The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Any woman who is married without the permission of her guardian and without two upright witnesses, her marriage is void. If he has had intercourse with her, she is entitled to the dower; and if the guardians dispute among themselves, then the ruler is the guardian of the one who has no guardian."
Hadith Referenceالسنن الكبرى للبيهقي / كتاب النكاح / 13717
The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "There is no marriage except with a guardian and two upright witnesses; and if the guardians dispute among themselves, then the ruler is the guardian of the one who has no guardian."
Hadith Referenceالسنن الكبرى للبيهقي / كتاب النكاح / 13718
Sayyidah Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) says that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Marriage is only in the presence of a guardian and two upright witnesses." Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) says: It is narrated from al-Hasan bin Abi al-Hasan that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Marriage is in the presence of a guardian and two upright witnesses."
Hadith Referenceالسنن الكبرى للبيهقي / كتاب النكاح / 13719
The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Marriage is not lawful without the permission of a guardian, nor without a dower and two truthful and upright witnesses."
Al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Even though this is munqati' (broken) short of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), most of the people of knowledge hold this view, and they say: The difference between marriage and fornication is the witnesses.
Hadith Referenceالسنن الكبرى للبيهقي / كتاب النكاح / 13720
The Shaykh said: Only Abdullah bin Muharrar narrated it in this way, from Qatadah, from al-Hasan, from Sayyiduna Imran bin Husayn (may Allah be pleased with him), who said: The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "No marriage is valid except with a guardian and two upright witnesses."
Abdullah bin Muharrar is matruk (abandoned) and is not used as evidence. It has also been said: from him, from Qatadah, from al-Hasan, from Imran, from Ibn Mas'ud (may Allah be pleased with him), from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), and that is nothing. It has also been narrated through another way as connected and marfu'.
Hadith Referenceالسنن الكبرى للبيهقي / كتاب النكاح / 13721
Sayyiduna Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) that he said: "There is no marriage except with a guardian, a proposer, and two upright witnesses."
Al-Bukhari said: Mughirah bin Musa al-Basri is munkar al-hadith (his narrations are rejected). Abu Ahmad (Ibn Adi) said: Al-Mughirah bin Musa is, in himself, thiqah (trustworthy).
Hadith Referenceالسنن الكبرى للبيهقي / كتاب النكاح / 13722
Likewise (through another chain), in similar wording, as marfu' (attributed to the Prophet).
The correct view is that it is mawquf. And Allah knows best. Al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: It is established from Ibn Abbas and other Companions of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him).
Hadith Referenceالسنن الكبرى للبيهقي / كتاب النكاح / 13724
Abu al-Zubayr (may Allah have mercy on him) says that a marriage was brought before Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) at which only one man and one woman were present (as witnesses). Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said: This is a secret marriage, and I do not permit it; had I given a prior warning about it, I would have stoned (them).
Hadith Referenceالسنن الكبرى للبيهقي / كتاب النكاح / 13726
Sayyiduna Umar bin al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him) said: There is no marriage without (the permission of) a guardian and two upright witnesses.
This chain is sahih (authentic).
Hadith Referenceالسنن الكبرى للبيهقي / كتاب النكاح / 13727
Ata narrates from Sayyiduna Umar bin al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him) that he permitted the testimony of women together with a man in marriage.
This is munqati' (broken), and al-Hajjaj bin Artat is not used as evidence.
Hadith Referenceالسنن الكبرى للبيهقي / كتاب النكاح / 13728