السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب النكاح
Book of Marriage
باب: ما جاء في نكاح اليتيمة تكون في حجر وليها، فيرغب في نكاحها
Reports on the marriage of an orphan girl in the care of her guardian who wishes to marry her
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أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، ح وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ أَبِي عَمْرٍو، ثنا أَبُو ⦗٢٢٩⦘ مُحَمَّدٍ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ الْمُزَنِيُّ، أنبأ عَلِيُّ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى، ثنا أَبُو الْيَمَانِ، أَخْبَرَنِي شُعَيْبٌ، عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ قَالَ: كَانَ عُرْوَةُ بْنُ الزُّبَيْرِ يُحَدِّثُ، أَنَّهُ سَأَلَ عَائِشَةَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهَا عَنْ قَوْلِ اللهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: {وَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ أَلَّا تُقْسِطُوا فِي الْيَتَامَى فَانْكِحُوا مَا طَابَ لَكُمْ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ مَثْنَى وَثُلَاثَ وَرُبَاعَ فَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ أَلَّا تَعْدِلُوا فَوَاحِدَةً أَوْ مَا مَلَكَتْ أَيْمَانُكُمْ} [النساء: ٣] قَالَتْ عَائِشَةُ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهَا: " هِيَ الْيَتِيمَةُ تَكُونُ فِي حِجْرِ وَلِيِّهَا، فَيَرْغَبُ فِي جَمَالِهَا أَوْ مَالِهَا وَيُرِيدُ أَنْ يَتَزَوَّجَهَا بِأَدْنَى مِنْ سُنَّةِ نِسَائِهَا، فَنُهُوا عَنْ نِكَاحِهِنَّ، إِلَّا أَنْ يُقْسِطُوا لَهُنَّ فِي إِكْمَالِ الصَّدَاقِ وَأُمِرُوا بِنِكَاحِ مَنْ سِوَاهُنَّ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ قَالَتْ عَائِشَةُ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهَا: ثُمَّ اسْتَفْتَى النَّاسُ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، فَأَنْزَلَ اللهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: {وَيَسْتَفْتُونَكَ فِي النِّسَاءِ قُلِ اللهُ يُفْتِيكُمْ فِيهِنَّ وَمَا يُتْلَى عَلَيْكُمْ فِي الْكِتَابِ فِي يَتَامَى النِّسَاءِ اللَّاتِي لَا تُؤْتُونَهُنَّ مَا كُتِبَ لَهُنَّ وَتَرْغَبُونَ أَنْ تَنْكِحُوهُنَّ} [النساء: ١٢٧] قَالَتْ عَائِشَةُ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهَا: بَيَّنَ اللهُ تَعَالَى لَهُمْ فِي هَذِهِ الْآيَةِ أَنَّ الْيَتِيمَةَ إِذَا كَانَتْ ذَاتَ جَمَالٍ وَمَالٍ رَغِبُوا فِي نِكَاحِهَا وَلَمْ يَلْحَقُوا بِسُنَّةِ نِسَائِهَا فِي إِكْمَالِ الصَّدَاقِ، وَإِذَا كَانَتْ مَرْغُوبًا عَنْهَا فِي قِلَّةِ الْمَالِ تَرَكُوهَا وَالْتَمَسُوا غَيْرَهَا مِنَ النِّسَاءِ قَالَتْ عَائِشَةُ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهَا: فَكَمَا تَرَكُوهَا حِينَ يَرْغَبُونَ عَنْهَا، فَلَيْسَ لَهُمْ أَنْ يَنْكِحُوهَا إِذَا رَغِبُوا فِيهَا، إِلَّا أَنْ يُقْسِطُوا لَهَا وَيُعْطُوهَا حَقَّهَا الْأَوْفَى مِنَ الصَّدَاقِ " رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي الصَّحِيحِ، عَنْ أَبِي الْيَمَانِ.
Urwah bin al-Zubayr asked Sayyidah Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) about the saying of Allah Almighty: "And if you fear that you will not deal justly with the orphan girls, then marry those that please you of other women, two or three or four. But if you fear that you will not be just, then (marry only) one, or those your right hands possess" [Surah al-Nisa': 3]. Sayyidah Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) said: An orphan girl would be under the care of her guardian, and then he would marry her because of her beauty or her wealth, but for a small dower; so they were forbidden from marrying them, that is, the orphan girls, unless they paid the full dower, and they were ordered to marry other women. Sayyidah Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) said: Then the people asked the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) about the matter, and Allah Almighty revealed this verse: "And they ask you for a ruling concerning women. Say: Allah gives you a ruling concerning them, and (also) what is recited to you in the Book concerning the orphan girls to whom you do not give what is prescribed for them (their dower) and whom you desire to marry" [Surah al-Nisa': 127]. Sayyidah Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) said: Allah Almighty made clear in this verse that when an orphan girl is of good lineage, beautiful and wealthy, they desire to marry her but do not pay her the full dower like that of their women; and when there is no desire to marry an orphan girl because of her lack of wealth, they look for other women. Sayyidah Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) said: Since they leave this girl out of lack of desire, then the girl whom they do desire should also be given her full dower; this is what justice requires.
