السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب الظهار
Book of Zihar
باب: عتق المؤمنة في الظهار
Freeing a believing slave in the expiation for zihar
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قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: لَا يُجْزِيهِ تَحْرِيرُ رَقَبَةٍ عَلَى غَيْرِ دِينِ الْإِسْلَامِ؛ لِأَنَّ اللهَ تَعَالَى يَقُولُ فِي الْقَتْلِ: {فَتَحْرِيرُ رَقَبَةٍ مُؤْمِنَةٍ} [النساء: 92]، فَكَانَ شَرْطُ اللهِ تَعَالَى فِي رَقَبَةِ الْقَتْلِ إِذَا كَانَ كَفَّارَةً كَالدَّلِيلِ وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ أَنْ لَا تَجْزِيَ رَقَبَةٌ فِي كَفَّارَةٍ إِلَّا مُؤْمِنَةً كَمَا شَرَطَ اللهُ الْعَدْلَ فِي الشَّهَادَةِ فِي مَوْضِعَيْنِ، وَأَطْلَقَ الشُّهُودَ فِي ثَلَاثَةِ مَوَاضِعَ، فَلَمَّا كَانَتْ شَهَادَةٌ كُلُّهَا اسْتَدْلَلْنَا عَلَى أَنَّ مَا أَطْلَقَ مِنَ الشَّهَادَاتِ إِنْ شَاءَ اللهُ عَلَى مِثْلِ مَعْنَى مَا شَرَطَ، قَالَ: وَإِنَّمَا رَدَّ اللهُ أَمْوَالَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ عَلَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ لَا عَلَى الْمُشْرِكِينَ، قَالَ: وَأَحَبُّ لَهُ أَنْ لَا يُعْتِقَ إِلَّا بَالِغَةً مُؤْمِنَةً وَإِنْ كَانَتْ أَعْجَمِيَّةً فَوَصَفَتِ الْإِسْلَامَ أَجْزَأَتْهُ.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "Freeing a neck (slave) who is on a religion other than Islam will not suffice him (in the expiation for zihar), because Allah Almighty says concerning killing: 'then the freeing of a believing neck (slave)' [Surah al-Nisa: 92].
So Allah Almighty's condition (of faith) for the neck in the expiation for killing, since it is an expiation, is like evidence, and Allah knows best, that no neck will suffice in any expiation except a believing one; just as Allah Almighty stipulated uprightness ('adalah) for testimony in two places and mentioned witnesses without qualification in three places, and since all of them are testimonies, we inferred from this that the testimonies mentioned without qualification are, if Allah wills, of the same meaning as the one for which the condition was laid down."
He said: "And Allah Almighty returned the wealth of the Muslims to the Muslims, not to the polytheists."
He said: "And I prefer for him that he free only an adult believing (slave woman); and if she is non-Arab and describes (the beliefs of) Islam, (freeing her) will suffice him."
So Allah Almighty's condition (of faith) for the neck in the expiation for killing, since it is an expiation, is like evidence, and Allah knows best, that no neck will suffice in any expiation except a believing one; just as Allah Almighty stipulated uprightness ('adalah) for testimony in two places and mentioned witnesses without qualification in three places, and since all of them are testimonies, we inferred from this that the testimonies mentioned without qualification are, if Allah wills, of the same meaning as the one for which the condition was laid down."
He said: "And Allah Almighty returned the wealth of the Muslims to the Muslims, not to the polytheists."
