السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب الوصايا
Book of Wills
باب: ما جاء في قوله عز وجل وليخش الذين لو تركوا من خلفهم ذرية ضعافا خافوا عليهم فليتقوا الله وليقولوا قولا سديدا وما ينهى عنه من الإضرار في الوصية
Reports on the saying of Allah, the Mighty and Majestic: And let those fear who, if they left behind weak offspring, would fear for them; so let them fear Allah and speak words of justice, and the prohibition of causing harm through bequests
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أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو زَكَرِيَّا بْنُ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ الْمُزَكِّي، أنا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عُبْدُوسٍ الطَّرَائِفِيُّ، ثنا عُثْمَانُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ الدَّارِمِيُّ، ثنا عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ صَالِحٍ، عَنْ مُعَاوِيَةَ بْنِ صَالِحٍ، عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَلْحَةَ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ فِي قَوْلِهِ: " {وَلْيَخْشَ الَّذِينَ لَوْ تَرَكُوا مِنْ خَلْفِهِمْ ذُرِّيَّةً ضِعَافًا خَافُوا عَلَيْهِمْ} [النساء: ٩]، يَعْنِي الرَّجُلَ يَحْضُرُهُ الْمَوْتُ فَيُقَالُ لَهُ: تَصَدَّقْ مِنْ مَالِكَ، وَأَعْتِقْ، وَأَعْطِ مِنْهُ فِي سَبِيلِ اللهِ، فَنُهُوا أَنْ يَأْمُرُوهُ بِذَلِكَ، يَعْنِي مَنْ حَضَرَ مِنْكُمْ مَرِيضًا عِنْدَ الْمَوْتِ فَلَا يَأْمُرُهُ أَنْ يُنْفِقَ مَالَهُ فِي الْعِتْقِ وَالصَّدَقَةِ وَفِي سَبِيلِ اللهِ، وَلَكِنْ يَأْمُرُهُ أَنْ يُبَيِّنَ مَا لَهُ وَمَا عَلَيْهِ مِنْ دَيْنٍ وَيُوصِي مِنْ مَالِهِ لِذِي قَرَابَتِهِ الَّذِينَ لَا يَرِثُونَ، يُوصِي لَهُمْ بِالْخُمُسِ أَوِ الرُّبُعِ، يَقُولُ: أَيَسُرُّ أَحَدَكُمْ إِذَا مَاتَ وَلَهُ وَلَدٌ ضِعَافٌ، يَعْنِي صِغَارًا، أَنْ يَتْرُكَهُمْ بِغَيْرِ مَالٍ؛ فَيَكُونُوا عِيَالًا عَلَى النَّاسِ، فَلَا يَنْبَغِي أَنْ تَأْمُرُوهُ بِمَا لَا تَرْضَوْنَ بِهِ لِأَنْفُسِكُمْ وَلِأَوْلَادِكُمْ، وَلَكِنْ قُولُوا الْحَقَّ مِنْ ذَلِكَ ".
It is narrated from Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) regarding the verse "And let those fear who, if they left behind weak offspring, would fear for them" [Surah al-Nisa: 9]: that is, when death approaches a man and he is told: Give charity from your wealth, free slaves, and give from it in the path of Allah. So they were forbidden from ordering him to do such things; that is, whoever of you comes to a sick person at the time of death should not order him to spend his wealth on freeing slaves, on charity and in the path of Allah. Rather, he should order him to make clear what debts he owes and what is owed to him, and to bequeath from his wealth to those relatives who do not inherit, bequeathing a fifth or a quarter to them. And he says: "Would any of you like it, when he dies leaving young children, to leave them without wealth so that they become dependent on people?" It is not right that you order him with what you would not be pleased with for yourselves and your own children; so speak what is right.