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، وَأَبُو بَكْرٍ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ الْقَاضِي، وَأَبُو زَكَرِيَّا يَحْيَى بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ الْمُزَكِّي قَالُوا: ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، أنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْحَكَمِ، ثنا ابْنُ وَهْبٍ، أَخْبَرَنِي يُونُسُ بْنُ يَزِيدَ، عَنِ ابْنِ شِهَابٍ، أَخْبَرَنِي عُرْوَةُ بْنُ الزُّبَيْرِ، أَنَّهُ سَأَلَ عَائِشَةَ زَوْجَ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَنْ قَوْلِ اللهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: {وَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ أَلَّا تُقْسِطُوا فِي الْيَتَامَى، فَانْكِحُوا مَا طَابَ لَكُمْ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ} [النساء: ٣] قَالَتْ: " يَا ابْنَ أُخْتِي هَذِهِ الْيَتِيمَةُ تَكُونُ فِي حِجْرِ وَلِيِّهَا تُشَارِكُهُ فِي مَالِهِ، فَيُعْجِبُهُ مَالُهَا وَجَمَالُهَا، فَيُرِيدُ وَلِيُّهَا أَنْ يَتَزَوَّجَهَا بِغَيْرِ أَنْ يُقْسِطَ فِي صَدَاقِهَا، فَيُعْطِيَهَا مِثْلَ مَا يُعْطِيهَا غَيْرُهُ، فَنُهُوا عَنْ أَنْ يَنْكِحُوهُنَّ، إِلَّا أَنْ يُقْسِطُوا لَهُنَّ، وَيُبَلِّغُوهُنَّ أَعْلَى سِنَّهُنَّ مِنَ الصَّدَاقِ، وَأُمِرُوا أَنْ يَنْكِحُوا مَا طَابَ لَهُمْ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ سِوَاهُنَّ. قَالَ عُرْوَةُ: قَالَتْ عَائِشَةُ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهَا: ثُمَّ إِنَّ النَّاسَ اسْتَفْتَوْا رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بَعْدَ هَذِهِ الْآيَةِ فِيهِنَّ، فَأَنْزَلَ اللهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ هَذِهِ الْآيَةَ: {وَيَسْتَفْتُونَكَ فِي النِّسَاءِ قُلِ اللهُ يُفْتِيكُمْ فِيهِنَّ وَمَا يُتْلَى عَلَيْكُمْ فِي الْكِتَابِ فِي يَتَامَى النِّسَاءِ اللَّاتِي لَا تُؤْتُونَهُنَّ مَا كُتِبَ لَهُنَّ وَتَرْغَبُونَ أَنْ تَنْكِحُوهُنَّ} [النساء: ١٢٧] قَالَ: وَالَّذِي ذُكِرَ أَنَّهُ يُتْلَى عَلَيْهِمْ فِي الْكِتَابِ الْآيَةُ الْأُولَى الَّتِي قَالَ فِيهَا: {وَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ ⦗٢٣٠⦘ أَلَّا تُقْسِطُوا فِي الْيَتَامَى فَانْكِحُوا مَا طَابَ لَكُمْ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ} [النساء: ٣] قَالَتْ عَائِشَةُ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهَا: قَالَ اللهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ فِي الْآيَةِ الْأُخْرَى: {وَتَرْغَبُونَ أَنْ تَنْكِحُوهُنَّ} [النساء: ١٢٧]، رَغْبَةَ أَحَدِكُمْ عَنْ يَتِيمَتِهِ الَّتِي تَكُونُ فِي حِجْرِهِ حِينَ تَكُونُ قَلِيلَةَ الْمَالِ وَالْجَمَالِ، فَنُهُوا أَنْ يَنْكِحُوا مَا رَغِبُوا فِي مَالِهَا وَجَمَالِهَا مِنْ يَتَامَى النِّسَاءِ، إِلَّا بِالْقِسْطِ مِنْ أَجْلِ رَغْبَتِهِمْ عَنْهُنَّ " رَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ فِي الصَّحِيحِ، عَنْ أَبِي الطَّاهِرِ، وَحَرْمَلَةَ، عَنِ ابْنِ وَهْبٍ.
