السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب الشهادات
Book of Testimonies
باب: وجوه العلم بالشهادة
The ways of knowing what one testifies to
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قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: مِنْهَا: مَا عَايَنَهُ الشَّاهِدُ، فَيَشْهَدُ بِالْمُعَايَنَةِ. قَالَ الشَّيْخُ: وَهِيَ الْأَفْعَالُ الَّتِي تُعَايِنُهَا فَتَشَهَدُ عَلَيْهَا بِالْمُعَايَنَةِ.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "Among these (forms of testimony) is that which the witness has (himself) observed, so he testifies on the basis of observation."
The Shaykh (Imam al-Bayhaqi, may Allah have mercy on him) said: "What is meant by this are the actions that you observe and then testify to on the basis of observation."
The Shaykh (Imam al-Bayhaqi, may Allah have mercy on him) said: "What is meant by this are the actions that you observe and then testify to on the basis of observation."
حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ دَاوُدَ الْعَلَوِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ إِمْلَاءً، ثنا أَبُو حَامِدٍ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ يَحْيَى بْنِ بِلَالٍ الْبَزَّازُ، ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ حَفْصِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللهِ، حَدَّثَنِي أَبِي، حَدَّثَنِي إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ طَهْمَانَ، عَنْ مُوسَى بْنِ عُقْبَةَ، عَنْ صَفْوَانَ بْنِ سُلَيْمٍ، عَنْ عَطَاءِ بْنِ يَسَارٍ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " رَأَى عِيسَى ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ عَلَيْهِمَا السَّلَامُ رَجُلًا يَسْرِقُ، فَقَالَ: أَسَرَقْتَ؟ قَالَ: لَا، قَالَ: وَاللهِ الَّذِي لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا هُوَ؟ قَالَ: وَاللهِ الَّذِي لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا هُوَ، قَالَ: فَقَالَ عِيسَى عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ: آمَنْتُ بِاللهِ، وَكَذَّبْتُ بَصَرِي ". أَخْرَجَهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي الصَّحِيحِ فَقَالَ: وَقَالَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ طَهْمَانَ. قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ: وَمِنْهَا مَا تَظَاهَرَتْ بِهِ الْأَخْبَارُ مِمَّا لَا يُمْكِنُ فِي أَكْثَرِهِ الْعَيَانُ، وَتَثْبُتُ مَعْرِفَتُهُ فِي الْقُلُوبِ، فَيَشْهَدُ عَلَيْهِ بِهَذَا الْوَجْهِ ".
It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Isa bin Maryam (peace be upon him) saw a man stealing, so he said to him: 'Did you steal?' He said: 'No.' He said: 'By Allah, besides whom there is no god?' He said: 'By Allah, besides whom there is no god.' Then Isa (peace be upon him) said: 'I believe in Allah, and I belie my eyes.'"
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: And among them (the forms of testimony) is that which is attested by widespread reports, most of which cannot be witnessed directly, while knowledge of it becomes firmly established in the hearts; so he testifies to it on this basis.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: And among them (the forms of testimony) is that which is attested by widespread reports, most of which cannot be witnessed directly, while knowledge of it becomes firmly established in the hearts; so he testifies to it on this basis.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ فُورَكٍ، أنبأ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ، ثنا يُونُسُ بْنُ حَبِيبٍ، ثنا أَبُو دَاوُدَ الطَّيَالِسِيُّ، ثنا إِسْحَاقُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ، حَدَّثَنِي أَبِي قَالَ: كُنْتُ عِنْدَ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ فَأَتَاهُ رَجُلٌ فَسَأَلَهُ: مِمَّنْ أَنْتَ؟ فَمَتَّ لَهُ بِرَحِمٍ بَعِيدَةٍ، فَأَلَانَ لَهُ الْقَوْلَ وَقَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " اعْرَفُوا أَنْسَابَكُمْ تَصِلُوا أَرْحَامَكُمْ، فَإِنَّهُ لَا قُرْبَ لِلرَّحِمِ إِذَا قُطِعَتْ، وَإِنْ كَانَتْ قَرِيبَةً، وَلَا بُعْدَ لَهَا إِذَا وُصِلَتْ، وَإِنْ كَانَتْ بَعِيدَةً ". فَأَمَرَ بِمَعْرِفَةِ الْأَنْسَابِ، وَالْعِلْمُ بِأَصْلِهَا إِنَّمَا يَقَعُ بِتَظَاهُرِ الْأَخْبَارِ، وَلَا يُمْكِنُ فِي أَكْثَرِهَا الْعَيَانُ.
