السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب الضمان
Book of Guarantees
باب: ما يستدل به على أن الضمان لا ينقل الحق بل يزيد في محل الحق فيكون لرب المال أن يأخذهما وكل واحد منهما
What indicates that a guarantee does not transfer the right but adds to where it may be claimed, so the creditor may claim from either or both of them
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أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ أَبِي عَمْرٍو، أنبأ أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ الصَّفَّارُ، أَخْبَرَنِي أَحْمَدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الْبِرْتِيُّ، ثنا أَبُو الْوَلِيدِ الطَّيَالِسِيُّ، ثنا زَائِدَةُ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَقِيلٍ قَالَ: قَالَ جَابِرٌ: تُوُفِّيَ رَجُلٌ فَغَسَّلْنَاهُ وَكَفَّنَّاهُ، ثُمَّ أَتَيْنَا بِهِ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ لِيُصَلِّيَ عَلَيْهِ، فَتَخَطَّى خُطًى ثُمَّ قَالَ: " عَلَيْهِ دَيْنٌ؟ " قُلْنَا: نَعَمْ، دِينَارَانِ، قَالَ: فَانْصَرَفَ فَتَحَمَّلَهُمَا أَبُو قَتَادَةَ، فَأَتَيْنَاهُ، فَقَالَ أَبُو قَتَادَةَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ: الدِّينَارَانِ عَلَيَّ، فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " حَقُّ الْغَرِيمِ، وَبَرِئَ مِنْهُمَا الْمَيِّتُ "، قَالَ: نَعَمْ. قَالَ: فَصَلَّى عَلَيْهِ، فَقَالَ: بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ بِيَوْمٍ: " مَا فَعَلَ الدِّينَارَانِ؟ " فَقَالَ: إِنَّمَا مَاتَ أَمْسِ، فَعَادَ عَلَيْهِ كَالْغَدِ فَقَالَ: قَدْ قَضَيْتُهُمَا، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " الْآنَ بَرَدَتْ عَلَيْهِ جِلْدُهُ " فَأَخْبَرَ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي هَذِهِ الرِّوَايَةِ أَنَّهُ بِالْقَضَاءِ بَرَدَ عَلَيْهِ جِلْدُهُ، وَقَوْلُهُ: " حَقُّ الْغَرِيمِ وَبَرِئَ مِنْهُمَا الْمَيِّتُ "، إِنْ كَانَ حَفِظَهُ ابْنُ عَقِيلٍ، فَإِنَّمَا عَنَى بِهِ وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ لِلْغَرِيمِ مُطَالَبَتُكَ بِهِمَا وَحْدَكَ إِنْ شَاءَ، كَمَا لَوْ كَانَ لَهُ عَلَيْكَ حَقٌّ مِنْ وَجْهٍ آخَرَ، وَالْمَيِّتُ مِنْهُ بَرِيءٌ، كَانَ لَهُ مُطَالَبَتُكَ بِهِ وَحْدَكَ إِنْ شَاءَ، وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ.
Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Aqil said that Sayyiduna Jabir (may Allah be pleased with him) said: A man died, so we washed him and shrouded him, then we brought him to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) so that he (peace and blessings be upon him) would lead the funeral prayer over him. He (peace and blessings be upon him) walked a few steps and asked: "Is he in debt?" We said: Yes, two dinars. So he (peace and blessings be upon him) turned back. Sayyiduna Abu Qatadah (may Allah be pleased with him) took the two dinars upon himself, and then we came to him (peace and blessings be upon him). Sayyiduna Abu Qatadah (may Allah be pleased with him) said: Both dinars are upon me. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Has the creditor's right been secured, and is the deceased free of those dinars?" He said: Yes. Then he (peace and blessings be upon him) led the funeral prayer. A day after that, he (peace and blessings be upon him) asked: "What has become of the two dinars?" Sayyiduna Abu Qatadah (may Allah be pleased with him) said: He only died yesterday. Then the next day he (peace and blessings be upon him) asked him again, and Sayyiduna Abu Qatadah (may Allah be pleased with him) said: I have paid them both. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Now you have cooled his skin for him."
(b) In one narration: through the payment, his skin was cooled for him.
