السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب القسامة
Book of Qasamah
باب: ما جاء في القتل بالقسامة
Reports on retaliation by qasamah
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Sayyiduna Sahl bin Abi Hathmah (may Allah be pleased with him) said — he was the chief of his people — that Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Sahl and Sayyiduna Muhayyisah (may Allah be pleased with them both) went out to Khaybar. Then he narrated the complete hadith about the killing of Abdullah, including that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) had said: "Take the oath and become entitled to the blood of your companion."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، وَأَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ أَبِي عَمْرٍو، قَالَا: ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْجَبَّارِ الْعُطَارِدِيُّ، ثنا يُونُسُ بْنُ بُكَيْرٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ إِسْحَاقَ، حَدَّثَنِي الزُّهْرِيُّ، وَبَشِيرُ بْنُ أَبِي كَيْسَانَ، مَوْلَى بَنِي حَارِثَةَ، عَنْ سَهْلِ بْنِ أَبِي حَثْمَةَ، قَالَ: أُصِيبَ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ سَهْلٍ بِخَيْبَرَ، وَكَانَ خَرَجَ إِلَيْهَا فِي أَصْحَابٍ لَهُ يَمْتَارُونَ تَمْرًا فَوُجِدَ فِي عَيْنٍ قَدْ كُسِرَتْ عُنُقُهُ ثُمَّ ضُرِحَ عَلَيْهِ، فَأَخَذُوهُ فَغَيَّبُوهُ، ثُمَّ قَدِمُوا عَلَى رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَذَكَرُوا لَهُ شَأْنَهُ، فَتَقَدَّمَ أَخُوهُ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ وَمَعَهُ ابْنَا عَمِّهِ حُوَيِّصَةُ، وَمُحَيِّصَةُ ابْنَا مَسْعُودٍ، وَكَانَ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ أَحْدَثَهُمْ سِنًّا، وَكَانَ صَاحِبَ الدَّمِ وَكَانَ ذَا قَدَمِ الْقَوْمِ، فَلَمَّا تَكَلَّمَ قَبْلَ بَنِي عَمِّهِ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " الْكِبَرَ الْكِبَرَ " فَتَكَلَّمَ حُوَيِّصَةُ، وَمُحَيِّصَةُ ثُمَّ تَكَلَّمَ هُوَ بَعْدُ، فَذَكَرَ لِرَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَتْلَ صَاحِبِهِمْ، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " تُسَمُّونَ قَاتِلَكُمْ ثُمَّ تَحْلِفُونَ عَلَيْهِ خَمْسِينَ يَمِينًا فَنُسْلِمُهُ إِلَيْكُمْ؟ " قَالُوا: مَا كُنَّا نَحْلِفُ عَلَى مَا لَا نَعْلَمُ فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " فَيَحْلِفُونَ بِاللهِ لَكُمْ خَمْسِينَ يَمِينًا مَا قَتَلُوهُ وَلَا يَعْلَمُونَ لَهُ قَاتِلًا، ثُمَّ يَبْرَءُونَ مِنْ دَمِهِ؟ " فَقَالُوا: مَا كُنَّا لِنَقْبَلَ أَيْمَانَ يَهُودَ، مَا فِيهِمْ مِنَ الْكُفْرِ أَعْظَمُ مِنْ أَنْ يَحْلِفُوا عَلَى إِثْمٍ فَوَدَاهُ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ مِنْ عِنْدِهِ مِائَةَ نَاقَةٍ فَقَالَ سَهْلٌ: فَوَاللهِ مَا أَنْسَى بَكْرَةً مِنْهَا حَمْرَاءَ ضَرَبَتْنِي بِرِجْلِهَا وَأَنَا أَحُورُهَا.
