السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب الشهادات
Book of Testimonies
باب: : ما تجوز به شهادة أهل الأهواء
What makes the testimony of the people of innovation acceptable
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قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: " كُلُّ مَنْ تَأَوَّلَ فَأَتَى شَيْئًا مُسْتَحِلًّا كَانَ فِيهِ حَدٌّ أَوْ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَمْ تُرَدَّ شَهَادَتُهُ بِذَلِكَ، أَلَا تَرَى أَنَّ مِمَّنْ حُمِلَ عَنْهُ الدِّينُ، وَنُصِبَ عَلَمًا فِي الْبُلْدَانِ مَنْ قَدِ اسْتَحَلَّ الْمُتْعَةَ، وَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ يَسْتَحِلُّ الدِّينَارَ بِعَشَرَةِ دَنَانِيرَ، يَدًا بِيَدٍ، وَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ قَدْ تَأَوَّلَ فَاسْتَحَلَّ سَفْكَ الدِّمَاءِ، وَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ تَأَوَّلَ فَشَرِبَ كُلَّ مُسْكِرٍ غَيْرَ الْخَمْرِ، وَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ أَحَلَّ إِتْيَانَ النِّسَاءِ فِي أَدْبَارِهِنَّ، وَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ أَحَلَّ بُيُوعًا مُحَرَّمَةً عِنْدَ غَيْرِهِ، فَإِذَا كَانَ هَؤُلَاءِ - مَعَ مَا وَصَفْتُ - أَهْلَ ثِقَةٍ فِي دِينِهِمْ، وَقَنَاعَةٍ عِنْدَ مَنْ عَرَفَهُمْ، وَقَدْ تُرِكَ عَلَيْهِ مَا تَأَوَّلُوا فَأَخْطَئُوا فِيهِ، وَلَمْ يَخْرُجُوا بِعَظِيمِ الْخَطَأِ إِذَا كَانَ مِنْهُمْ عَلَى وَجْهِ الِاسْتِحْلَالِ كَانَ جَمِيعُ أَهْلِ الْأَهْوَاءِ فِي هَذِهِ الْمَنْزِلَةِ ".
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "Everyone who made an interpretation (of some evidence) and then committed an act while considering it lawful, whether it carries a prescribed punishment (hadd) or not, his testimony is not rejected because of it. Do you not see that among those from whom (knowledge of) the religion was taken, and who were set up as beacons (of knowledge) in the lands, are some who considered temporary marriage (mut'ah) lawful; some who consider (selling) one dinar for ten dinars hand to hand lawful; some who, by interpretation, considered shedding blood lawful; some who, by interpretation, drank every intoxicant other than wine (khamr); some who declared lawful approaching women in their rear; and some who declared lawful sales that are unlawful in the view of others? So since these people, despite what I have described, are trustworthy in their religion and well regarded by those who know them, and their interpretations in which they erred have been left (without being held against them), and they were not removed (from uprightness) by that great error since it came from them on the basis of considering it lawful, then all the people of desires (innovators) are of this same rank."