السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب قتال أهل البغي
Book of Fighting the Rebels
باب: ما جاء في قتال الضرب الثاني من أهل الردة بعد رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم
Reports on fighting the second category of apostates after the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him)
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قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: وَهُمْ قَوْمٌ تَمَسَّكُوا بِالْإِسْلَامِ، وَمَنَعُوا الصَّدَقَاتِ، وَاحْتَجَّ فِي ذَلِكَ بِقِصَّةِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ وَعُمَرَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمَا.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "And these are people who held firm to Islam but refused (to pay) zakah."
And he cited as evidence for this the incident of Sayyiduna Abu Bakr and Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both).
And he cited as evidence for this the incident of Sayyiduna Abu Bakr and Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both).
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو صَالِحِ بْنُ أَبِي طَاهِرٍ الْعَنْبَرِيُّ، أَنْبَأَ جَدِّي يَحْيَى بْنُ مَنْصُورٍ ⦗٣٠٦⦘ الْقَاضِي، ثَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ سَلَمَةَ، ثَنَا قُتَيْبَةُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ الثَّقَفِيُّ، ثَنَا اللَّيْثُ، عَنْ عَقِيلٍ، عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ، قَالَ: أَخْبَرَنِي عُبَيْدُ اللهِ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ عُتْبَةَ بْنِ مَسْعُودٍ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، قَالَ: لَمَّا تُوُفِّيَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، وَاسْتُخْلِفَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ بَعْدَهُ، وَكَفَرَ مَنْ كَفَرَ مِنَ الْعَرَبِ، قَالَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ لِأَبِي بَكْرٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ: كَيْفَ نُقَاتِلُ النَّاسَ وَقَدْ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " أُمِرْتُ أَنْ أُقَاتِلَ النَّاسَ حَتَّى يَقُولُوا: لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللهُ، فَمَنْ قَالَ: لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللهُ، فَقَدْ عَصَمَ مِنِّي مَالَهُ وَنَفْسَهُ إِلَّا بِحَقِّهِ، وَحِسَابُهُ عَلَى اللهِ "، فَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ: وَاللهِ لَأُقَاتِلَنَّ مَنْ فَرَّقَ بَيْنَ الصَّلَاةِ وَالزَّكَاةِ، فَإِنَّ الزَّكَاةَ حَقُّ الْمَالِ، وَاللهِ لَوْ مَنَعُونِي عِقَالًا كَانُوا يُؤَدُّونَهُ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ لَقَاتَلْتُهُمْ عَلَى مَنْعِهِ، قَالَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ: فَوَاللهِ مَا هُوَ إِلَّا أَنْ رَأَيْتُ اللهَ قَدْ شَرَحَ صَدْرَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ لِلْقِتَالِ فَعَرَفْتُ أَنَّهُ الْحَقُّ رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ وَمُسْلِمٌ فِي الصَّحِيحِ عَنْ قُتَيْبَةَ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ.
Sayyiduna Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) says: After the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) passed away and Sayyiduna Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) became caliph, some of the Arab tribes disbelieved. Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said to Sayyiduna Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him): How will you fight them, when the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) has said: "I have been commanded to fight people until they say the testimony 'La ilaha illallah' (There is no god worthy of worship except Allah); when they affirm it, they have protected their wealth and their lives from me, except by its right, and their reckoning is with Allah"? Sayyiduna Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) replied: "By Allah, I will certainly fight whoever makes a distinction between prayer and zakah, for zakah is the right due on wealth. By Allah, if they used to give the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) even a hobbling rope ('iqal) in zakah and now refuse it, I will certainly fight them." Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) says: By Allah, it was nothing other than that I saw that Allah had opened the chest of Sayyiduna Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) to fighting, and so I knew that it was the truth.