وَبِهَذَا الْإِسْنَادِ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ فِي قَوْلِهِ وَلْيَخْشَ الَّذِينَ لَوْ تَرَكُوا مِنْ خَلْفِهِمْ ذُرِّيَّةً ضِعَافًا " فَهَذَا الرَّجُلُ يَحْضُرُ الرَّجُلَ عِنْدَ مَوْتِهِ فَيُسْمِعُهُ يُوصِيهِ يَضُرُّ بِوَرَثَتِهِ، فَأَمَرَ اللهُ سُبْحَانَهُ الَّذِي يُسْمِعُهُ أَنْ يَتَّقِيَ اللهَ وَيُفَقِّهَهُ وَيُسَدِّدَهُ لِلصَّوَابِ، وَلْيَنْظُرْ لِوَرَثَتِهِ كَمَا يُحِبُّ أَنْ يُصْنَعَ بِوَرَثَتِهِ إِذَا خَشِيَ عَلَيْهِمُ الضَّيْعَةَ ".
It is narrated from Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) regarding the saying of Allah Almighty: "And let those fear who, if they left behind" [Surah al-Nisa: 9]: that is, a man would be present with another at the time of his death and hear him making a bequest that harms his heirs. So Allah Almighty ordered the one who hears him to fear Allah, to make him understand and guide him to what is right, and to look after his heirs as he would like his own heirs to be treated if he feared destitution for them.
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أنا عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ الْقَاضِي، ثنا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ الْحُسَيْنِ، ثنا آدَمُ بْنُ أَبِي إِيَاسٍ، ثنا وَرْقَاءُ، عَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي نَجِيحٍ، عَنْ مُجَاهِدٍ، فِي قَوْلِهِ {وَلْيَخْشَ الَّذِينَ لَوْ تَرَكُوا مِنْ خَلْفِهِمْ ذُرِّيَّةً ضِعَافًا} [النساء: ٩] قَالَ: " هَذَا عِنْدَ الْوَصِيَّةِ، يَقُولُ لَهُ مَنْ حَضَرَهُ: أَقْلَلْتَ فَأَوْصِ لِفُلَانٍ وَلِآلِ فُلَانٍ، يَقُولُ اللهُ {وَلْيَخْشَ} [النساء: ٩] أُولَئِكَ، {وَلْيَقُولُوا} [النساء: ٩] كَمَا يُحِبُّونَ أَنْ يُقَالَ لَهُمْ فِي وَلَدِهِ بَعْدَهُ، {وَلْيَقُولُوا قَوْلًا سَدِيدًا} [النساء: ٩]، يَعْنِي عَدْلًا ".
It is narrated from Mujahid (may Allah have mercy on him) regarding the saying of Allah Almighty "And let those fear who, if they left behind weak offspring" [Surah al-Nisa: 9] that this is at the time of making a bequest: whoever comes to him says: Make a bequest for so-and-so and for the family of so-and-so. Allah says: Those people should fear, and they should say what they would like to be said for their own children after them, and they should speak what is right.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو نَصْرِ بْنُ قَتَادَةَ، أنا أَبُو مَنْصُورٍ النَّضْرَوِيُّ، ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ نَجْدَةَ، ثنا سَعِيدُ بْنُ مَنْصُورٍ، ثنا ابْنُ شِهَابٍ، عَنِ الْأَعْمَشِ، عَنْ مُسْلِمٍ، عَنْ مَسْرُوقٍ أَنَّهُ حَضَرَ رَجُلًا يُوصِي فَآثَرَ بَعْضَ الْوَرَثَةِ عَلَى بَعْضٍ، فَقَالَ لَهُ: " إِنَّ اللهَ سُبْحَانَهُ قَدْ قَسَمَ بَيْنَكُمْ فَأَحْسِنِ الْقَسْمَ، وَإِنَّهُ ⦗٤٤٤⦘ مَنْ يَرْغَبْ بِرَأْيِهِ عَنْ رَأْيِ اللهِ يَضِلَّ، فَأَوْصِ لِذِي قَرَابَةٍ مِمَّنْ لَا يَرِثُ، ثُمَّ دَعِ الْمَالَ كَمَا قَسَمَهُ اللهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ ".