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ الْقَاضِي، أنبأ أَبُو سَهْلِ بْنُ زِيَادٍ الْقَطَّانُ، ثنا عَبْدُ الْكَرِيمِ بْنُ الْهَيْثَمِ، ثنا أَبُو الْيَمَانِ ح وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحُسَيْنِ بْنُ الْفَضْلِ الْقَطَّانُ، أنبأ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ جَعْفَرِ بْنِ دَرَسْتَوَيْهِ، ثنا يَعْقُوبُ بْنُ سُفْيَانَ، ثنا أَبُو الْيَمَانِ، أَخْبَرَنِي شُعَيْبٌ، عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ، ح، قَالَ: وَحَدَّثَنَا حَجَّاجٌ، يَعْنِي: ابْنَ أَبِي مَنِيعٍ، ثنا جَدِّي، عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ، حَدَّثَنِي أَبُو إِدْرِيسَ عَائِذُ اللهِ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ الْخَوْلَانِيُّ أَنَّهُ أَخْبَرَهُ يَزِيدُ بْنُ عُمَيْرَةَ صَاحِبُ مُعَاذٍ أَنَّ مُعَاذًا، رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ كَانَ يَقُولُ كُلَّمَا جَلَسَ مَجْلِسَ ذِكْرٍ: " اللهُ حَكَمٌ عَدْلٌ "، وَقَالَ أَبُو الْيَمَانِ: " قِسْطٌ، تَبَارَكَ اسْمُهُ، هَلَكَ الْمُرْتَابُونَ "، فَقَالَ مُعَاذُ بْنُ جَبَلٍ يَوْمًا فِي مَجْلِسٍ جَلَسَهُ: " وَرَاءَكُمْ فِتَنٌ يَكْثُرُ فِيهَا الْمَالُ، وَيُفْتَحُ فِيهَا الْقُرْآنُ، حَتَّى يَأْخُذَهُ الْمُؤْمِنُ وَالْمُنَافِقُ وَالْحُرُّ وَالْعَبْدُ وَالرَّجُلُ وَالْمَرْأَةُ وَالْكَبِيرُ وَالصَّغِيرُ، فَيُوشِكُ قَائِلٌ أَنْ يَقُولُ: فَمَا لِلنَّاسِ لَا يَتَّبِعُونِي وَقَدْ قَرَأْتُ الْقُرْآنَ؟ واللهِ مَا هُمْ بِمُتَّبِعِيَّ حَتَّى أَبْتَدِعَ لَهُمْ غَيْرَهُ، فَإِيَّاكُمْ وَمَا ابْتُدِعَ، فَإِنَّ مَا ابْتُدِعَ ضَلَالَةٌ، وَاحْذَرُوا زَيْغَةَ الْحَكِيمِ، فَإِنَّ الشَّيْطَانَ قَدْ يَقُولُ كَلِمَةَ الضَّلَالِ عَلَى فَمِ الْحَكِيمِ، وَقَدْ يَقُولُ الْمُنَافِقُ كَلِمَةَ الْحَقِّ "، قَالَ: قُلْتُ لَهُ: وَمَا يُدْرِينِي، يَرْحَمُكَ اللهُ، أَنَّ الْحَكِيمَ يَقُولُ كَلِمَةَ الضَّلَالَةِ، وَأَنَّ الْمُنَافِقَ يَقُولُ كَلِمَةَ الْحَقِّ؟ قَالَ: " اجْتَنِبْ مِنْ كَلَامِ الْحَكِيمِ الْمُشْتَبِهَاتِ الَّتِي تَقُولُ مَا هَذِهِ؟ وَلَا يُنْئِيَنَّكَ ذَلِكَ مِنْهُ، فَإِنَّهُ لَعَلَّهُ أَنْ يُرَاجِعَ وَيُلَقَّى الْحَقَّ إِذَا سَمِعَهُ، فَإِنَّ عَلَى الْحَقِّ نُورًا ". وَفِي رِوَايَةِ الْقَاضِي: " وَلَا يُثْنِيَنَّكَ ذَلِكَ عَنْهُ " وَرَوَاهُ عُقَيْلٌ، عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ فَقَالَ فِي الْحَدِيثِ: " وَلَا يُثْنِيَنَّكَ ذَلِكَ عَنْهُ " فَأَخْبَرَ مُعَاذُ بْنُ ⦗٣٥٦⦘ جَبَلٍ أَنَّ زَيْغَةَ الْحَكِيمِ لَا تُوجِبُ الْإِعْرَاضَ عَنْهُ، وَلَكِنْ يُتْرَكُ مِنْ قَوْلِهِ مَا لَيْسَ عَلَيْهِ نُورٌ، فَإِنَّ عَلَى الْحَقِّ نُورًا، يَعْنِي - وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ - دَلَالَةً مِنْ كِتَابٍ، أَوْ سُنَّةٍ، أَوْ إِجْمَاعٍ، أَوْ قِيَاسٍ عَلَى بَعْضِ هَذَا.