وَرَوَى الشَّافِعِيُّ، وَغَيْرُهُ، عَنْ سُفْيَانَ بْنِ عُيَيْنَةَ، عَنِ ابْنِ شِهَابٍ، أَنَّ عُمَرَ بْنَ الْخَطَّابِ، رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ، قَالَ لِأَبِي بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ: أَلَيْسَ قَدْ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " أُمِرْتُ أَنْ أُقَاتِلَ النَّاسَ حَتَّى يَقُولُوا لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللهُ، فَإِذَا قَالُوهَا عَصَمُوا مِنِّي دِمَاءَهُمْ وَأَمْوَالَهُمْ إِلَّا بِحَقِّهَا، وَحِسَابُهُمْ عَلَى اللهِ "، فَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ: هَذَا مِنْ حَقِّهَا، لَا تُفَرِّقُوا بَيْنَ مَا جَمَعَ اللهُ، لَوْ مَنَعُونِي عَنَاقًا مِمَّا أَعْطُوا رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَاتَلْتُهُمْ عَلَيْهِ: أَخْبَرَنَاهُ أَبُو زَكَرِيَّا بْنُ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ الْمُزَكِّي، ثَنَا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، أَنْبَأَ الرَّبِيعُ بْنُ سُلَيْمَانَ، أَنْبَأَ الشَّافِعِيُّ، أَنْبَأَ سُفْيَانُ فَذَكَرَهُ إِلَّا أَنَّهُ سَقَطَ مِنْهُ قَوْلُهُ: لَا تُفَرِّقُوا بَيْنَ مَا جَمَعَ اللهُ قَالَ الشَّيْخُ الْإِمَامُ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: وَاحْتَجَّ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ فِي هَذَا الْحَدِيثِ: أَحَدُهُمَا أَنْ قَالَ: قد قَالَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " إِلَّا بِحَقِّهَا "، وَهَذَا مِنْ حَقِّهَا، وَالْآخَرُ أَنْ قَالَ: لَا تُفَرِّقُوا بَيْنَ مَا جَمَعَ اللهُ قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: يَعْنِي فِيمَا أَرَى وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ، أَنَّهُ مُجَاهِدُهُمْ عَلَى الصَّلَاةِ، وَإِنَّ الزَّكَاةَ مِثْلَهَا قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ: وَلَعَلَّ مَذْهَبَهُ فِيهِ أَنَّ اللهَ يَقُولُ: {وَمَا أُمِرُوا إِلَّا لِيَعْبُدُوا اللهَ مُخْلِصِينَ لَهُ الدِّينَ حُنَفَاءَ، وَيُقِيمُوا الصَّلَاةَ، وَيُؤْتُوا الزَّكَاةَ، وَذَلِكَ دَيْنُ الْقِيمَةِ} [البينة: ٥]، وَأَنَّ اللهَ فَرَضَ عَلَيْهِمْ شَهَادَةَ الْحَقِّ وَالصَّلَاةَ وَالزَّكَاةَ، وَأَنَّهُ مَتَى مَنَعَ فَرْضًا قَدْ لَزِمَهُ، لَمْ يُتْرَكْ وَمَنْعِهِ حَتَّى يُؤَدِّيَهُ أَوْ يُقْتَلَ قَالَ الشَّيْخُ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: وَأَمَّا قَوْلُ عُمَرَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ: فَوَاللهِ مَا هُوَ إِلَّا أَنِّي رَأَيْتُ اللهَ قَدْ شَرَحَ صَدْرَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ لِلْقِتَالِ، فَعَرَفْتُ أَنَّهُ الْحَقُّ، يُرِيدُ أَنَّهُ انْشَرَحَ صَدْرُهُ بِالْحُجَّةِ الَّتِي أَدْلَى بِهَا، ⦗٣٠٧⦘ وَالْبُرْهَانِ الَّذِي أَقَامَهُ. وَقَالَ بَعْضُ أَئِمَّتِنَا رَحِمَهُمُ اللهُ: قَدْ وَقَعَ اخْتِصَارٌ فِي رِوَايَةِ هَذَا الْحَدِيثِ، وَقَدْ صَحَّ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ مِنْ أَوْجُهٍ كَثِيرَةٍ، أَنَّهُ أَمَرَ بِالْقِتَالِ عَلَى الشَّهَادَتَيْنِ، وَعَلَى إِقَامَةِ الصَّلَاةِ، وَإِيتَاءِ الزَّكَاةِ، فَأَبُو بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ إِنَّمَا قَاتَلَ مَانِعِي الزَّكَاةِ بِالنَّصِّ مَعَ مَا ذُكِرَ مِنَ الدَّلَالَةِ، وَعُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ إِنَّمَا سَلَّمَ ذَلِكَ لَهُ حِينَ قَامَتْ عَلَيْهِ الْحُجَّةُ بِمَا رَوَى فِيهِ مِنَ النَّصِّ، وَذَكَرَ فِيهِ مِنَ الدَّلَالَةِ، لَا أَنَّهُ قَلَّدَهُ فِيهِ.