Ishaq bin Sa'id (may Allah have mercy on him) says that his father related: I was with Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) when a man came to him. He asked him: "Who are you?" The man claimed a distant kinship with him, so he spoke gently to him and said that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Know your lineages and join your ties of kinship. For when kinship is severed, it does not remain close however near it may be, and there is no distance in it when it is joined, even if it be a distant tie." He commanded knowing lineages, because this becomes known only through reports, since in most cases their origin cannot be known (directly).
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أنبأ أَبُو عَمْرٍو عُثْمَانُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الدَّقَّاقُ ⦗٢٦٥⦘ بِبَغْدَادَ، ثنا حَنْبَلُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ بْنِ حَنْبَلٍ، ثنا أَبُو غَسَّانَ، ثنا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ بْنِ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ، أَنَّهُ سَمِعَ الْأَسْوَدَ يَقُولُ: سَمِعْتُ أَبَا مُوسَى الْأَشْعَرِيَّ، يَقُولُ: لَقَدْ قَدِمْتُ أَنَا وَأَخِي مِنَ الْيَمَنِ، فَمَكَثْنَا حِينًا مَا نَرَى إِلَّا أَنَّ عَبْدَ اللهِ بْنَ مَسْعُودٍ رَجُلٌ مِنْ أَهْلِ بَيْتِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، مِمَّا نَرَى مِنْ دُخُولِهِ وَدُخُولِ أُمِّهِ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ " أَخْرَجَاهُ فِي الصَّحِيحِ مِنْ حَدِيثِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ بْنِ يُوسُفَ.
Aswad (may Allah have mercy on him) says: I heard Sayyiduna Abu Musa al-Ash'ari (may Allah be pleased with him) say: My brother and I came from Yemen, and we stayed here for some time, and we considered Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Mas'ud (may Allah be pleased with him) to be simply a member of the household of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), because he and his mother frequently went in to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him).
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أنبأ أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ سَلَمَةَ، ثنا إِسْحَاقُ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، أنبأ يَحْيَى بْنُ آدَمَ، ثنا ابْنُ أَبِي زَائِدَةَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ، عَنِ الْأَسْوَدِ بْنِ يَزِيدَ، عَنْ أَبِي مُوسَى، قَالَ: " قَدِمْنَا مِنَ الْيَمَنِ فَمَكَثْنَا حِينًا وَلَا نَرَى إِلَّا وَابْنُ مَسْعُودٍ وَأُمُّهُ مِنْ أَهْلِ بَيْتِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، لِكَثْرَةِ دُخُولِهِمْ وَلُزُومِهِمْ لَهُ ". رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي الصَّحِيحِ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ وَغَيْرِهِ، عَنْ يَحْيَى بْنِ آدَمَ، وَرَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ عَنْ إِسْحَاقَ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَفِي هَذَا كَالدِّلَالَةِ عَلَى أَنَّ كَثْرَةَ الدُّخُولِ فِي الدَّارِ، وَالتَّصَرُّفَ فِيهَا يُسْتَدَلُّ بِهِمَا عَلَى الْمِلْكِ، وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ. قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: " وَمِنْهَا: مَا سَمِعَهُ فَيَشْهَدُ بِمَا أَثْبَتَ سَمْعًا مِنَ الْمَشْهُودِ عَلَيْهِ مَعَ إِثْبَاتِ بَصَرٍ ".
Aswad bin Yazid (may Allah have mercy on him) narrates from Sayyiduna Abu Musa al-Ash'ari (may Allah be pleased with him) that we came from Yemen to Madinah and stayed here for some time, and we considered Ibn Mas'ud and his mother (may Allah be pleased with them both) to be of the household of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), because of how often they went in to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him).
(b) In this hadith there is something of an indication that frequently entering a house and managing it are taken as evidence of ownership.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: And among them is what he hears; so he testifies to what he has established by hearing from the person testified against, together with establishing (him) by sight.
(b) In this hadith there is something of an indication that frequently entering a house and managing it are taken as evidence of ownership.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: And among them is what he hears; so he testifies to what he has established by hearing from the person testified against, together with establishing (him) by sight.
أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أنبأ أَبُو الْفَضْلِ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ سَلَمَةَ، ثنا قُتَيْبَةُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ، ح، قَالَ: وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو النَّضْرِ الْفَقِيهُ، وَاللَّفْظُ لَهُ، ثنا أَبُو عَلِيٍّ صَالِحُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ، وَتَمِيمُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ قَالَا: ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ رُمْحٍ، قَالَا: ثنا اللَّيْثُ، عَنْ نَافِعٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ، رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمَا أَنَّهُ قَالَ لَهُ رَجُلٌ مِنْ بَنِي لَيْثٍ: إِنَّ أَبَا سَعِيدٍ الْخُدْرِيَّ يُأْثِرُ هَذَا عَنْ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنَّهُ: " نَهَى عَنْ بَيْعِ الْوَرِقِ بِالْوَرِقِ، إِلَّا مِثْلًا بِمِثْلٍ، وَعَنْ بَيْعِ الذَّهَبِ بِالذَّهَبِ، إِلَّا مِثْلًا بِمِثْلٍ، فَأَشَارَ أَبُو سَعِيدٍ بِإِصْبَعَيْهِ إِلَى عَيْنَيْهِ وَأُذُنَيْهِ، فَقَالَ: أَبْصَرَ عَيْنَايَ، وَسَمِعَتْ أُذُنَايَ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَقُولُ: " لَا تَبِيعُوا الذَّهَبَ بِالذَّهَبِ، وَلَا تَبِيعُوا الْوَرِقَ بِالْوَرِقِ، إِلَّا مِثْلًا بِمِثْلٍ، وَلَا تُشِفُّوا بَعْضَهُ عَلَى بَعْضٍ، وَلَا تَبِيعُوا مِنْهُ غَائِبًا بِنَاجِزٍ، إِلَّا يَدًا بِيَدٍ ". رَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ فِي الصَّحِيحِ، عَنْ قُتَيْبَةَ، وَمُحَمَّدِ بْنِ رُمْحٍ. فَأَخْبَرَ أَنَّ الْعِلْمَ بِالْقَوْلِ يَقَعُ بِمُعَايَنَةِ قَائِلِهِ وَسَمَاعِهِ مِنْهُ، وَفِي هَذَا عَنِ الصَّحَابَةِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمْ أَمْثِلَةٌ كَثِيرَةٌ، قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ ⦗٢٦٦⦘ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: وَبِهَذَا قُلْتُ: " لَا تَجُوزُ شَهَادَةُ الْأَعْمَى إِلَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ أَثْبَتَ شَيْئًا مُعَايَنَةً، أَوْ مُعَايَنَةً وَسَمْعًا، ثُمَّ عَمِيَ، فَتَجُوزُ شَهَادَتُهُ "، قَالَ: " وَإِذَا كَانَ الْقَوْلُ أَوِ الْفِعْلُ وَهُوَ أَعْمَى لَمْ يَجُزْ مِنْ قِبَلِ أَنَّ الصَّوْتَ يُشْبِهُ الصَّوْتَ ".
Nafi' narrates from Sayyiduna Ibn Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) that a man from Banu Layth said that Sayyiduna Abu Sa'id al-Khudri (may Allah be pleased with him) reports from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) that "he (peace and blessings be upon him) forbade selling silver for silver except like for like, and likewise selling gold for gold except like for like." Sayyiduna Abu Sa'id (may Allah be pleased with him) pointed with his finger to his eyes and his ears (and said): My eyes saw and my ears heard that he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Silver and gold are to be sold like for like; do not give one more than the other (in value), and do not sell what is absent for what is present, except hand to hand."
(b) So he informed that knowledge of a statement comes through seeing the one who says it and hearing it from him; and there are many examples of this from the Companions (may Allah be pleased with them).
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said that the testimony of a blind man is accepted only if he observed or heard (the matter) before losing his sight; but when he has become blind and reports a statement or an act while he is blind, this report from him is not accepted, because voices resemble one another.
(b) So he informed that knowledge of a statement comes through seeing the one who says it and hearing it from him; and there are many examples of this from the Companions (may Allah be pleased with them).