Urwah bin al-Zubayr asked Sayyidah Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) about this saying of Allah: "And if you fear that you will not deal justly with the orphan girls, then marry those that please you of other women" [Surah al-Nisa': 3]. She said: O my nephew! These orphan girls used to be under the care of their guardians, and their wealth was shared. They would like her wealth and beauty and want to marry her, but would not give them a dower like other women and would act unjustly; so they were forbidden to marry these orphan girls, but if they acted justly and paid a good dower, they could marry them; otherwise they should marry whichever other women pleased them. Urwah says that Sayyidah Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) said: After this the people began to ask the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) for a ruling. Then Allah revealed this verse: "And they ask you for a ruling concerning women. Say: Allah gives you a ruling concerning them, and (also) concerning the orphan girls in what is recited to you in the Book, to whom you do not give what is prescribed for them (their dower) and whom you desire to marry" [Surah al-Nisa': 127]. The narrator mentions that what is referred to is what was mentioned in the first verse that comes before it, that is: "And if you fear that you will not deal justly with the orphan girls, then marry those that please you of other women" [Surah al-Nisa': 3]. Sayyidah Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) said that Allah said in the other verse: "And whom you desire to marry" [Surah al-Nisa': 127]: when you have no desire to marry an orphan girl whose wealth and beauty are little, then an orphan girl whom you desire to marry because of her wealth and beauty, if you act justly that is right; otherwise marrying them is forbidden.
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَلِيٍّ الرُّوذْبَارِيُّ، أنبأ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ بَكْرٍ، ثنا أَبُو دَاوُدَ، ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَمْرِو بْنِ السَّرْحِ الْمِصْرِيُّ وَهُوَ أَبُو الطَّاهِرِ، ثنا ابْنُ وَهْبٍ، أَخْبَرَنِي يُونُسُ، فَذَكَرَهُ بِنَحْوِهِ وَقَالَ فِي آخِرِهِ: قَالَ يُونُسُ: وَقَالَ رَبِيعَةُ فِي قَوْلِ اللهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: {وَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ أَلَّا تُقْسِطُوا فِي الْيَتَامَى} [النساء: ٣] قَالَ: يَقُولُ: " اتْرُكُوهُنَّ إِنْ خِفْتُمْ فَقَدْ أَحْلَلْتُ لَكُمْ أَرْبَعًا ".
Rabi'ah (may Allah have mercy on him) says concerning this saying of Allah Almighty: "And if you fear that you will not deal justly with the orphan girls" [Surah al-Nisa': 3]: Leave them if you fear injustice; I have made four wives lawful for you.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أنبأ أَبُو أَحْمَدَ هُوَ الْحَافِظُ النَّيْسَابُورِيُّ، ثنا أَبُو الْجَهْمِ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ الْحُسَيْنِ الْقُرَشِيُّ، ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ أَبِي الْحَوَارِي، ثنا أَبُو مُعَاوِيَةَ، ثنا هِشَامٌ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهَا فِي قَوْلِ اللهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: {يَسْتَفْتُونَكَ فِي النِّسَاءِ قُلِ اللهُ يُفْتِيكُمْ فِيهِنَّ} [النساء: ١٢٧] إِلَى آخِرِ الْآيَةِ قَالَتْ: " هِيَ الْيَتِيمَةُ فِي حِجْرِ الرَّجُلِ قَدْ شَرِكَتْهُ فِي مَالِهِ، فَيَرْغَبُ عَنْهَا أَنْ يَتَزَوَّجَهَا، وَيَرْغَبُ أَنْ يُزَوِّجَهَا، فَيَدْخُلُ عَلَيْهِ فِي مَالِهَا، فَيَحْبِسُهَا، فَنَهَاهُمُ اللهُ عَنْ ذَلِكَ " رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي الصَّحِيحِ، عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ سَلَّامٍ، عَنْ أَبِي مُعَاوِيَةَ، وَأَخْرَجَهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ وَمُسْلِمٌ مِنْ وَجْهٍ آخَرَ، عَنْ هِشَامٍ، وَاخْتُلِفَ فِي لَفْظِهِ عَلَى هِشَامٍ، وَحَدِيثُ الزُّهْرِيِّ أَكْمَلُ وَأَحْفَظُ وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ.
Sayyidah Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) says concerning this saying of Allah Almighty: "They ask you for a ruling concerning women. Say: Allah gives you a ruling concerning them" [Surah al-Nisa': 127], that an orphan girl was under the care of a man and shared in his wealth, but the man did not wish to marry her, nor did he wish to marry her to someone else who would then share with him in her wealth, so he kept her back; and Allah Almighty forbade them from that.
There is a difference from Hisham in its wording, and the hadith of al-Zuhri is more complete and better preserved, and Allah knows best.
There is a difference from Hisham in its wording, and the hadith of al-Zuhri is more complete and better preserved, and Allah knows best.
