السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب عتق أمهات الأولاد
Book of Freeing the Mothers of Children
باب: : الخلاف في أمهات الأولاد
The disagreement about umm walad
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أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ عَبْدَانَ، أنبأ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عُبَيْدٍ الصَّفَّارُ، ثنا إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ، ثنا حَجَّاجُ بْنُ مِنْهَالٍ، وَعَارِمُ بْنُ الْفَضْلِ، قَالَا: ثنا حَمَّادُ بْنُ سَلَمَةَ، عَنْ قَيْسِ بْنِ سَعْدٍ، عَنْ عَطَاءٍ، عَنْ جَابِرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللهِ، قَالَ: " بِعْنَا أُمَّهَاتِ الْأَوْلَادِ عَلَى عَهْدِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَأَبِي بَكْرٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ، فَلَمَّا كَانَ عُمَرُ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ نَهَانَا فَانْتَهَيْنَا ". رَوَاهُ أَبُو دَاوُدَ فِي السُّنَنِ عَنْ مُوسَى بْنِ إِسْمَاعِيلَ، عَنْ حَمَّادٍ.
Sayyiduna Jabir bin Abdullah (may Allah be pleased with them both) said: We used to sell ummahat al-awlad in the time of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and of Sayyiduna Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him); then Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) forbade it.
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ الْحَارِثِ الْفَقِيهُ، أنبأ عَلِيُّ بْنُ عُمَرَ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا أَبُو بَكْرٍ النَّيْسَابُورِيُّ، ثنا عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ بِشْرٍ، عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّزَّاقِ، أنبأ ابْنُ جُرَيْجٍ، أَخْبَرَنِي أَبُو الزُّبَيْرِ، أَنَّهُ سَمِعَ جَابِرًا، يَقُولُ: " كُنَّا نَبِيعُ سَرَارِيَّنَا أُمَّهَاتِ الْأَوْلَادِ، وَالنَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ حِيُّ، لَا نَرَى بِذَلِكَ بَأْسًا..
Abu al-Zubayr narrates from Sayyiduna Jabir (may Allah be pleased with him) that he said: We used to sell ummahat al-awlad during the lifetime of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him).
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ فُورَكٍ، أنبأ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ، ثنا يُونُسُ بْنُ حَبِيبٍ، ثنا أَبُو دَاوُدَ، ثنا شُعْبَةُ، عَنْ زَيْدٍ الْعَمِّيِّ، عَنْ أَبِي الصِّدِّيقِ النَّاجِيِّ، عَنْ أَبِي سَعِيدٍ الْخُدْرِيِّ، قَالَ: " كُنَّا نَبِيعُ أُمَّهَاتِ الْأَوْلَادِ عَلَى عَهْدِ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ ". لَيْسَ فِي شَيْءٍ مِنْ هَذِهِ الْأَحَادِيثِ أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَلِمَ بِذَلِكَ فَأَقَرَّهُمْ عَلَيْهِ، وَقَدْ رُوِّينَا مَا يَدُلُّ عَلَى النَّهْيِ وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ..
Abu Sa'id al-Khudri (may Allah be pleased with him) said: We used to sell ummahat al-awlad in the time of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him).
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ يُوسُفَ الْأَصْبَهَانِيُّ، أنبأ أَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ الْأَعْرَابِيِّ، ثنا الْحَسَنُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الزَّعْفَرَانِيُّ، ثنا عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ بَكْرٍ، ثنا هِشَامٌ يَعْنِي ابْنَ حَسَّانَ، عَنْ مُحَمَّدٍ يَعْنِي ابْنَ سِيرِينَ، عَنْ عَبِيدَةَ، عَنْ عَلِيٍّ، رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ: " اجْتَمَعَ رَأْيِي وَرَأْيُ عُمَرَ عَلَى عِتْقِ أُمَّهَاتِ الْأَوْلَادِ، ثُمَّ رَأَيْتُ بَعْدُ أَنْ أَرِقَّهُنَّ فِي كَذَا وَكَذَا "، قَالَ: فَقُلْتُ لَهُ: رَأْيُكَ وَرَأْيُ عُمَرَ فِي الْجَمَاعَةِ أَحَبُّ إِلِيَّ مِنْ رَأْيِكَ وَحْدَكَ فِي الْفُرْقَةِ ".
Ubaydah narrates from Sayyiduna Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) that he said: My opinion and that of Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) were united on freeing the ummahat al-awlad, but later I held that they should be kept as slaves. (Ubaydah said:) I said: "Your opinion together with that of Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) is dearer to me than your opinion alone."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، وَأَبُو بَكْرٍ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ الْقَاضِي قَالَا: ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا أَبُو يَحْيَى زَكَرِيَّا بْنُ يَحْيَى بْنِ أَسَدٍ بِبَغْدَادَ، ثنا سُفْيَانُ، عَنْ عُبَيْدِ اللهِ بْنِ عُمَرَ، عَنْ نَافِعٍ، قَالَ: لَقِيَ رَجُلَانِ ابْنَ عُمَرَ فِي بَعْضِ طُرُقِ الْمَدِينَةِ، فَقَالَا لَهُ: تَرَكْنَا هَذَا الرَّجُلَ يَعْنُونَ ابْنَ الزُّبَيْرِ يَبِيعُ أُمَّهَاتِ الْأَوْلَادِ، فَقَالَ لَهُمْ: لَكِنَّ أَبَا حَفْصٍ عُمَرَ أَتَعْرِفَانِهِ؟ قَالَا: نَعَمْ، قَالَ: قَضَى فِي أُمَّهَاتِ الْأَوْلَادِ أَنْ لَا يُبَعْنَ، وَلَا يُوهَبْنَ، وَلَا يُورَثْنَ، يَسْتَمْتِعُ بِهَا صَاحِبُهَا مَا عَاشَ، فَإِذَا مَاتَ فَهِيَ حُرَّةٌ..