Yazid bin Umayrah, the student of Sayyiduna Mu'adh (may Allah be pleased with him), said: Whenever Sayyiduna Mu'adh (may Allah be pleased with him) sat in a gathering of remembrance, he would say: Allah is a just Judge. And Abu al-Yaman said: "Qist" (Equitable); blessed is His name; the doubters have perished. One day, in a gathering, Sayyiduna Mu'adh bin Jabal (may Allah be pleased with him) said: Ahead of you are trials in which wealth will abound and the Qur'an will be opened up, so that the believer and the hypocrite, the free and the slave, the man and the woman, the old and the young will all take it. Soon someone will say: Why do people not follow me when I have read the Qur'an? By Allah, they will not follow me until I innovate something else for them. So beware of what is innovated, for what is innovated is misguidance. And beware of the deviation of the wise man, for Satan sometimes utters a word of misguidance on the tongue of the wise man, and the hypocrite sometimes speaks a word of truth. The narrator said: I said to him: May Allah have mercy on you! How would I know that the wise man is speaking a word of misguidance and the hypocrite a word of truth? He said: Avoid from the speech of the wise man the dubious things about which you say, 'What is this?' But let that not drive you away from him, for perhaps he will retract and accept the truth when he hears it, for upon the truth there is light. In the narration of the Qadi: "And let that not turn you away from him." Thus Sayyiduna Mu'adh bin Jabal (may Allah be pleased with him) informed that the lapse of a wise man does not make it obligatory to turn away from him, but that of his words which has no light upon it is to be left, for upon the truth there is light; meaning, and Allah knows best, an indication from the Book, the Sunnah, consensus (ijma'), or analogy (qiyas) upon some of these.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ عَبْدَانَ، أنبأ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عُبَيْدٍ الصَّفَّارُ، ثنا تَمْتَامٌ، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ الْمُسَيَّبِيُّ، ثنا عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ نَافِعٍ، عَنْ كَثِيرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ عَمْرِو بْنِ عَوْفٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ جَدِّهِ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ: " اتَّقُوا زَلَّةَ الْعَالِمِ، وَانْتَظِرُوا فَيْئَتَهُ ". وَكَذَلِكَ رَوَاهُ مَعْنُ بْنُ عِيسَى، عَنْ كَثِيرٍ.
Kathir bin Abdullah bin Amr bin Awf narrates from his father, from his grandfather (may Allah be pleased with him), that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Beware of the slip of the scholar, and wait for his return."
وَفِي مِثْلِ هَذَا: أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، قَالَ: سَمِعْتُ أَبَا الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدَ بْنَ يَعْقُوبَ يَقُولُ: سَمِعْتُ الْعَبَّاسَ بْنَ الْوَلِيدِ يَقُولُ: سَمِعْتُ مُحَمَّدَ بْنَ شُعَيْبِ بْنِ شَابُورَ يَقُولُ: سَمِعْتُ الْأَوْزَاعِيَّ يَقُولُ: " مَنْ أَخَذَ بِنَوَادِرِ الْعُلَمَاءِ خَرَجَ مِنَ الْإِسْلَامِ ".
Muhammad bin Shu'ayb bin Shabur (may Allah have mercy on him) said: I heard al-Awza'i (may Allah have mercy on him) saying: Whoever takes up the odd opinions of the scholars has left Islam.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، وَأَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ إِسْحَاقُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ السُّوسِيُّ قَالَا: ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عِيسَى التِّنِّيسِيُّ، ثنا عَمْرُو بْنُ أَبِي سَلَمَةَ، قَالَ: سَمِعْتُ الْأَوْزَاعِيَّ يَقُولُ: " يُتْرَكُ مِنْ قَوْلِ أَهْلِ مَكَّةَ: الْمُتْعَةُ وَالصَّرْفُ، وَمِنْ قَوْلِ أَهْلِ الْمَدِينَةِ: السَّمَاعُ وَإِتْيَانُ النِّسَاءِ فِي أَدْبَارِهِنَّ، وَمِنْ قَوْلِ أَهْلِ الشَّامِ: الْجَبْرُ وَالطَّاعَةُ، وَمِنْ قَوْلِ أَهْلِ الْكُوفَةِ: النَّبِيذُ وَالسَّحُورُ ".
Amr bin Abi Salamah (may Allah have mercy on him) said: I heard al-Awza'i (may Allah have mercy on him) saying: The view of the people of Makkah on temporary marriage (mut'ah) and currency exchange (sarf) will be left; the view of the people of Madinah on approaching women in their rear and on listening to music (sama') will be left; and the view of the people of Sham on compulsion and obedience, and the view of the people of Kufah on nabidh and on the (late) suhur, will be left.
