السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب الشهادات
Book of Testimonies
باب: : من رد شهادة العبيد ومن قبلها
Those who rejected the testimony of slaves and those who accepted it
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قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: قَالَ اللهُ جَلَّ ثَنَاؤُهُ: {وَاسْتَشْهِدُوا شَهِيدَيْنِ مِنْ رِجَالِكُمْ} [البقرة: 282] قَالَ: وَرِجَالُنَا أَحْرَارُنَا، لَا مَمَالِيكُنَا الَّذِينَ يَغْلِبُهُمْ مَنْ يَمْلِكُهُمْ عَلَى كَثِيرٍ مِنْ أُمُورِهِمْ، فَلَا يَجُوزُ شَهَادَةُ مَمْلُوكٍ فِي شَيْءٍ وَإِنْ قَلَّ ".
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "Allah, exalted be His praise, says: 'And take two witnesses from among your men.' [Surah al-Baqarah: 282]"
He (Imam al-Shafi'i, may Allah have mercy on him) said: "And by 'our men' is meant our free people, not our slaves, over many of whose affairs their owners have control. Therefore the testimony of a slave is not permissible in any matter, however trivial that matter may be."
He (Imam al-Shafi'i, may Allah have mercy on him) said: "And by 'our men' is meant our free people, not our slaves, over many of whose affairs their owners have control. Therefore the testimony of a slave is not permissible in any matter, however trivial that matter may be."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، وَأَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ أَبِي عَمْرٍو قَالَا: ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ مَرْزُوقٍ، ثنا أَبُو عَامِرٍ، عَنْ سُفْيَانَ، عَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي نَجِيحٍ، عَنْ ⦗٢٧٢⦘ مُجَاهِدٍ، فِي قَوْلِهِ: {وَاسْتَشْهِدُوا شَهِيدَيْنِ مِنْ رِجَالِكُمْ} [البقرة: ٢٨٢] قَالَ: مِنَ الْأَحْرَارِ ".
Ibn Abi Najih (may Allah have mercy on him) narrates from Mujahid (may Allah have mercy on him) that in the saying of Allah, the Exalted, 'And take two witnesses from among your men' [Surah al-Baqarah: 282], 'men' (rijal) means free people.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو نَصْرِ بْنُ قَتَادَةَ، أنبأ أَبُو مَنْصُورٍ النَّضْرَوِيُّ، أنبأ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ نَجْدَةَ، ثنا سَعِيدُ بْنُ مَنْصُورٍ، ثنا هُشَيْمٌ، أنبأ دَاوُدُ بْنُ أَبِي هِنْدَ، قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ مُجَاهِدًا عَنِ الظِّهَارِ مِنَ الْأَمَةِ، قَالَ: " لَيْسَ بِشَيْءٍ "، فَقُلْتُ: أَلَيْسَ اللهُ سُبْحَانَهُ يَقُولُ: {وَالَّذِينَ يُظَاهِرُونَ مِنْ نِسَائِهِمْ} [المجادلة: ٣] أَفَلَيْسَتْ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ؟، فَقَالَ: " وَاللهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ يَقُولُ: {وَاسْتَشْهِدُوا شَهِيدَيْنِ مِنْ رِجَالِكُمْ} [البقرة: ٢٨٢] أَفَتَجُوزُ شَهَادَةُ الْعَبِيدِ؟ ". فَبَيَّنَ مُجَاهِدٌ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ أَنَّ مُطْلَقَ الْخِطَابِ يَتَنَاوَلُ الْأَحْرَارَ، وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ. وَقَالَ أَبُو يَحْيَى السَّاجِيُّ: رُوِيَ عَنْ عَلِيٍّ وَالْحَسَنِ وَالنَّخَعِيِّ وَالزُّهْرِيِّ وَمُجَاهِدٍ وَعَطَاءٍ: " لَا تَجُوزُ شَهَادَةُ الْعَبِيدِ ". وَقَالَ الْبُخَارِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ فِي التَّرْجَمَةِ: قَالَ أَنَسٌ: " شَهَادَةُ الْعَبْدِ جَائِزَةٌ إِذَا كَانَ عَدْلًا "، وَأَجَازَهَا شُرَيْحٌ، وَزُرَارَةُ بْنُ أَوْفَى، وَقَالَ ابْنُ سِيرِينَ: " شَهَادَتُهُ جَائِزَةٌ، إِلَّا الْعَبْدَ لِسَيِّدِهِ "، وَأَجَازَهَا الْحَسَنُ وَإِبْرَاهِيمُ فِي الشَّيْءِ التَّافِهِ، وَقَالَ شُرَيْحٌ: " كُلُّكُمْ بَنُو عَبِيدٍ وَإِمَاءٍ ".
Dawud bin Abi Hind says: I asked Mujahid about zihar from a slave woman, and he said: "It is nothing." I said: Allah Almighty says: 'And those who pronounce zihar from their wives' [Surah al-Mujadilah: 3]; are they (slave women) not among the women? He said: Allah Almighty has said: 'And take two witnesses from among your men' [Surah al-Baqarah: 282]; "so is the testimony of slaves permissible?" Thus Mujahid explained that the unqualified address refers to free people.
(b) Abu Yahya al-Saji says that Ali, al-Hasan, al-Nakha'i, al-Zuhri, Mujahid and Ata' say that the testimony of a slave is not accepted.
(c) Imam al-Bukhari (may Allah have mercy on him) said in the chapter heading: Sayyiduna Anas (may Allah be pleased with him) says: "If the slave is just, his testimony is permissible."
Qadi Shurayh and Zurarah bin Awfa also declared it permissible.
(d) Ibn Sirin also considers it permissible, but not in favour of his master. Al-Hasan and Ibrahim permitted it in trivial matters, and Qadi Shurayh said: "All of you are the children of male and female slaves."
(b) Abu Yahya al-Saji says that Ali, al-Hasan, al-Nakha'i, al-Zuhri, Mujahid and Ata' say that the testimony of a slave is not accepted.
(c) Imam al-Bukhari (may Allah have mercy on him) said in the chapter heading: Sayyiduna Anas (may Allah be pleased with him) says: "If the slave is just, his testimony is permissible."
Qadi Shurayh and Zurarah bin Awfa also declared it permissible.
(d) Ibn Sirin also considers it permissible, but not in favour of his master. Al-Hasan and Ibrahim permitted it in trivial matters, and Qadi Shurayh said: "All of you are the children of male and female slaves."
