السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب السير
Book of Military Expeditions
باب: الأسير يؤمن فلا يكون له أن يغتالهم في أموالهم وأنفسهم
A captive who is granted safety may not treacherously harm their lives or property
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قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: لِأَنَّهُمْ إِذَا أَمَّنُوهُ فَهُمْ فِي أَمَانٍ مِنْهُ..
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "Because when they have granted him safety, they are (also) in safety from him."
وَقَدْ حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ فُورَكٍ، أنبأ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ الْأَصْبَهَانِيُّ، ثنا يُونُسُ بْنُ حَبِيبٍ، ثنا أَبُو دَاوُدَ، ثنا شُعْبَةُ، عَنِ الْأَعْمَشِ، قَالَ: سَمِعْتُ أَبَا وَائِلٍ يُحَدِّثُ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللهِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ، عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ: " لِكُلِّ غَادِرٍ لِوَاءٌ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ، يُقَالُ: هَذِهِ غَدْرَةُ فُلَانٍ ". أَخْرَجَاهُ فِي الصَّحِيحِ مِنْ حَدِيثِ شُعْبَةَ.
Sayyiduna Abdullah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him): "On the Day of Resurrection, every treacherous person will have a banner, and it will be said: This is the treachery of so-and-so."
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ فُورَكٍ، أنبأ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ، ثنا يُونُسُ بْنُ حَبِيبٍ، ثنا أَبُو دَاوُدَ، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبَانَ، عَنِ السُّدِّيِّ، عَنْ رِفَاعَةَ بْنِ شَدَّادٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ، حَدَّثَنِي ⦗٢٤١⦘ عَمْرُو بْنُ الْحَمِقِ الْخُزَاعِيُّ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ: " إِذَا أَمَّنَ الرَّجُلُ الرَّجُلَ عَلَى نَفْسِهِ ثُمَّ قَتَلَهُ فَأَنَا بَرِيءٌ مِنَ الْقَاتِلِ وَإِنْ كَانَ الْمَقْتُولُ كَافِرًا ".
Sayyiduna Amr bin al-Hamiq al-Khuza'i (may Allah be pleased with him) says that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "When a man grants a person safety and then kills him, I am free of the killer, even if the one killed is a disbeliever."
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ فُورَكٍ، أنبأ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ، ثنا يُونُسُ بْنُ حَبِيبٍ، ثنا أَبُو دَاوُدَ، ثنا قُرَّةُ بْنُ خَالِدٍ، عَنْ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ بْنِ عُمَيْرٍ، عَنْ رِفَاعَةَ بْنِ شَدَّادٍ، قَالَ: كُنْتُ أُبْطِنُ شَيْئًا بِالْمُخْتَارِ، يَعْنِي الْكَذَّابَ، قَالَ: فَدَخَلْتُ عَلَيْهِ ذَاتَ يَوْمٍ فَقَالَ: دَخَلْتَ وَقَدْ قَامَ جِبْرِيلُ قَبْلُ مِنْ هَذَا الْكُرْسِيِّ. قَالَ: فَأَهْوَيْتُ إِلَى قَائِمِ السَّيْفِ فَقُلْتُ: مَا أَنْتَظِرُ أَنْ أَمْشِيَ بَيْنَ رَأْسِ هَذَا وَجَسَدِهِ حَتَّى ذَكَرْتُ حَدِيثًا حَدَّثَنِيهِ عَمْرُو بْنُ الْحَمِقِ الْخُزَاعِيُّ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ: " إِذَا أَمَّنَ الرَّجُلُ الرَّجُلَ عَلَى دَمِهِ ثُمَّ قَتَلَهُ رُفِعَ لَهُ لِوَاءُ الْغَدْرِ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ فَكَفَفْتُ عَنْهُ ".