This has passed before.
The Shaykh says: The proof that Sayyiduna Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) took in this hadith was drawn, first, from this saying of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him): 'illa bi-haqqiha' (except by its right), and second, from the point: why do they separate what Allah Almighty has joined together? Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) says that he would fight them over the prayer, and that zakah is like it; and perhaps from this saying of Allah Almighty: "And they were not commanded except to worship Allah, being sincere to Him in religion, inclining to truth, and to establish prayer and give zakah; and that is the upright religion" [Surah al-Bayyinah: 5], he understood that Allah Almighty has made obligatory the testimony of truth, the prayer and zakah, and that whoever withholds an obligation binding upon him is not left alone in his withholding until he either fulfils it or is killed. And the Shaykh says that what Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said about his chest being opened means: the proofs that Sayyiduna Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) presented settled firmly in my heart.
Some of our imams (may Allah have mercy on them) said: The narration of this hadith has been abridged. It is authentically established from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) through many routes that he commanded fighting over the two testimonies, establishing prayer and giving zakah. So Sayyiduna Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) fought those who withheld zakah on the basis of an explicit text together with the inference mentioned, and Sayyiduna Umar bin al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him) conceded it to him only when the proof was established against him through the text he narrated and the inference he mentioned — not that he followed him blindly in it.
The Shaykh says: The proof that Sayyiduna Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) took in this hadith was drawn, first, from this saying of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him): 'illa bi-haqqiha' (except by its right), and second, from the point: why do they separate what Allah Almighty has joined together? Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) says that he would fight them over the prayer, and that zakah is like it; and perhaps from this saying of Allah Almighty: "And they were not commanded except to worship Allah, being sincere to Him in religion, inclining to truth, and to establish prayer and give zakah; and that is the upright religion" [Surah al-Bayyinah: 5], he understood that Allah Almighty has made obligatory the testimony of truth, the prayer and zakah, and that whoever withholds an obligation binding upon him is not left alone in his withholding until he either fulfils it or is killed. And the Shaykh says that what Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said about his chest being opened means: the proofs that Sayyiduna Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) presented settled firmly in my heart.
Some of our imams (may Allah have mercy on them) said: The narration of this hadith has been abridged. It is authentically established from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) through many routes that he commanded fighting over the two testimonies, establishing prayer and giving zakah. So Sayyiduna Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) fought those who withheld zakah on the basis of an explicit text together with the inference mentioned, and Sayyiduna Umar bin al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him) conceded it to him only when the proof was established against him through the text he narrated and the inference he mentioned — not that he followed him blindly in it.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، ثَنَا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ سِنَانٍ الْقَزَّازُ، ثَنَا عَمْرُو بْنُ عَاصِمٍ الْكِلَابِيُّ، ثَنَا عِمْرَانُ بْنُ دَاوُدَ الْقَطَّانُ، ثَنَا مَعْمَرُ بْنُ رَاشِدٍ، عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ، عَنْ أَنَسٍ، قَالَ: لَمَّا تُوُفِّيَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ ارْتَدَّتِ الْعَرَبُ، قَالَ: فَقَالَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ: يَا أَبَا بَكْرٍ أَتُرِيدُ أَنْ تُقَاتِلَ الْعَرَبَ؟ قَالَ: فَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ: إِنَّمَا قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " أُمِرْتُ أَنْ أُقَاتِلَ النَّاسَ حَتَّى يَشْهَدُوا أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللهُ وَأَنِّي رَسُولُ اللهِ، وَيُقِيمُوا الصَّلَاةَ، وَيُؤْتُوا الزَّكَاةَ "، وَاللهِ لَوْ مَنَعُونِي عَنَاقًا مِمَّا كَانُوا يُعْطُونَ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ لَأُقَاتِلَنَّهُمْ عَلَيْهِ، قَالَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ: فَلَمَّا رَأَيْتُ رَأْيَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ قَدْ شُرِحَ عَلَيْهِ عَلِمْتُ أَنَّهُ الْحَقُّ.