Ubaydullah bin Umar (may Allah have mercy on him) narrates from Nafi' (may Allah have mercy on him) that two men met Ibn Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) on one of the roads of Madinah. They said: "We have left Ibn al-Zubayr (may Allah be pleased with him) selling ummahat al-awlad." He said to them: "Do you know Abu Hafs, Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him)?" They said: "Yes." He said: "He ruled that it is not permissible to sell ummahat al-awlad, give them as gifts or make them part of an inheritance; her owner may enjoy her during his lifetime, and after his death she will be free."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ، ثنا قَبِيصَةُ، ثنا سُفْيَانُ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ دِينَارٍ، قَالَ: لَقِيَ ابْنُ عُمَرَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ رَكْبًا، فَقَالَ: مِنْ أَيْنَ أَقْبَلْتُمْ؟ قَالُوا: مِنْ عِنْدِ ابْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ فَأَحَلَّ لَنَا أَشْيَاءَ حُرِّمَتْ عَلَيْنَا، قَالَ: مَا أَحَلَّ لَكُمْ؟ قَالُوا: أَحَلَّ لَنَا أَنْ تُبَاعَ أُمَّهَاتُ الْأَوْلَادِ، فَقَالَ: أَتَعْرِفُونَ أَبَا حَفْصٍ عُمَرَ؟ قَالُوا: نَعَمْ، قَالَ: فَإِنَّهُ نَهَى أَنْ يُبَعْنَ، أَوْ يُوهَبْنَ، أَوْ يُورَثْنَ، يَسْتَمْتِعُ مِنْهُنَّ مَا عَاشَ، فَإِذَا مَاتَ عَتَقْنَ..
Abdullah bin Dinar said: Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) met a group of riders and asked: "Where have you come from?" They said: "From Sayyiduna Ibn al-Zubayr (may Allah be pleased with him), and he has made lawful for us things that had been forbidden to us." He asked: "What has he made lawful for you?" They said: "Selling ummahat al-awlad." Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) said: "Do you know Abu Hafs, Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him)?" They said: "Yes." He said: "He forbade selling them, giving them as a gift (hibah) or making them part of an inheritance. The owner may enjoy her as much as he wishes during his lifetime, and after his death she will be free."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا يَحْيَى بْنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ، أنبأ عَبْدُ الْوَهَّابِ بْنُ عَطَاءٍ، أنبأ سَعِيدٌ، عَنِ الْحَكَمِ بْنِ عُتَيْبَةَ، عَنْ زَيْدِ بْنِ وَهْبٍ، قَالَ: انْطَلَقْتُ أَنَا وَرَجُلٌ إِلَى ابْنِ مَسْعُودٍ نَسْأَلُهُ عَنْ أُمِّ الْوَلَدِ: هَلْ تَعْتِقُ؟ فَقَالَ: " تَعْتِقُ مِنْ نَصِيبِ وَلَدِهَا ". قَالَ الشَّيْخُ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: يُشْبِهُ أَنْ يَكُونَ عُمَرُ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ بَلَغَهُ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنَّهُ حَكَمَ بِعِتْقِهِنَّ بِمَوْتِ سَادَاتِهِنَّ نَصًّا، فَاجْتَمَعَ هُوَ وَغَيْرُهُ عَلَى تَحْرِيمِ بَيْعِهِنَّ، وَيُشْبِهُ أَنْ يَكُونَ هُوَ وَغَيْرُهُ اسْتَدَلَّ بِبَعْضِ مَا بَلَغَنَا وَرُوِّينَا عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ مَا يَدُلُّ عَلَى عِتْقِهِنَّ، فَاجْتَمَعَ هُوَ وَغَيْرُهُ عَلَى تَحْرِيمِ بَيْعِهِنَّ، فَالْأَوْلَى بِنَا مُتَابَعَتُهُمْ فِيمَا اجْتَمَعُوا عَلَيْهِ قَبْلَ الِاخْتِلَافِ، مَعَ الِاسْتِدْلَالِ بِالسُّنَّةِ، وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ..
Zayd bin Wahb (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Another man and I went to Abdullah bin Mas'ud (may Allah be pleased with him) and asked him about the freeing of the umm walad. He said: "She is freed from her child's share (of the inheritance)."
The Shaykh (al-Bayhaqi) said: It seems likely that a text reached Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) explicitly ruling that they are freed upon the death of their masters, so he and others agreed on prohibiting their sale. It also seems likely that he and others drew evidence from some of what has reached us and been narrated to us from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) indicating their freedom, so he and others agreed on prohibiting their sale. So it is more fitting for us to follow them in what they agreed upon before the disagreement, along with drawing evidence from the Sunnah. And Allah knows best.
The Shaykh (al-Bayhaqi) said: It seems likely that a text reached Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) explicitly ruling that they are freed upon the death of their masters, so he and others agreed on prohibiting their sale. It also seems likely that he and others drew evidence from some of what has reached us and been narrated to us from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) indicating their freedom, so he and others agreed on prohibiting their sale. So it is more fitting for us to follow them in what they agreed upon before the disagreement, along with drawing evidence from the Sunnah. And Allah knows best.
