السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب المرتد
Book of the Apostate
باب: المكره على الردة
One forced into apostasy
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قَالَ اللهُ جَلَّ ثَنَاؤُهُ: {مَنْ كَفَرَ بِاللهِ مِنْ بَعْدِ إِيمَانِهِ إِلَّا مَنْ أُكْرِهَ وَقَلْبُهُ مُطْمَئِنٌّ بِالْإِيمَانِ، وَلَكِنْ مَنْ شَرَحَ بِالْكُفْرِ صَدْرًا} [النحل: 106] الْآيَةَ.
Allah, exalted be His praise, says: "Whoever disbelieves in Allah after his belief, except one who is compelled while his heart is at rest with faith, but whoever opens his breast to disbelief" (the verse) [Surah al-Nahl: 106].
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أنبأ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ حَمْدَانَ الْجَلَّابُ بِهَمَذَانَ، ثنا هِلَالُ بْنُ الْعَلَاءِ الرَّقِّيُّ، ثنا أَبِي، ثنا عُبَيْدُ اللهِ بْنُ عَمْرٍو، عَنْ عَبْدِ الْكَرِيمِ، عَنْ أَبِي عُبَيْدَةَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَمَّارِ بْنِ يَاسِرٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، قَالَ: أَخَذَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ عَمَّارَ بْنَ يَاسِرٍ، فَلَمْ يَتْرُكُوهُ حَتَّى سَبَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَذَكَرَ آلِهَتَهُمْ بِخَيْرٍ، ثُمَّ تَرَكُوهُ، فَلَمَّا أَتَى رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ: " مَا وَرَاءَكَ؟ " قَالَ: شَرٌّ يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ مَا تُرِكْتُ حَتَّى نُلْتُ مِنْكَ وَذَكَرْتُ آلِهَتَهُمْ بِخَيْرٍ، قَالَ: " كَيْفَ تَجِدُ قَلْبَكَ؟ " قَالَ: مُطْمَئِنًّا بِالْإِيمَانِ، قَالَ: " إِنْ عَادُوا فَعُدْ ".
Muhammad bin Ammar bin Yasir (may Allah have mercy on him) said: The polytheists seized Sayyiduna Ammar bin Yasir (may Allah be pleased with him) and did not let him go until he spoke ill of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and spoke well of their gods. When he came to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), he (peace and blessings be upon him) asked: "What happened?" He said: Something very bad; they did not let me go until I spoke ill of you (peace and blessings be upon you) and spoke well of their gods. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "How was your heart?" He said: At rest with faith. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "If they do it again, then you do it too."
وَحَدَّثَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ إِمْلَاءً، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا أَبُو الْبَخْتَرِيِّ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ شَاكِرٍ، ثنا الْحُسَيْنُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ الْجُعْفِيُّ، ثنا زَائِدَةُ، عَنْ عَاصِمٍ، عَنْ زِرٍّ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللهِ، قَالَ: " إِنَّ أَوَّلَ مَنْ أَظْهَرَ إِسْلَامَهُ سَبْعَةٌ: رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، وَأَبُو بَكْرٍ، وَعَمَّارٌ، وَأُمُّهُ سُمَيَّةُ، وَصُهَيْبٌ، وَبِلَالٌ، وَالْمِقْدَادُ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمْ فَأَمَّا رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَمَنَعَهُ اللهُ ⦗٣٦٣⦘ بِعَمِّهِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ، وَأَمَّا أَبُو بَكْرٍ فَمَنَعَهُ اللهُ بِقَوْمِهِ، وَأَمَّا سَائِرُهُمْ فَأَخَذَهُمُ الْمُشْرِكُونَ فَأَلْبَسُوهُمْ أَدْرَاعَ الْحَدِيدِ، وَأَوْقَفُوهُمْ فِي الشَّمْسِ، فَمَا مِنْ أَحَدٍ إِلَّا وَقَدْ وَاتَاهُمْ عَلَى مَا أَرَادُوا غَيْرَ بِلَالٍ، فَإِنَّهُ هَانَتْ عَلَيْهِ نَفْسُهُ فِي اللهِ، وَهَانَ عَلَى قَوْمِهِ، فَأَعْطَوْهُ الْوِلْدَانَ فَجَعَلُوا يَطُوفُونَ بِهِ فِي شِعَابِ مَكَّةَ، وَجَعَلَ يَقُولُ: أَحَدٌ أَحَدٌ ".
Sayyiduna Abdullah (may Allah be pleased with him) said: When Islam appeared, the first to declare their Islam were seven people: the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), Abu Bakr, Ammar, Sumayyah, Suhayb, Bilal and al-Miqdad (may Allah be pleased with them). Allah Almighty protected the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) through his uncle, and Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) through his people. But the rest were seized by the polytheists and severely tormented: they would be made to wear iron armour and thrown out in the sun, and every one of them gave in to the polytheists' demands except Bilal (may Allah be pleased with him). He regarded his own self as worthless for the sake of Allah, and his people held him in contempt. He would be handed over to boys, who would drag him around the streets of Makkah while he called out only: "Ahad, Ahad" (One, One).