The hadith numbered 16730 (is also narrated) from Sayyiduna Anas (may Allah be pleased with him).
أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أَنْبَأَ أَبُو الْحَسَنِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عُقْبَةَ الشَّيْبَانِيُّ بِالْكُوفَةِ، ثَنَا الْهَيْثَمُ بْنُ خَالِدٍ، ثَنَا أَبُو نُعَيْمٍ، ثَنَا أَبُو الْعَنْبَسِ سَعِيدُ بْنُ كَثِيرٍ، حَدَّثَنِي أَبِي، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " أُمِرْتُ أَنْ أُقَاتِلَ النَّاسَ حَتَّى يَشْهَدُوا أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللهُ، وَيُقِيمُوا الصَّلَاةَ، وَيُؤْتُوا الزَّكَاةَ، ثُمَّ حُرِّمَتْ عَلَيَّ دِمَاؤُهُمْ وَأَمْوَالُهُمْ، وَحِسَابُهُمْ عَلَى اللهِ تَعَالَى ".
It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I have been commanded to fight people until they affirm the testimony (kalimah), establish prayer and pay zakah. When they do this, they have protected their lives and their wealth from me, and their reckoning is with Allah Almighty."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو طَاهِرٍ الْفَقِيهُ، أَنْبَأَ أَبُو عُثْمَانَ عَمْرُو بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ الْبَصْرِيُّ، ثَنَا أَبُو أَحْمَدَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْوَهَّابِ، أَنْبَأَ أَبُو النَّضْرِ هَاشِمُ بْنُ الْقَاسِمِ، ثَنَا أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ الرَّازِيُّ، عَنْ يُونُسَ، عَنِ الْحَسَنِ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " أُمِرْتُ أَنْ أُقَاتِلَ النَّاسَ حَتَّى يَقُولُوا: لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللهُ، وَيُقِيمُوا الصَّلَاةَ، وَيُؤْتُوا الزَّكَاةَ، فَإِذَا فَعَلُوا مَنَعُوا مِنِّي دِمَاءَهُمْ وَأَمْوَالَهُمْ إِلَّا بِحَقِّهَا، وَحِسَابُهُمْ عَلَى اللهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ ".
The previous narration.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، ثَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِِ اللهِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ الْحَافِظُ، ثَنَا إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ قُتَيْبَةَ، ثَنَا عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الْمُسْنَدِيُّ، ثَنَا حَرَمِيُّ بْنُ عُمَارَةَ، ثَنَا شُعْبَةُ، عَنْ وَاقِدِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ، قَالَ: سَمِعْتُ أَبِي يُحَدِّثُ، عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ: " أُمِرْتُ أَنْ أُقَاتِلَ النَّاسَ حَتَّى يَشْهَدُوا أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللهُ وَأَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ اللهِ، وَيُقِيمُوا الصَّلَاةَ، ⦗٣٠٨⦘ وَيُؤْتُوا الزَّكَاةَ، فَإِذَا فَعَلُوا ذَلِكَ عَصَمُوا مِنِّي دِمَاءَهُمْ وَأَمْوَالَهُمْ إِلَّا بِحَقِّ الْإِسْلَامِ، وَحِسَابُهُمْ عَلَى اللهِ " رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي الصَّحِيحِ عَنِ الْمُسْنَدِيِّ، وَأَخْرَجَهُ مُسْلِمٌ مِنْ أَوْجُهٍ أُخَرَ عَنْ شُعْبَةَ.
The previous narration (is also reported) from Sayyiduna Ibn Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both).