It is narrated from Masruq (may Allah have mercy on him) that he went to a man who was making a bequest and was preferring some of his heirs over others. Masruq (may Allah have mercy on him) said to him: Allah Almighty has divided (the inheritance) among you well, and whoever turns away from the judgement of Allah to his own opinion has gone astray. Make a bequest for those relatives who do not inherit, then leave the wealth as Allah has divided it.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَلِيٍّ الرُّوذْبَارِيُّ، أنا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ دَاسَةَ، ثنا أَبُو دَاوُدَ، ثنا عَبْدَةُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ، أنا عَبْدُ الصَّمَدِ، ثنا نَصْرُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ الْحُدَّانِيُّ، ثنا الْأَشْعَثُ بْنُ جَابِرٍ، حَدَّثَنِي شَهْرُ بْنُ حَوْشَبٍ، أَنَّ أَبَا هُرَيْرَةَ حَدَّثَهُ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ: " إِنَّ الرَّجُلَ لَيَعْمَلُ، أَوِ الْمَرْأَةُ، بِطَاعَةِ اللهِ سِتِّينَ سَنَةً، ثُمَّ يَحْضُرُهُمَا الْمَوْتُ فَيُضَارَّانِ فِي الْوَصِيَّةِ فَتَجِبُ لَهُمَا النَّارُ " وَقَالَ: ثُمَّ قَرَأَ عَلَيَّ أَبُو هُرَيْرَةَ مِنْ هَا هُنَا {مِنْ بَعْدِ وَصِيَّةٍ يُوصَى بِهَا أَوْ دَيْنٍ غَيْرَ مُضَارٍّ} [النساء: ١٢]، حَتَّى بَلَغَ {وَذَلِكَ الْفَوْزُ الْعَظِيمُ} [النساء: ١٣].
Sayyiduna Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "A man or a woman may do deeds of obedience to Allah for sixty years, then death comes to them and they cause harm through the bequest, so the Fire becomes binding upon them." Then Sayyiduna Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) recited the verse from "after any bequest that is made or debt, without causing harm" [Surah al-Nisa: 12] up to "that is the great success" [Surah al-Nisa: 13].
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحُسَيْنِ بْنُ بِشْرَانَ الْعَدْلُ، بِبَغْدَادَ، ثنا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الْمِصْرِيُّ إِمْلَاءً فِي الْمُحَرَّمِ سَنَةَ تِسْعٍ وَثَلَاثِينَ وَثَلَاثِمِائَةٍ، ثنا بَكْرُ بْنُ سَهْلٍ، ثنا عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ يُوسُفَ، ثنا عُمَرُ بْنُ الْمُغِيرَةِ، ثنا دَاوُدُ بْنُ أَبِي هِنْدَ، عَنْ عِكْرِمَةَ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ: " الْإِضْرَارُ فِي الْوَصِيَّةِ مِنَ الْكَبَائِرِ ".
Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) narrates from the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) that he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Causing harm through a bequest is one of the major sins."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو نَصْرِ بْنُ قَتَادَةَ، أنا أَبُو مَنْصُورٍ النَّضْرَوِيُّ، ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ نَجْدَةَ، ثنا سَعِيدُ بْنُ مَنْصُورٍ، ثنا هُشَيْمٌ، ثنا دَاوُدُ بْنُ أَبِي هِنْدَ، عَنْ عِكْرِمَةَ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ قَالَ: " الْحَنَفُ فِي الْوَصِيَّةِ وَالْإِضْرَارُ فِيهَا مِنَ الْكَبَائِرِ " هَذَا هُوَ الصَّحِيحُ مَوْقُوفٌ، وَكَذَلِكَ رَوَاهُ ابْنُ عُيَيْنَةَ وَغَيْرُهُ عَنْ دَاوُدَ مَوْقُوفًا، وَرُوِيَ مِنْ وَجْهٍ آخَرَ مَرْفُوعًا، وَرَفْعُهُ ضَعِيفٌ.
Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) said: Injustice and causing harm in a bequest are among the major sins.
The correct version is this one, mawquf (a statement of the Companion); Ibn Uyaynah and others likewise narrated it from Dawud as mawquf. It has also been narrated through another route as marfu' (attributed to the Prophet), and attributing it to him is da'if (weak).
The correct version is this one, mawquf (a statement of the Companion); Ibn Uyaynah and others likewise narrated it from Dawud as mawquf. It has also been narrated through another route as marfu' (attributed to the Prophet), and attributing it to him is da'if (weak).