Sayyiduna Sahl bin Abi Hathmah (may Allah be pleased with him) said: Abdullah bin Sahl was killed at Khaybar. He had gone out there with some companions of his to obtain provisions of dates, and he was found in a spring with his neck broken, and then earth had been thrown over him. They took him and buried him, then came to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) and told him what had happened. His brother Abd al-Rahman came forward, and with him were his two paternal cousins, Huwayyisah and Muhayyisah, the sons of Mas'ud. Abd al-Rahman was the youngest of them in age, but he was the one with the claim to the blood and held a leading position among the people. When he spoke before his cousins, the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "The elder, the elder." So Huwayyisah and Muhayyisah spoke, and then he spoke after them and mentioned to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) the killing of their companion. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Will you name your killer, then swear fifty oaths against him, and we will hand him over to you?" They said: "We would not swear to what we do not know." The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Then shall they swear fifty oaths by Allah to you that they did not kill him and do not know who killed him, and then be free of his blood?" They said: "We would not accept the oaths of the Jews; the disbelief in them is too great for them to refrain from swearing to a sin." So the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) paid his blood money from his own funds: a hundred she-camels. Sahl said: By Allah, I will never forget a young red she-camel among them that kicked me with her leg while I was driving them.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَلِيٍّ الرُّوذْبَارِيُّ، أنبأ أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ دَاسَةَ، ثنا أَبُو دَاوُدَ، ثنا مَحْمُودُ بْنُ خَالِدٍ، وَكَثِيرُ بْنُ عُبَيْدٍ، قَالَا: ثنا الْوَلِيدُ، ح قَالَ أَبُو دَاوُدَ: وَحَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الصَّبَّاحِ بْنِ سُفْيَانَ، أنبأ الْوَلِيدُ، عَنْ أَبِي عَمْرٍو، عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ شُعَيْبٍ، عَنْ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: ⦗٢١٩⦘ أَنَّهُ قَتَلَ بِالْقَسَامَةِ رَجُلًا مِنْ بَنِي نَصْرِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ، بِبَحْرَةِ الرِّعَاءِ عَلَى شَطِّ لَيَّةَ، فَقَالَ: الْقَاتِلُ وَالْمَقْتُولُ مِنْهُمْ وَقَالَ أَبُو دَاوُدَ: وَهَذَا لَفْظُ مَحْمُودٍ بِبَحْرَةَ، أَقَامَهُ مَحْمُودٌ وَحْدَهُ هَذَا مُنْقَطِعٌ، وَمَا قَبْلَهُ مُحْتَمَلٌ لِاسْتِحْقَاقِ الدِّيَةِ، فَإِنَّهَا بِالدَّمِ تُسْتَحَقُّ، وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ،.
Amr bin Shu'ayb (may Allah have mercy on him) narrates from the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) that he executed, on the basis of qasamah, a man of Banu Nasr bin Malik at Bahrat al-Ri'a on the bank of Liyyah, and he said: "The killer and the slain are both from among them."
This is munqati' (broken).
This is munqati' (broken).
وَرَوَى أَيْضًا أَبُو دَاوُدَ، فِي الْمَرَاسِيلِ، عَنْ مُوسَى بْنِ إِسْمَاعِيلَ، عَنْ حَمَّادٍ، عَنْ قَتَادَةَ، وَعَامِرٍ الْأَحْوَلِ، عَنْ أَبِي الْمُغِيرَةِ، أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: أَقَادَ بِالْقَسَامَةِ بِالطَّائِفِ وَهُوَ أَيْضًا مُنْقَطِعٌ: أَخْبَرَنَاهُ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ، أَنْبَأَ الْفَسَوِيُّ، ثنا اللُّؤْلُؤِيُّ، ثنا أَبُو دَاوُدَ، فَذَكَرَهُ.
Abu al-Mughirah (may Allah have mercy on him) said that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) carried out retaliation on the basis of qasamah at Ta'if.
This too is munqati' (broken).
This too is munqati' (broken).