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، وَأَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ أَبِي عَمْرٍو، قَالَا: ثَنَا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثَنَا يَحْيَى بْنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ، أَنْبَأَ عَبْدُ الْوَهَّابِ بْنُ عَطَاءٍ، أَنْبَأَ سَعِيدٌ هُوَ ابْنُ أَبِي عَرُوبَةَ، عَنْ قَتَادَةَ، فِي قَوْلِهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: {يَا آَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا مَنْ يَرْتَدَّ مِنْكُمْ عَنْ دِينِهِ فَسَوْفَ يَأْتِي اللهُ بِقَوْمٍ يُحِبُّهُمْ وَيُحِبُّونَهُ} الْآيَةِ كُلِّهَا، قَالَ: نَزَلَتْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ وَقَدْ عَلِمَ اللهُ أَنَّهُ سَيَرْتَدُّ مُرْتَدُّونَ مِنَ النَّاسِ، فَلَمَّا قَبَضَ اللهُ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ ارْتَدَّ النَّاسُ عَنِ الْإِسْلَامِ، إِلَّا ثَلَاثَةَ مَسَاجِدَ، أَهْلَ الْمَدِينَةِ، وَأَهْلَ مَكَّةَ، وَأَهْلَ جَوَاثَا مِنْ أَهْلِ الْبَحْرَيْنِ مِنْ عَبْدِ الْقَيْسِ، وَقَالَتِ الْعَرَبُ: أَمَا الصَّلَاةُ فَنُصَلِّي، وَأَمَّا الزَّكَاةُ فَوَاللهِ لَا نُغْصَبُ أَمْوَالَنَا، فَكُلِّمَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ أَنْ يَتَجَاوَزَ عَنْهُمْ، وَتُخْلَى عَنْهُمْ، وَقِيلَ لَهُ: إِنَّهُمْ لَوْ قَدْ فَقِهُوَا لَأَعْطُوا الزَّكَاةَ طَائِعِينَ، فَأَبَى عَلَيْهِمْ أَبُو بَكْرٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ: وَاللهِ لَا أُفَرِّقُ بَيْنَ شَيْءٍ جَمَعَ اللهُ بَيْنَهُ، وَاللهِ لَوْ مَنَعُونِي عَنَاقًا مِمَّا فَرَضَ اللهُ وَرَسُولُهُ لَقَاتَلْتُهُمْ عَلَيْهِ، فَبَعَثَ اللهُ عَلَيْهِمْ عَصَائِبَ فَقَاتَلُوا عَلَى مَا قَاتَلَ عَلَيْهِ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، حَتَّى أَقَرُّوا بِالْمَاعُونِ، وَهِيَ الزَّكَاةُ الْمَفْرُوضَةُ، ثُمَّ إِنَّ وَفْدَ الْعَرَبِ قَدِمُوا عَلَيْهِ فَخَيَّرَهُمْ بَيْنَ خُطَّةٍ مُخْزِيَةٍ أَوْ حَرْبٍ مُجْلِيَةٍ، فَاخْتَارُوا الْخُطَّةَ، وَكَانَتْ أَهْوَنَ عَلَيْهِمْ أَنْ يَشْهَدُوا أَنَّ قَتْلَاهُمْ فِي النَّارِ وَقَتْلَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ فِي الْجَنَّةِ، وَمَا أَصَابَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ مِنْ أَمْوَالِهِمْ فَهُوَ حَلَالٌ، وَمَا أَصَابُوا مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ رَدُّوهُ عَلَيْهِمْ.