(b) In one narration: through the payment, his skin was cooled for him.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ، أنبأ أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ الْفَقِيهُ، أنبأ عَلِيُّ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ، ثنا الْقَعْنَبِيُّ، ح وَأنبأ عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ عَبْدَانَ، أنبأ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عُبَيْدٍ، ثنا إِسْمَاعِيلُ الْقَاضِي، ⦗١٢٣⦘ ثنا عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ مَسْلَمَةَ، وَإِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ حَمْزَةَ، قَالَا: ثنا عَبْدُ الْعَزِيزِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ، عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ أَبِي عَمْرٍو، عَنْ عِكْرِمَةَ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، أَنَّ رَجُلًا لَزِمَ غَرِيمًا لَهُ بِعَشَرَةِ دَنَانِيرَ، فَقَالَ لَهُ: وَاللهِ مَا عِنْدِي قَضَاءٌ أَقْضِيَكَهُ الْيَوْمَ، قَالَ: فَوَاللهِ لَا أُفَارِقُكَ حَتَّى تُعْطِيَنِي أَوْ تَأْتِيَ بِحَمِيلٍ يَتَحَمَّلُ عَنْكَ، قَالَ: وَاللهِ مَا عِنْدِي قَضَاءٌ، وَمَا أَجِدُ مَنْ يَتَحَمَّلُ عَنِّي، فَجَرَّهُ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَقَالَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ، إِنَّ هَذَا لَزِمَنِي وَاسْتَنْظَرْتُهُ شَهْرًا وَاحِدًا، فَأَبَى حَتَّى أَقْضِيَهُ أَوْ آتِيَهُ بِحَمِيلٍ، فَقُلْتُ: وَاللهِ مَا أَجِدُ حَمِيلًا، وَلَا عِنْدِي قَضَاءٌ الْيَوْمَ، فَقَالَ لَهُ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " هَلْ تَسْتَنْظِرُهُ إِلَّا شَهْرًا وَاحِدًا؟ " قَالَ: لَا، قَالَ: فَأَنَا أَتَحَمَّلُ بِهَا عَنْكَ، فَتَحَمَّلَ بِهَا رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، فَذَهَبَ الرَّجُلُ فَأَتَاهُ بِقَدْرِ مَا وَعَدَهُ، فَقَالَ لَهُ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " مِنْ أَيْنَ جِئْتَ بِهَذَا الذَّهَبِ؟ " قَالَ: مِنْ مَعْدِنٍ، قَالَ: " اذْهَبْ فَلَا حَاجَةَ لَنَا فِيهَا؛ لَيْسَ فِيهَا خَيْرٌ "، قَالَ: فَقَضَاهَا عَنْهُ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَفِي هَذَا كَالدَّلَالَةِ عَلَى أَنَّ الْحَقَّ بَقِيَ فِي ذِمَّتِهِ بَعْدَ التَّحَمُّلِ حَتَّى أَكَّدَ عَلَيْهِ مِقْدَارَ الِاسْتِنْظَارِ، ثُمَّ إِنَّهُ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ تَطَوَّعَ بِالْقَضَاءِ عَنْهُ، وَتَنَزَّهَ عَنِ التَّصَرُّفِ فِي مَالِ الْمَعْدِنِ، وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ. وَقَدْ رُوِّينَا عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: " نَفْسُ الْمُؤْمِنِ مُعَلَّقَةٌ بِدَيْنِهِ حَتَّى يُقْضَى عَنْهُ ".
It is narrated from Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) that a man was owed ten dinars, and he seized hold of his debtor. The debtor said: I have nothing with which to pay the debt; I will give it to you on another day. He said: By Allah, I will not let you go until you repay me the debt or present a guarantor on your behalf. He replied: By Allah, I have nothing with which to pay the debt, nor can I find any guarantor. So he brought him to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him), and (the debtor) said: O Messenger of Allah, this man has seized hold of me; I asked him for one month's respite, but he refused unless I pay the debt or present a guarantor. So I said: By Allah, today I have neither a guarantor nor the money to repay the debt. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) asked him (the creditor): "Can you wait just one month?" He said: No. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I am the guarantor on your behalf." The man went away, and (later) came back with what he had promised. He (peace and blessings be upon him) asked: "Where have you brought this gold from?" He said: From a mine. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Go, we have no need of it; there is no good in it." Then the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) paid off his debt himself. This is an indication that even after the guarantee the right remains upon the debtor's liability, which is why he (peace and blessings be upon him) confirmed the length of the respite. Then the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) paid off the debt on his behalf and kept away from the wealth of the mine. It is reported from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) that: "The soul of a believing man remains suspended because of his debt until it is paid off."