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ يُوسُفَ الرَّفَّاءُ الْبَغْدَادِيُّ بِخُسْرَوْجِرْدَ، أنبأ أَبُو عُمَرَ، وَعُثْمَانُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ بِشْرٍ، ثنا إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ، ثنا إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ أَبِي أُوَيْسٍ، وَعِيسَى بْنُ مِينَا، قَالَا: ثنا عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ أَبِي الزِّنَادِ، أَنَّ أَبَاهُ، قَالَ: كَانَ مَنْ أَدْرَكْتُ مِنْ فُقَهَائِنَا الَّذِينَ يُنْتَهَى إِلَى قَوْلِهِمْ، يَعْنِي مِنْ أَهْلِ الْمَدِينَةِ، يَقُولُونَ: يَبْدَأُ بِالْيَمِينِ فِي الْقَسَامَةِ الَّذِينَ يَجِيئُونَ مِنَ الشَّهَادَةِ عَلَى اللَّطْخِ، وَالشُّبْهَةِ الْخَفِيَّةِ مَا لَا يَجِيءُ خُصَمَاؤُهُمْ، وَحَيْثُ كَانَ ذَلِكَ كَانَتِ الْقَسَامَةُ لَهُمْ قَالَ أَبُو الزِّنَادِ: وَأَخْبَرَنِي خَارِجَةُ بْنُ زَيْدِ بْنِ ثَابِتٍ، أَنَّ رَجُلًا مِنَ الْأَنْصَارِ قَتَلَ وَهُوَ سَكْرَانُ رَجُلًا ضَرَبَهُ بِشَوْبَقٍ وَلَمْ يَكُنْ عَلَى ذَلِكَ بَيِّنَةٌ قَاطِعَةٌ، إِلَّا لَطْخٌ أَوْ شَبِيهُ ذَلِكَ، وَفِي النَّاسِ يَوْمَئِذٍ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَمِنْ فُقَهَاءِ النَّاسِ مَا لَا يُحْصَى، وَمَا اخْتَلَفَ اثْنَانِ مِنْهُمْ أَنْ يَحْلِفَ وُلَاةُ الْمَقْتُولِ وَيَقْتُلُوا أَوْ يَسْتَحْيُوا، فَحَلَفُوا خَمْسِينَ يَمِينًا وَقَتَلُوا، وَكَانُوا يُخْبِرُونَ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَضَى بِالْقَسَامَةِ، وَيَرَوْنَهَا لِلَّذِي يَأْتِي بِهِ مِنَ اللَّطْخِ وَالشُّبْهَةِ أَقْوَى مِمَّا يَأْتِي بِهِ خَصْمُهُ، وَرَأَوْا ذَلِكَ فِي الصُّهَيْبِيِّ حِينَ قَتَلَهُ الْحَاطِبِيُّونَ وَفِي غَيْرِهِ وَرَوَاهُ ابْنُ وَهْبٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي الزِّنَادِ، وَزَادَ فِيهِ أَنَّ مُعَاوِيَةَ كَتَبَ إِلَى سَعِيدِ بْنِ الْعَاصِ، إِنْ كَانَ مَا ذَكَرْنَا لَهُ حَقًّا أَنْ يُحْلِفَنَا عَلَى الْقَاتِلِ ثُمَّ يُسَلَّمَ إِلَيْنَا.
Abu al-Zinad reports from the senior jurists of Madinah that in qasamah the oath is first taken from those who bring accusation, suspicion and testimony, not from those who are their opponents, because the qasamah is for them.
Abu al-Zinad said: Kharijah bin Zayd bin Thabit (may Allah have mercy on him) told me that a man of the Ansar killed another while he was drunk. There was no evidence of this, only accusation and suspicion. Among the people at that time were the Companions (may Allah be pleased with them) and many jurists, and not even two of them differed that the oath would be taken by the heirs of the slain man. They swore and had him killed, and they all used to report that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) also judged by qasamah, and they regarded those with accusation and suspicion as stronger than the others.
There is another narration from Abu al-Zinad that Sayyiduna Mu'awiyah (may Allah be pleased with him) wrote to Sayyiduna Sa'id bin al-As (may Allah be pleased with him) what we have mentioned: if it is true, we will have the oath taken against the killer; then send him to us.
Abu al-Zinad said: Kharijah bin Zayd bin Thabit (may Allah have mercy on him) told me that a man of the Ansar killed another while he was drunk. There was no evidence of this, only accusation and suspicion. Among the people at that time were the Companions (may Allah be pleased with them) and many jurists, and not even two of them differed that the oath would be taken by the heirs of the slain man. They swore and had him killed, and they all used to report that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) also judged by qasamah, and they regarded those with accusation and suspicion as stronger than the others.
