السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب النكاح
Book of Marriage
باب: ما جاء في قوله تعالى: إلا ما قد سلف
Reports on the saying of the Exalted: "Except what has already passed"
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أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ أَبِي عَمْرٍو، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ الْأَصَمُّ، أنبأ الرَّبِيعُ قَالَ: قَالَ ⦗٢٦٤⦘ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ فِي كِتَابِ الرَّضَاعِ: " كَانَ أَكْبَرُ وَلَدِ الرَّجُلِ يُخَلَّفُ عَلَى امْرَأَةِ أَبِيهِ وَكَانَ الرَّجُلُ يَجْمَعُ بَيْنَ الْأُخْتَيْنِ، فَنَهَى اللهُ تَعَالَى عَنْ أَنْ يَكُونَ أَحَدٌ مِنْهُمْ يَجْمَعُ فِي عُمْرِهِ بَيْنَ أُخْتَيْنِ أَوْ يَنْكِحُ مَا نَكَحَ أَبُوهُ، إِلَّا مَا قَدْ سَلَفَ فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ قَبْلَ عِلْمِهِمْ بِتَحْرِيمِهِ لَيْسَ أَنَّهُ أَقَرَّ فِي أَيْدِيهِمْ مَا كَانُوا قَدْ جَمَعُوا بَيْنَهُ قَبْلَ الْإِسْلَامِ ".
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) says in Kitab al-Rada' (the Book of Nursing) that a man's eldest son, after his father's death, (would take his place with regard to the wife), that is, he would marry his father's wife; and a man would keep two sisters in one marriage. So Allah Almighty forbade that anyone should combine two sisters in marriage during his lifetime or marry his father's wife, except what had already happened in the Jahiliyyah before they knew of its prohibition; but now even those who had done so before Islam should not keep two sisters together.
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو إِسْحَاقَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، أنبأ عَبْدُ الْخَالِقِ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ، ثنا عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ ثَابِتٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنِ الْهُذَيْلِ، عَنْ مُقَاتِلِ بْنِ سُلَيْمَانَ قَالَ: إِنَّمَا قَالَ اللهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: {إِلَّا مَا قَدْ سَلَفَ} [النساء: ٢٢] " يَعْنِي فِي نِسَاءِ الْآبَاءِ، لِأَنَّ الْعَرَبَ كَانُوا يَنْكِحُونَ نِسَاءَ الْآبَاءِ، ثُمَّ حَرَّمَ النَّسَبَ وَالصِّهْرَ، وَلَمْ يَقُلْ: إِلَّا مَا قَدْ سَلَفَ لِأَنَّ الْعَرَبَ، كَانَتْ لَا تَنْكِحُ النَّسَبَ وَالصِّهْرَ، وَقَالَ فِي الْأُخْتَيْنِ: {إِلَّا مَا قَدْ سَلَفَ} [النساء: ٢٢] لِأَنَّهُمْ كَانُوا يَجْمَعُونَ بَيْنَهُمَا فَحَرَّمَ جَمْعَهُمَا جَمِيعًا إِلَّا مَا قَدْ سَلَفَ قَبْلَ التَّحْرِيمِ {إِنَّ اللهَ كَانَ غَفُورًا رَحِيمًا} [النساء: ٢٣] لِمَا كَانَ مِنْ جِمَاعِ الْأُخْتَيْنِ قَبْلَ التَّحْرِيمِ ".
Muqatil bin Sulayman (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Allah's saying "except what has already passed" [Surah al-Nisa: 22] refers to the wives of fathers, because people used to marry the wives of their fathers. Then He forbade (relations by) lineage and marriage and did not say "except what has already passed" there, because the Arabs did not marry within lineage and in-law relations. And concerning the two sisters He said "except what has already passed", because they used to combine them in their marriage; so the combining of them was forbidden, except what had already happened before the prohibition: "Indeed, Allah is ever Forgiving, Most Merciful." [Surah al-Nisa: 23] that is, regarding combining two sisters in one marriage before the prohibition.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أنبأ أَبُو الْحَسَنِ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَبْدُوسٍ، وَأَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ الْكَعْبِيُّ قَالَا: ثنا إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ قُتَيْبَةَ، ثنا يَزِيدُ بْنُ صَالِحٍ، عَنْ بُكَيْرِ بْنِ مَعْرُوفٍ، عَنْ مُقَاتِلِ بْنِ حَيَّانَ قَالَ: " كَانَ إِذَا تُوُفِّيَ الرَّجُلُ فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ عَمَدَ حَمِيمُ الْمَيِّتِ إِلَى امْرَأَتِهِ، فَأَلْقَى عَلَيْهَا ثَوْبًا، فَيَرِثُ نِكَاحَهَا فَيَكُونُ هُوَ أَحَقُّ بِهَا، فَلَمَّا تُوُفِّيَ أَبُو قَيْسِ بْنُ الْأَسْلَتِ عَمَدَ ابْنُهُ قَيْسٌ إِلَى امْرَأَةِ أَبِيهِ، فَتَزَوَّجَهَا، وَلَمْ يَدْخُلْ بِهَا، فَأَتَتِ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، فَذَكَرَتْ ذَلِكَ لَهُ فَأَنْزَلَ اللهُ فِي قَيْسٍ: {وَلَا تَنْكِحُوا مَا نَكَحَ آبَاؤُكُمْ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ إِلَّا مَا قَدْ سَلَفَ} [النساء: ٢٢] قَبْلَ التَّحْرِيمِ حَتَّى ذَكَرَ تَحْرِيمَ الْأُمَّهَاتِ وَالْبَنَاتِ حَتَّى ذَكَرَ: {وَأَنْ تَجْمَعُوا بَيْنَ الْأُخْتَيْنِ إِلَّا مَا قَدْ سَلَفَ} [النساء: ٢٣] قَبْلَ التَّحْرِيمِ {إِنَّ اللهَ كَانَ غَفُورًا رَحِيمًا} [النساء: ٢٣] فِيمَا مَضَى قَبْلَ التَّحْرِيمِ ".
Muqatil bin Hayyan (may Allah have mercy on him) said: In the Jahiliyyah, when a man died, the heirs of the deceased would go to his wife, throw a garment over her and thereby inherit her marriage, and that person would have the greater right to her. When Abu Qays bin al-Aslat (may Allah be pleased with him) died, his son approached his father's wife and married her, but had not yet had intercourse with her. That lady mentioned it to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), and Allah Almighty revealed this verse concerning Qays: "And do not marry those women whom your fathers have married, except what has already passed." [Surah al-Nisa: 22] before the prohibition. Then the prohibition of mothers and daughters was mentioned: "And that you combine two sisters, except what has already passed" [Surah al-Nisa: 23] before the prohibition. "Indeed, Allah is ever Forgiving, Most Merciful." [Surah al-Nisa: 23] regarding what happened before the prohibition.