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، وَأَبُو بَكْرٍ الْقَاضِي قَالَا: ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، أنبأ الْعَبَّاسُ بْنُ الْوَلِيدِ بْنِ مَزْيَدٍ الْبَيْرُوتِيُّ، حَدَّثَنِي أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ، مِنْ بَجِّ حُورَانَ قَالَ: سَمِعْتُ الْأَوْزَاعِيَّ، رَحِمَهُ اللهُ يَقُولُ: " نَجْتَنِبُ أَوْ نَتْرُكُ مِنْ قَوْلِ أَهْلِ الْعِرَاقِ خَمْسًا: وَمِنْ قَوْلِ أَهْلِ الْحِجَازِ خَمْسًا، مِنْ قَوْلِ أَهْلِ الْعِرَاقِ: شُرْبَ الْمُسْكِرِ، وَالْأَكْلَ فِي الْفَجْرِ فِي رَمَضَانَ، وَلَا جُمُعَةَ إِلَّا فِي سَبْعَةِ أَمْصَارٍ، وَتَأْخِيرَ صَلَاةِ الْعَصْرِ حَتَّى يَكُونَ ظِلُّ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ أَرْبَعَةَ أَمْثَالِهِ، وَالْفِرَارَ يَوْمَ الزَّحْفِ، وَمِنْ قَوْلِ أَهْلِ الْحِجَازِ اسْتِمَاعَ الْمَلَاهِي، وَالْجَمْعَ بَيْنَ الصَّلَاتَيْنِ مِنْ غَيْرِ عُذْرٍ، وَالْمُتْعَةَ بِالنِّسَاءِ، وَالدِّرْهَمَ بِالدِّرْهَمَيْنِ، وَالدِّينَارَ بِالدِّينَارَيْنِ يَدًا بِيَدٍ، وَإِتْيَانَ النِّسَاءِ فِي أَدْبَارِهِنَّ ".
Imam al-Awza'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: We leave five things of the people of Iraq: (1) drinking intoxicants, (2) eating at the time of Fajr in Ramadan, (3) Friday prayer being held only in seven cities, (4) delaying the Asr prayer until the shadow becomes four times (the length of the object), and (5) fleeing from battle.
Of the views of the people of the Hijaz: (1) combining prayers without an excuse, (2) temporary marriage (mut'ah) with women, (3) one dirham for two dirhams, and one dinar for two dinars, hand to hand, (4) approaching women in their rear, and (5) listening to amusements.
Of the views of the people of the Hijaz: (1) combining prayers without an excuse, (2) temporary marriage (mut'ah) with women, (3) one dirham for two dirhams, and one dinar for two dinars, hand to hand, (4) approaching women in their rear, and (5) listening to amusements.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ قَالَ: سَمِعْتُ أَبَا الْوَلِيدِ يَقُولُ: سَمِعْتُ أَبَا الْعَبَّاسِ بْنَ سُرَيْجٍ يَقُولُ: سَمِعْتُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ بْنَ إِسْحَاقَ الْقَاضِي يَقُولُ: دَخَلْتُ عَلَى الْمُعْتَضِدِ، فَدَفَعَ إِلِيَّ كِتَابًا نَظَرْتُ فِيهِ، وَكَانَ قَدْ جَمَعَ لَهُ الرُّخَصَ مِنْ زَلَلِ الْعُلَمَاءِ، وَمَا احْتَجَّ بِهِ ⦗٣٥٧⦘ كُلٌّ مِنْهُمْ لِنَفْسِهِ، فَقُلْتُ لَهُ: يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، مُصَنِّفُ هَذَا الْكِتَابِ زِنْدِيقٌ، فَقَالَ: أَلَمْ تَصِحَّ هَذِهِ الْأَحَادِيثُ؟ قُلْتُ: " الْأَحَادِيثُ عَلَى مَا رُوِيَتْ، وَلَكِنَّ مَنْ أَبَاحَ الْمُسْكِرَ لَمْ يُبِحِ الْمُتْعَةَ، وَمَنْ أَبَاحَ الْمُتْعَةَ لَمْ يُبِحِ الْغِنَاءَ وَالْمُسْكِرَ، وَمَا مِنْ عَالِمٍ إِلَّا وَلَهُ زَلَّةٌ، وَمَنْ جَمَعَ زَلَلَ الْعُلَمَاءِ ثُمَّ أَخَذَ بِهَا ذَهَبَ دِينُهُ "، فَأَمَرَ الْمُعْتَضِدُ فَأُحْرِقَ ذَلِكَ الْكِتَابُ ".
Isma'il bin Ishaq al-Qadi (may Allah have mercy on him) said: I went in to al-Mu'tadid. He gave me a book, and I looked into it; in it had been collected the concessions drawn from the lapses of the scholars, and the arguments each of them had used in his own favour. I said: O Commander of the Believers! The author of this book is a heretic (zindiq). He said: Are these hadiths not authentic? I said: The hadiths have been narrated as they are, but whoever permitted intoxicants did not consider temporary marriage (mut'ah) permissible, and whoever considered mut'ah permissible did not consider singing and intoxicants permissible. Every scholar has a lapse, and whoever collects the lapses of the scholars and then acts upon them, his religion is gone. So al-Mu'tadid ordered that book to be burned.
