْقَعْنَبِيِّ، عَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي حَازِمٍ، وَقَالَ فِي الْحَدِيثِ: " اذْهَبْ فَقَدْ مَلَّكْتُكَهَا "، وَكَذَلِكَ رَوَاهُ عَنْ عَارِمٍ، عَنْ حَمَّادِ بْنِ زَيْدٍ، عَنْ أَبِي حَازِمٍ، وَرَوَاهُ جَمَاعَةٌ عَنْ حَمَّادٍ كَمَا.
Abu Hazim narrates from Sayyiduna Sahl bin Sa'd (may Allah be pleased with him) that he mentioned the hadith, and in it is: "Go, I have made you her owner (that is, married her to you) in return for what you have of the Qur'an."
(b) Al-Qa'nabi narrates from Ibn Abi Hazim, and in the hadith it says: "Go, I have made you her owner (that is, married her to you)."
(b) Al-Qa'nabi narrates from Ibn Abi Hazim, and in the hadith it says: "Go, I have made you her owner (that is, married her to you)."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الْمُقْرِئُ، أنبأ الْحَسَنُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ إِسْحَاقَ، ثنا يُوسُفُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا أَبُو الرَّبِيعِ، ثنا حَمَّادُ بْنُ زَيْدٍ، ح وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَمْرٍو الْأَدِيبُ، أنبأ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الْإِسْمَاعِيلِيُّ، ثنا أَبُو بَكْرٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَحْيَى بْنِ سُلَيْمَانَ الْمَرْوَزِيُّ، ثنا خَلَفُ بْنُ هِشَامٍ، ثنا حَمَّادٌ، عَنْ أَبِي حَازِمٍ، عَنْ سَهْلِ بْنِ سَعْدٍ، أَنَّ امْرَأَةً أَتَتِ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَقَالَتْ: إِنَّ امْرَأَةً وَهَبَتْ نَفْسَهَا لِلَّهِ وَلِرَسُولِهِ، فَقَالَ: مَا لِي فِي النِّسَاءِ حَاجَةٌ الْيَوْمَ، فَقَالَ رَجُلٌ مِنْ ضُعَفَاءِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ: زَوِّجْنِيهَا يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ، فَقَالَ: " مَاذَا عِنْدَكَ؟ " قَالَ: مَا عِنْدِي شَيْءٌ، قَالَ: " أَعْطِهَا ثَوْبًا " قَالَ: مَا أَجِدُ، قَالَ: " أَعْطِهَا وَلَوْ خَاتَمًا مِنْ حَدِيدٍ " قَالَ: مَا أَجِدُ، قَالَ: " مَا عِنْدَكَ مِنَ الْقُرْآنِ؟ " قَالَ: كَذَا وَكَذَا، قَالَ: " فَقَدْ زَوَّجْتُكَهَا بِمَا عِنْدَكَ مِنَ الْقُرْآنِ "، هَذَا حَدِيثُ خَلَفٍ وَفِي رِوَايَةِ أَبِي الرَّبِيعِ " فَقَدْ زَوَّجْنَاكَهَا ". وَرَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ عَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي مَرْيَمَ، عَنْ أَبِي غَسَّانَ، عَنْ أَبِي حَازِمٍ، عَنْ سَهْلٍ قَالَ فِي الْحَدِيثِ: فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " أَمْلَكْتُكَهَا بِمَا مَعَكَ مِنَ الْقُرْآنِ "، وَرَوَاهُ الْحُسَيْنُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ، عَنْ أَبِي غَسَّانَ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ مُطَرِّفٍ، فَقَالَ فِي الْحَدِيثِ قَالَ: " زَوَّجْتُكَهَا بِمَا مَعَكَ مِنَ الْقُرْآنِ "، فَرِوَايَةُ الْجُمْهُورِ عَلَى لَفْظِ التَّزْوِيجِ إِلَّا رِوَايَةَ الشَّاذِّ مِنْهَا، وَالْجَمَاعَةُ أَوْلَى بِالْحِفْظِ مِنَ الْوَاحِدِ وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ، وَاسْتَدَلَّ بَعْضُ أَصْحَابِنَا فِي ذَلِكَ بِمَا رَوَيْنَا فِي كِتَابِ الْحَجِّ فِي الْحَدِيثِ الثَّابِتِ عَنْ جَعْفَرِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ جَابِرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللهِ، عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي قِصَّةِ حَجَّةِ الْوَدَاعِ قَالَ: " فَاتَّقُوا اللهَ فِي النِّسَاءِ فَإِنَّكُمْ أَخَذْتُمُوهُنَّ بِأَمَانَةِ اللهِ وَاسْتَحْلَلْتُمْ فُرُوجَهُنَّ بِكَلِمَةِ اللهِ " قَالَ أَصْحَابُنَا: وَهِيَ كَلِمَةُ النِّكَاحِ وَالتَّزْوِيجِ اللَّذَيْنِ وَرَدَ بِهِمَا الْقُرْآنُ، وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ.
Abu Hazim narrates from Sayyiduna Sahl bin Sa'd (may Allah be pleased with him) that a woman came to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). She said that a woman has given herself as a gift to Allah and His Messenger. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I have no need of women today." Then one of the weak Muslims said: O Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him), marry her to me. He (peace and blessings be upon him) asked: "What do you have?" He said: I have nothing at all. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Give her at least a garment." The man said: I cannot find one. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Then give her even an iron ring." The man said: I cannot find one, that is, I do not have it. He (peace and blessings be upon him) asked: "Do you know any Qur'an?" He said: I know such-and-such surahs. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Then I have married her to you in return for the Qur'an."
(b) In the narration of Abu al-Rabi' it says: "We have indeed married her to you."
(c) Abu Hazim narrates from Sayyiduna Sahl that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I have made you her owner in return for the Qur'an that you know."
(d) It is narrated from Abu Ghassan Muhammad bin Mutarrif that in the hadith he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I have married her to you in return for the Qur'an that you know."
(e) The majority narrate the word tazwij (marrying), except for the narration that is shadhdh (anomalous), and a group is more worthy of being relied upon for accurate preservation than a single narrator, and Allah knows best. Sayyiduna Jabir bin Abdullah (may Allah be pleased with them both) narrates from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), in the story of the Farewell Pilgrimage, that he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Fear Allah concerning women, for you have taken them by the trust of Allah, and you have made their private parts lawful for yourselves by the word of Allah (that is, nikah)." The words nikah and tazwij both occur in the Qur'an.
(b) In the narration of Abu al-Rabi' it says: "We have indeed married her to you."
(c) Abu Hazim narrates from Sayyiduna Sahl that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I have made you her owner in return for the Qur'an that you know."
(d) It is narrated from Abu Ghassan Muhammad bin Mutarrif that in the hadith he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I have married her to you in return for the Qur'an that you know."
(e) The majority narrate the word tazwij (marrying), except for the narration that is shadhdh (anomalous), and a group is more worthy of being relied upon for accurate preservation than a single narrator, and Allah knows best. Sayyiduna Jabir bin Abdullah (may Allah be pleased with them both) narrates from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), in the story of the Farewell Pilgrimage, that he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Fear Allah concerning women, for you have taken them by the trust of Allah, and you have made their private parts lawful for yourselves by the word of Allah (that is, nikah)." The words nikah and tazwij both occur in the Qur'an.