He said: "And I prefer for him that he free only an adult believing (slave woman); and if she is non-Arab and describes (the beliefs of) Islam, (freeing her) will suffice him."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ أَبِي عَمْرٍو، نا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ أنا الرَّبِيعُ بْنُ سُلَيْمَانَ، أنا الشَّافِعِيُّ، أنا مَالِكٌ، عَنْ هِلَالِ بْنِ أُسَامَةَ، عَنْ عَطَاءِ بْنِ يَسَارٍ، عَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْحَكَمِ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: أَتَيْتُ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَقُلْتُ: يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ إِنَّ جَارِيَةً لِي كَانَتْ تَرْعَى غَنَمًا لِي فَجِئْتُهَا وَقَدْ فُقِدَتْ شَاةٌ مِنَ الْغَنَمِ فَسَأَلْتُهَا عَنْهَا فَقَالَتْ: أَكَلَهَا الذِّئْبُ فَأَسِفْتُ عَلَيْهَا وَكُنْتُ مِنْ بَنِي آدَمَ فَلَطَمْتُ وَجْهَهَا وَعَلَيَّ رَقَبَةٌ أَفَأُعْتِقُهَا؟ فَقَالَ لَهَا رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " أَيْنَ اللهُ؟ " فَقَالَتْ: فِي السَّمَاءِ، فَقَالَ: " مَنْ أَنَا؟ " قَالَتْ: أَنْتَ رَسُولُ اللهِ، فَقَالَ: " فَأَعْتِقْهَا " فَقَالَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْحَكَمِ: يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ أَشْيَاءُ كُنَّا نَصْنَعُهَا فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ كُنَّا نَأْتِي الْكُهَّانَ، فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " لَا تَأْتُوا الْكُهَّانَ "، فَقَالَ عُمَرُ: وَكُنَّا نَتَطَيَّرُ، فَقَالَ: " إِنَّمَا ذَلِكَ شَيْءٌ يَجِدُ أَحَدُكُمْ فِي نَفْسِهِ فَلَا يَضُرَّنَّكُمْ " قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: اسْمُ الرَّجُلِ مُعَاوِيَةُ بْنُ الْحَكَمِ، كَذَا رَوَى الزُّهْرِيُّ وَيَحْيَى بْنُ أَبِي كَثِيرٍ، قَالَ الشَّيْخُ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: كَذَا رَوَاهُ جَمَاعَةٌ عَنْ مَالِكِ بْنِ أَنَسٍ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ، وَرَوَاهُ يَحْيَى بْنُ يَحْيَى عَنْ مَالِكٍ مُجَوَّدًا فَقَالَ عَنْ مُعَاوِيَةَ بْنِ الْحَكَمِ قَالَ فِي آخِرِهِ: فَقَالَ: " أَعْتِقْهَا فَإِنَّهَا مُؤْمِنَةٌ ".
Umar bin al-Hakam said: I came to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) and said: O Messenger of Allah! A slave girl of mine used to graze my sheep. I came to her and a sheep from the flock was missing, so I asked her about it, and she said: The wolf ate it. I was grieved over it, and I am one of the children of Adam, so I slapped her face; and I owe (the freeing of) a neck (slave). Shall I free her? The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said to her: "Where is Allah?" She said: In the heaven. He said: "Who am I?" She said: You are the Messenger of Allah. He said: "Then free her." Umar bin al-Hakam said: O Messenger of Allah! There are things we used to do in the Jahiliyyah: we used to go to soothsayers. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Do not go to the soothsayers." Umar said: And we used to take evil omens. He said: "That is only something one of you finds in himself, so let it not harm you."
Al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: The man's name is Mu'awiyah bin al-Hakam; this is how al-Zuhri and Yahya bin Abi Kathir narrated it.
The Shaykh (may Allah have mercy on him) said: This is how a group narrated it from Malik bin Anas (may Allah have mercy on him), while Yahya bin Yahya narrated it from Malik accurately, saying: from Mu'awiyah bin al-Hakam; and at its end he said: He said: "Free her, for she is a believer."
Al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: The man's name is Mu'awiyah bin al-Hakam; this is how al-Zuhri and Yahya bin Abi Kathir narrated it.
The Shaykh (may Allah have mercy on him) said: This is how a group narrated it from Malik bin Anas (may Allah have mercy on him), while Yahya bin Yahya narrated it from Malik accurately, saying: from Mu'awiyah bin al-Hakam; and at its end he said: He said: "Free her, for she is a believer."
حَدَّثَنَاه أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ كَامِلُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الْمُسْتَمْلِي أنا بِشْرُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الْإِسْفِرَايِينِيُّ، نا دَاوُدُ بْنُ الْحُسَيْنِ الْبَيْهَقِيُّ، نا يَحْيَى بْنُ يَحْيَى قَالَ: قَرَأْتُ عَلَى مَالِكٍ عَنْ هِلَالِ بْنِ أُسَامَةَ، عَنْ عَطَاءِ بْنِ يَسَارٍ، عَنْ مُعَاوِيَةَ بْنِ الْحَكَمِ، فَذَكَرَهُ ⦗٦٣٧⦘ وَرَوَاهُ يَحْيَى بْنُ أَبِي كَثِيرٍ عَنْ هِلَالِ بْنِ أَبِي مَيْمُونَةَ، عَنْ عَطَاءِ بْنِ يَسَارٍ، عَنْ مُعَاوِيَةَ بْنِ الْحَكَمِ السُّلَمِيِّ فِي الْكُهَّانِ وَالطِّيَرَةِ وَرَوَاهُ الزُّهْرِيُّ عَنْ أَبِي سَلَمَةَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ عَنْ مُعَاوِيَةَ بْنِ الْحَكَمِ فِي الْكُهَّانِ وَالطِّيَرَةِ.
Sayyiduna Mu'awiyah bin al-Hakam (may Allah be pleased with him) says at the end of this hadith that he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Free her, she is a believer."
