Sayyidah Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) says that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Whoever dies while owing fasts, his guardian should fast on his behalf."
Hadith Referenceالسنن الكبرى للبيهقي / كتاب الصيام / 8221
Sayyidah Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) says that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Whoever dies while owing fasts, his guardian shall fast on his behalf."
Hadith Referenceالسنن الكبرى للبيهقي / كتاب الصيام / 8222
Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) says that a woman came to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and said: My mother has died and she owed a month of fasts. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "What do you think, if she had owed a debt, would you have paid it?" She said: Yes. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "The debt of Allah is more deserving of being paid."
Hadith Referenceالسنن الكبرى للبيهقي / كتاب الصيام / 8223
Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) said that a man came to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and said: O Messenger of Allah! My mother has died and she owed a month of fasting; shall I make it up on her behalf? He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "If your mother had owed a debt, would you have paid it?" He said: Yes. So he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Then the debt of Allah has a greater right to be paid."
Hadith Referenceالسنن الكبرى للبيهقي / كتاب الصيام / 8224
Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) said that a woman came to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and said: O Messenger of Allah! My sister has died and she owed two consecutive months of fasting. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "If your sister had owed a debt, would you have paid it?" She said: Yes. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Then the right of Allah has a greater right to be fulfilled."
Hadith Referenceالسنن الكبرى للبيهقي / كتاب الصيام / 8225
Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) said that a woman came to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and said: O Messenger of Allah! My sister vowed to fast for a month; she was travelling by sea and died, and she had not observed those fasts. So he (peace and blessings be upon him) said to her: "Fast on behalf of your sister." These words are proof of fasting on her behalf.
Hadith Referenceالسنن الكبرى للبيهقي / كتاب الصيام / 8226
Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) said that a woman came to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and said: "My mother has died and she owed the fasts of a vow." He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Would you pay off her debt if she had owed a debt?" She said: "Yes." He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Then fast on her behalf."
Hadith Referenceالسنن الكبرى للبيهقي / كتاب الصيام / 8227
Zakariyya bin Adi (may Allah have mercy on him) narrated it and added in its text: Shall I fast on her behalf? He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Tell me, if she had owed a debt, would you have paid your mother's debt?" She said: Yes. So he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Then fast on behalf of your mother."
Hadith Referenceالسنن الكبرى للبيهقي / كتاب الصيام / 8228
Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) said that a woman, while she was at sea, vowed that if Allah saved her she would fast for a month. Allah saved her, but she died before she could fast. One of her female relatives (her sister or her daughter) came to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) and informed him, so he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Fast on her behalf."
Hadith Referenceالسنن الكبرى للبيهقي / كتاب الصيام / 8229
Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) said that a woman came to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) saying: My mother has died and she owed fifteen days of fasting. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "If she had owed a debt, would you have paid it?" She said: Yes. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Pay your mother's debt." She was a woman from Khath'am.
The Shaykh said: Buraydah bin Husayb (may Allah be pleased with him) also narrated it from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) concerning both fasting and Hajj.
Hadith Referenceالسنن الكبرى للبيهقي / كتاب الصيام / 8230
Abdullah bin Buraydah (may Allah have mercy on him) narrates from his father (Sayyiduna Buraydah, may Allah be pleased with him) that he said: I was sitting with the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) when a woman came and said: O Messenger of Allah! I gave my mother a slave-girl in charity, but my mother has died. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Your reward is assured, and the inheritance has returned her to you." Then she said: O Messenger of Allah! She also owed a month of fasting; shall I fast on her behalf? He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Fast." Then she said: O Messenger of Allah! She did not perform Hajj; shall I perform Hajj on her behalf? He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Perform Hajj on her behalf."
Sulayman bin Buraydah narrates from his father: a month of fasting. So these hadiths establish the permissibility of fasting on behalf of the deceased. Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said in his old book: Something has been narrated about fasting on behalf of the deceased; if it is established, fasting is done on his behalf just as Hajj is performed on his behalf. As for the new book, he raised the question himself and said: If it is said: It has been narrated that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) ordered someone to fast on behalf of another, the reply is: Yes, Ibn Abbas narrated it from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). If it is said: Then why do you not adopt it? The reply is: Al-Zuhri narrated from Ubaydullah, from Ibn Abbas, from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) "a vow" without specifying it, despite al-Zuhri's precise memory and Ubaydullah's long companionship with Ibn Abbas; so when someone else came, from a man, from Ibn Abbas, with something different from what is in Ubaydullah's hadith, it is more likely that it is not preserved.
Hadith Referenceالسنن الكبرى للبيهقي / كتاب الصيام / 8231
Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) said that Sa'd bin Ubadah (may Allah be pleased with him) came to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) and asked: My mother has died and she owed a vow. So the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Fulfil it on her behalf."
The Shaykh said: This hadith is established. It may be that the incident in which the question was explicitly about fasting is a different one from the story of Sa'd bin Ubadah (may Allah be pleased with him). Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) said: No one should fast on behalf of another; rather, food should be given on his behalf. Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) speaks of feeding on behalf of a person who dies owing both Ramadan fasts and the fasts of a vow.
Hadith Referenceالسنن الكبرى للبيهقي / كتاب الصيام / 8232