Qatadah (may Allah have mercy on him) says: When this saying of Allah Almighty was revealed: "O you who believe, whoever of you turns back from his religion" [Surah al-Ma'idah: 54], it became known that some people would apostatise. When the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) passed away, people apostatised, except for (the people of) three places — "mosques": the people of Madinah, the people of Makkah, and the people of Juwatha in Bahrain, of Banu Abd al-Qays. The Arabs said: As for prayer, we will pray; but as for zakah, by Allah, we will not let our wealth be taken from us by force. Sayyiduna Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) was urged to overlook them and leave them alone, and it was said to him: If they come to understand, they will give zakah willingly. But Sayyiduna Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) refused and said: By Allah, I will not separate anything that Allah has joined together; and by Allah, if they withhold from me even a young goat of what Allah and His Messenger have made obligatory, I will fight them over it. So Allah sent bands (of men) against them who fought over what the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) had fought over, until they affirmed al-ma'un, which is the obligatory zakah. Then the delegations of the Arabs came to him, and he gave them the choice between a humiliating settlement or a war of expulsion. They chose the settlement, and it was easier for them: that they bear witness that their slain are in the Fire and the slain of the Muslims are in Paradise, that whatever of their wealth the Muslims had taken is lawful, and that whatever they had taken from the Muslims they would return to them.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحُسَيْنِ بْنُ الْفَضْلِ الْقَطَّانُ، أَنْبَأَ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ، ثَنَا يَعْقُوبُ بْنُ سُفْيَانَ، ثَنَا أَبُو الْيَمَانِ الْحَكَمُ بْنُ نَافِعٍ، ثَنَا صَفْوَانُ بْنُ عَمْرٍو، عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ جُبَيْرٍ، أَنَّ أَبَا بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقَ، رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ، كَانَ جَهَّزَ بَعْدَ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ جُيُوشًا عَلَى بَعْضِهَا شُرَحْبِيلُ ابْنُ حَسَنَةَ، وَيَزِيدُ بْنُ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ، وَعَمْرُو بْنُ الْعَاصِ، فَسَارُوا حَتَّى نَزَلُوا الشَّامَ، فَجَمَعَتْ لَهُمُ الرُّومُ جُمُوعًا عَظِيمَةً، فَحُدِّثَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ بِذَلِكَ فَأَرْسَلَ إِلَى خَالِدِ بْنِ الْوَلِيدِ، وَهُوَ بِالْعِرَاقِ، أَوْ كَتَبَ أَنِ: انْصَرِفْ بِثَلَاثَةِ آلَافِ فَارِسٍ فَأَمِدَّ إِخْوَانَكَ بِالشَّامِ، وَالْعَجَلَ الْعَجَلَ، فَأَقْبَلَ خَالِدٌ مُغِذًّا جَوَادًا، فَاشْتَقَّ الْأَرْضَ بِمَنْ مَعَهُ حَتَّى خَرَجَ إِلَى ضمير فَوَجَدَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ مُعَسْكِرِينَ بِالْجَابِيَةِ، وَتَسَامَعَ الْأَعْرَابُ الَّذِينَ كَانُوا فِي مَمْلَكَةِ الرُّومِ بِخَالِدٍ فَفَزِعُوا لَهُ، فَفِي ذَلِكَ يَقُولُ قَائِلُهُمْ:.
Abd al-Rahman bin Jubayr (may Allah have mercy on him) says that after the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), Sayyiduna Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) equipped several armies, appointing as commander over one Sayyiduna Shurahbil bin Hasanah (may Allah be pleased with him), over another Sayyiduna Yazid bin Abi Sufyan (may Allah be pleased with him), and over another Sayyiduna Amr bin al-As (may Allah be pleased with him). They marched until they encamped in Sham, and the Romans gathered a very large army against them. When Sayyiduna Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) learned of this, he wrote to Sayyiduna Khalid bin al-Walid (may Allah be pleased with him), who was in Iraq: Go to Sham with three thousand horsemen and help your brothers, and hurry. So Sayyiduna Khalid bin al-Walid (may Allah be pleased with him) set out at great speed; the land was hard going for those who were with him. He came out at Dumayr, where he found the Muslims encamped at al-Jabiyah. When the Bedouins who were (under) the Romans heard about Sayyiduna Khalid bin al-Walid (may Allah be pleased with him), they were alarmed. Concerning this, one of them said: "Alas, would that we might pass on before the horseman of Abu Bakr; our death is near, and we do not even know it." And in al-Mabsut it is reported from Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) as follows:
Alas, we rose in the morning before the breaking of dawn;
perhaps our death is near, and we do not even know it.
We obeyed the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him); we were not among them —
how strange! What has become of the kingship of Abu Bakr?
That which they asked of you and you withheld
is to them like dates, or even sweeter than dates.
We too will withhold it from them as long as we survive;
this is what befits the honourable in the hour of hardship.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) says that they said to Sayyiduna Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him): We have not disbelieved; rather, we have become miserly with our wealth.
Alas, we rose in the morning before the breaking of dawn;
perhaps our death is near, and we do not even know it.
We obeyed the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him); we were not among them —
how strange! What has become of the kingship of Abu Bakr?
That which they asked of you and you withheld
is to them like dates, or even sweeter than dates.
We too will withhold it from them as long as we survive;
this is what befits the honourable in the hour of hardship.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) says that they said to Sayyiduna Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him): We have not disbelieved; rather, we have become miserly with our wealth.