There is another narration from Abu al-Zinad that Sayyiduna Mu'awiyah (may Allah be pleased with him) wrote to Sayyiduna Sa'id bin al-As (may Allah be pleased with him) what we have mentioned: if it is true, we will have the oath taken against the killer; then send him to us.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ أَبِي عَمْرٍو، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ الْأَصَمُّ، ثنا بَحْرُ بْنُ نَصْرٍ، ثنا عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ وَهْبٍ، أَخْبَرَنِي عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ أَبِي الزِّنَادِ، أَنَّ هِشَامَ بْنَ عُرْوَةَ، أَخْبَرَهُ أَنَّ رَجُلًا مِنْ آلِ حَاطِبِ بْنِ أَبِي بَلْتَعَةَ كَانَتْ بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ رَجُلٍ مِنْ آلِ صُهَيْبٍ مُنَازَعَةٌ، فَذَكَرَ الْحَدِيثَ فِي قَتْلِهِ، قَالَ: فَرَكِبَ يَحْيَى بْنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ حَاطِبٍ إِلَى عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ بْنِ ⦗٢٢٠⦘ مَرْوَانَ فِي ذَلِكَ فَقَضَى بِالْقَسَامَةِ عَلَى سِتَّةِ نَفَرٍ مِنْ آلِ حَاطِبٍ، فَثَنَّى عَلَيْهِمُ الْأَيْمَانَ، فَطَلَبَ آلُ حَاطِبٍ أَنْ يَحْلِفُوا عَلَى اثْنَيْنِ وَيَقْتُلُوهُمَا، فَأَبَى عَبْدُ الْمَلِكِ إِلَّا أَنْ يَحْلِفُوا عَلَى وَاحِدٍ فَيَقْتُلُوهُ، فَحَلَفُوا عَلَى الصُّهَيْبِيِّ فَقَتَلُوهُ، قَالَ هِشَامٌ: فَلَمْ يُنْكِرْ ذَلِكَ عُرْوَةُ، وَرَأَى أَنْ قَدْ أُصِيبَ فِيهِ الْحَقُّ وَرُوِّينَا فِيهِ عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ وَرَبِيعَةَ وَيُذْكَرُ عَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي مُلَيْكَةَ، عَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ وَابْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ أَنَّهُمَا أَقَادَا بِالْقَسَامَةِ وَيُذْكَرُ عَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ أَنَّهُ رَجَعَ عَنْ ذَلِكَ وَقَالَ: إِنْ وَجَدَ أَصْحَابُهُ بَيِّنَةً، وَإِلَّا فَلَا تُظْلَمُ النَّاسُ، فَإِنَّ هَذَا لَا يُقْضَى فِيهِ إِلَى يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ.
Hisham bin Urwah (may Allah have mercy on him) said that there was a dispute between a man from the family of Hatib bin Abi Balta'ah (may Allah be pleased with him) and a man from the family of Suhayb (may Allah be pleased with him); then he narrated the account of his killing. He said: Yahya bin Abd al-Rahman bin Hatib (may Allah have mercy on him) rode to Abd al-Malik bin Marwan about it, and he gave judgement by qasamah, that 6 men of the family of Hatib should swear, repeating the oaths over them. The family of Hatib wanted to swear against two men and kill them both, but Abd al-Malik refused unless they swore against one and killed him. So they swore against the Suhaybi, and he was killed. Hisham said: Urwah did not object to that and held that the truth had been reached in it.
This has been narrated to us from al-Zuhri and Rabi'ah, and it is mentioned from Ibn Abi Mulaykah that Umar bin Abd al-Aziz and Ibn al-Zubayr carried out retaliation by qasamah. It is also mentioned from Umar bin Abd al-Aziz that he retracted that and said: If his people find evidence (then so be it); otherwise people must not be wronged, for this is something that will only be judged on the Day of Resurrection.
This has been narrated to us from al-Zuhri and Rabi'ah, and it is mentioned from Ibn Abi Mulaykah that Umar bin Abd al-Aziz and Ibn al-Zubayr carried out retaliation by qasamah. It is also mentioned from Umar bin Abd al-Aziz that he retracted that and said: If his people find evidence (then so be it); otherwise people must not be wronged, for this is something that will only be judged on the Day of Resurrection.