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْجَبَّارِ، ثنا يُونُسُ بْنُ بُكَيْرٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ إِسْحَاقَ، قَالَ: حَدَّثَنِي حَكِيمُ بْنُ جُبَيْرٍ، عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ جُبَيْرٍ، قَالَ: قُلْتُ لِابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ: يَا أَبَا عَبَّاسٍ أَكَانَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ يَبْلُغُونَ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ فِي الْعَذَابِ مَا يُعْذَرُونَ بِهِ فِي تَرْكِ دِينِهِمْ؟ فَقَالَ: " نَعَمْ، وَاللهِ إِنْ كَانُوا لَيَضْرِبُونَ أَحَدَهُمْ وَيُجِيعُونَهُ وَيُعْطِشُونَهُ حَتَّى مَا يَقْدِرُ عَلَى أَنْ يَسْتَوِيَ جَالِسًا مِنْ شِدَّةِ الضُّرِّ الَّذِي بِهِ، حَتَّى إِنَّهُ لَيُعْطِيهِمْ مَا سَأَلُوهُ مِنَ الْفِتْنَةِ.
Sa'id bin Jubayr said: I asked Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both): Did the polytheists torment the Muslims to such an extent that they would be excused for abandoning their religion? He said: Yes, by Allah; they would beat one of them and keep him hungry and thirsty until, because of the pain, he could not even sit upright, until he would utter with his tongue the words they demanded of him.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو زَكَرِيَّا بْنُ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ الْمُزَكِّي، أنبأ أَبُو الْحَسَنِ بْنُ عُبْدُوسٍ الطَّرَائِفِيُّ، ثنا عُثْمَانُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ الدَّارِمِيُّ، ثنا عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ صَالِحٍ، عَنْ مُعَاوِيَةَ بْنِ صَالِحٍ، عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَلْحَةَ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، فِي قَوْلِهِ: {إِلَّا مَنْ أُكْرِهَ وَقَلْبُهُ مُطْمَئِنٌّ بِالْإِيمَانِ} [النحل: ١٠٦]، قَالَ: " أَخْبَرَ اللهُ سُبْحَانَهُ إِنَّهُ مَنْ كَفَرَ بَعْدَ إِيمَانِهِ فَعَلَيْهِ غَضَبٌ مِنَ اللهِ، وَلَهُ عَذَابٌ عَظِيمٌ، فَأَمَّا مَنْ أُكْرِهَ فَتَكَلَّمَ بِلِسَانِهِ، وَخَالَفَهُ قَلْبُهُ بِالْإِيمَانِ لِيَنْجُوَ بِذَلِكَ مِنْ عَدُوِّهِ فَلَا حَرَجَ عَلَيْهِ، إِنَّ اللهَ سُبْحَانَهُ إِنَّمَا يَأْخُذُ الْعِبَادَ بِمَا عَقَدَتْ عَلَيْهِ قُلُوبُهُمْ.
Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) said concerning the words of Allah Almighty: "Except one who is compelled while his heart is at rest with faith" [Surah al-Nahl: 106]: In it Allah Almighty has informed us that whoever changes his religion after Islam, upon him is the wrath of Allah and for him is a great punishment; but whoever is compelled and says something with his tongue only to save himself from them, there is no blame on him, because Allah Almighty holds (people) to account for what the servant does with his heart.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أنبأ أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ الشَّيْبَانِيُّ، حَدَّثَنِي أَبِي، ثنا أَبُو هَمَّامٍ، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ بِشْرٍ الْعَبْدِيُّ، قَالَ: سَمِعْتُ سُفْيَانَ بْنَ سَعِيدٍ، يَذْكُرُ، عَنِ ابْنِ جُرَيْجٍ، قَالَ: حَدَّثَنِي عَطَاءٌ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، {إِلَّا أَنْ تَتَّقُوا مِنْهُمْ تُقَاةً} [آل عمران: ٢٨]، قَالَ: " وَالتُّقَاةُ التَّكَلُّمُ بِاللِّسَانِ وَالْقَلْبِ مُطْمَئِنٌّ بِالْإِيمَانِ، وَلَا يَبْسُطُ يَدَهُ فَيَقْتُلُ، وَلَا إِلَى إِثْمٍ، فَإِنَّهُ لَا عُذْرَ لَهُ ".
Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) said about: "Except when you guard yourselves against them as a precaution (tuqah)" [Surah Al Imran: 28]: The meaning of tuqah is speaking with the tongue while the heart remains at rest with faith; and he must not stretch out his hand to kill, nor to any sin, for he has no excuse (in that).