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said that the testimony of a blind man is accepted only if he observed or heard (the matter) before losing his sight; but when he has become blind and reports a statement or an act while he is blind, this report from him is not accepted, because voices resemble one another.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو حَازِمٍ الْعَبْدَوِيُّ الْحَافِظُ، أنبأ أَبُو الْفَضْلِ بْنُ خِمَيْرَوَيْهِ، أنبأ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ نَجْدَةَ، ثنا سَعِيدُ بْنُ مَنْصُورٍ، ثنا سُفْيَانُ، ثنا الْأَسْوَدُ بْنُ قَيْسٍ الْعَنَزِيُّ، سَمِعَ قَوْمَهُ، يَقُولُونَ: " إِنَّ عَلِيًّا رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ رَدَّ شَهَادَةَ أَعْمَى فِي سَرِقَةٍ لَمْ يُجِزْهَا ".
Aswad bin Qays al-Anazi heard his people saying that in a case of theft Sayyiduna Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) rejected the testimony of a blind man and did not accept it as valid.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ الْحَافِظُ، أنبأ أَبُو نَصْرٍ الْعِرَاقِيُّ، ثنا سُفْيَانُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ، ثنا عَلِيُّ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ، ثنا عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ الْوَلِيدِ، ثنا سُفْيَانُ، عَنْ يُونُسَ، عَنِ الْحَسَنِ، أَنَّهُ كَرِهَ شَهَادَةَ الْأَعْمَى. قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ: " وَإِذَا كَانَ هَذَا هَكَذَا، كَانَ الْكِتَابُ أَحْرَى أَنْ لَا يَحِلَّ لِأَحَدٍ يَشْهَدُ عَلَيْهِ ".
Yunus narrates from al-Hasan (may Allah have mercy on him) that he disliked the testimony of a blind man.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: If this is so, then a written document is even more fitting (of the ruling) that it is not lawful for anyone to testify on the basis of it.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: If this is so, then a written document is even more fitting (of the ruling) that it is not lawful for anyone to testify on the basis of it.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي الْمَعْرُوفِ الْفَقِيهُ، أنبأ بِشْرُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الْإِسْفرَاينِيُّ، أنبأ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ نَصْرِ بْنِ الْحُسَيْنِ الْحَذَّاءُ، ثنا عَلِيُّ بْنُ الْمَدِينِيِّ، ثنا وَكِيعُ بْنُ الْجَرَّاحِ، حَدَّثَنِي أَبُو مُعَاوِيَةَ عَمْرُو بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ وَهْبٍ النَّخَعِيُّ، قَالَ: قُلْتُ لِلشَّعْبِيِّ، أَوْ سَمِعْتُ رَجُلًا قَالَ لِلشَّعْبِيِّ: أَعْرِفُ نَقْشَ خَاتَمِي فِي الصَّكِ، وَلَا أَعْرِفُ الشَّهَادَةَ؟ قَالَ: " لَا تَشْهَدْ إِلَّا عَلَى مَا تَعْرِفُ، فَإِنَّ النَّاسَ قَدْ يَنْقِشُونَ عَلَى الْخَوَاتِيمِ ".
Abu Mu'awiyah Amr bin Abdullah bin Wahb al-Nakha'i (may Allah have mercy on him) says: I said to al-Sha'bi (may Allah have mercy on him), or I heard a man say to al-Sha'bi (may Allah have mercy on him): I recognise the engraving of my ring on the deed, but I do not know (recall) the testimony. He said: Do not testify except to what you know, for many people make engravings on rings.
قَالَ: وَحَدَّثَنَا عَلِيٌّ، ثنا أَزْهَرُ بْنُ سَعْدٍ، ثنا ابْنُ عَوْنٍ، قَالَ: قُلْتُ لِإِبْرَاهِيمَ: أَرَى اسْمِي فِي الصَّكِّ، وَلَا أَذْكُرُ الشَّهَادَةَ، فَقَالَ: " قَالَ اللهُ تَعَالَى: {إِلَّا مَنْ شَهِدَ بِالْحَقِّ وَهُمْ يَعْلَمُونَ} [الزخرف: ٨٦] ".
Azhar bin Sa'd (may Allah have mercy on him) says that Ibn Awn (may Allah have mercy on him) said: I said to Ibrahim (may Allah have mercy on him): I see my name on the deed, but I do not remember anything about the testimony. He said: Allah Almighty says: "Except those who testified to the truth while they know." [Surah al-Zukhruf: 86]