Rifa'ah bin Shaddad (may Allah have mercy on him) says: I concealed something under my clothes for al-Mukhtar (the Liar). He says: One day I went in to him, and he said: You have come in, and Jibril (peace be upon him) was standing on this chair before (you came). So I reached for the hilt of my sword. I said (to myself): I will not give him respite until I walk between his head and his body. But then I remembered the hadith of Amr bin al-Hamiq al-Khuza'i (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) had said: "When a person grants someone safety for his life and then kills him, a banner of treachery will be raised for him on the Day of Resurrection." So I held back from him.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أَخْبَرَنِي أَحْمَدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الْعَنَزِيُّ، ثنا عُثْمَانُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ الدَّارِمِيُّ، ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ صَالِحٍ، ثنا ابْنُ وَهْبٍ، أَخْبَرَنِي حَيْوَةُ بْنُ شُرَيْحٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ الْهَادِ، عَنْ شُرَحْبِيلَ بْنِ سَعْدٍ، عَنْ جَابِرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللهِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ: كُنَّا مَعَ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي غَزْوَةِ خَيْبَرَ، خَرَجَتْ سَرِيَّةٌ فَأَخَذُوا إِنْسَانًا مَعَهُ غَنَمٌ يَرْعَاهَا فَجَاؤُوا بِهِ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَكَلَّمَهُ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ مَا شَاءَ اللهُ أَنْ يُكَلِّمَهُ بِهِ، فَقَالَ لَهُ الرَّجُلُ: إِنِّي قَدْ آمَنْتُ بِكَ وَبِمَا جِئْتَ بِهِ فَكَيْفَ بِالْغَنَمِ يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ؟ فَإِنَّهَا أَمَانَةٌ وَهِيَ لِلنَّاسِ الشَّاةُ وَالشَّاتَانِ وَأَكْثَرُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ. قَالَ: " احْصِبْ وُجُوهَهَا تَرْجِعْ إِلَى أَهْلِهَا". فَأَخَذَ قَبْضَةً مِنْ حَصْبَاءَ أَوْ تُرَابٍ فَرَمَى بِهِ وَجُوهِهَا فَخَرَجَتْ تَشْتَدُّ حَتَّى دَخَلَتْ كُلُّ شَاةٍ إِلَى أَهْلِهَا، ثُمَّ تَقَدَّمَ إِلَى الصَّفِّ فَأَصَابَهُ سَهْمٌ فَقَتَلَهُ وَلَمْ يُصَلِّ لِلَّهِ سَجْدَةً قَطُّ، قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " أَدْخِلُوهُ الْخِبَاءَ"، فَأُدْخِلَ خِبَاءَ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ حَتَّى إِذَا فَرَغَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ دَخَلَ عَلَيْهِ ثُمَّ خَرَجَ فَقَالَ: " لَقَدْ حَسُنَ إِسْلَامُ صَاحِبِكُمْ، لَقَدْ دَخَلْتُ عَلَيْهِ وَإِنَّ عِنْدَهُ لَزَوْجَتَيْنِ لَهُ مِنَ الْحُورِ الْعِينِ". لَمْ أَكْتُبْهُ مَوْصُولًا إِلَّا مِنْ حَدِيثِ شُرَحْبِيلَ بْنِ سَعْدٍ، وَقَدْ تَكَلَّمُوا فِيهِ. ورُوِيَ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ إِسْحَاقَ بْنِ يَسَارٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ مُرْسَلًا، وَرُوِي عَنْ أَبِي الْعَاصِ بْنِ الرَّبِيعِ فِيهِ قِصَّةٌ شَبِيهَةٌ بِهَذِهِ، إِلَّا أَنَّهَا بِإِسْنَادٍ مُرْسَلٍ.
Sayyiduna Jabir bin Abdullah (may Allah be pleased with them both) says: In the Battle of Khaybar we were with the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). A small detachment went out and seized a man who was grazing goats. They brought him to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), and he (peace and blessings be upon him) spoke with him as much as Allah willed. The man said: I believe in you and in what you have brought. O Messenger of Allah, what will become of the goats? For they are a trust; one person owns one, another two, or even more. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Throw pebbles at their faces; these goats will go back to their owners." He took a handful of pebbles or dust and threw it toward the goats, and they ran off until every goat reached its owners. Then this man stood in the ranks of the fighters and was killed by an arrow that struck him, and he had not performed even a single prostration for Allah. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Take him into the tent." So they took him into the tent of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him). When the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) was free, he went in to him, then came out and said: "Your companion's Islam was good. I went in to him, and with him were two wives of his from the wide-eyed houris (al-hur al-'in)."
I have not recorded it with a connected chain except through Shurahbil bin Sa'd, and they have criticised him. It has also been narrated from Muhammad bin Ishaq bin Yasar from his father in mursal form, and a story similar to this has been narrated about Abu al-As bin al-Rabi', except that it is with a mursal chain.
I have not recorded it with a connected chain except through Shurahbil bin Sa'd, and they have criticised him. It has also been narrated from Muhammad bin Ishaq bin Yasar from his father in mursal form, and a story similar to this has been narrated about Abu al-As bin al-Rabi', except that it is with a mursal chain.
أَخْبَرَنَاهُ أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْجَبَّارِ، ثنا يُونُسُ بْنُ بُكَيْرٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ إِسْحَاقَ، حَدَّثَنِي عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَمْرِو بْنِ حَزْمٍ، قَالَ: خَرَجَ أَبُو الْعَاصِ بْنُ الرَّبِيعِ تَاجِرًا إِلَى الشَّامِ وَكَانَ رَجُلًا مَأْمُونًا، وَكَانَتْ مَعَهُ بَضَائِعُ لِقُرَيْشٍ فَأَقْبَلَ قَافِلًا، فَلَقِيَهُ سَرِيَّةٌ لِرَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَاسْتَاقُوا عِيرَهُ ⦗٢٤٢⦘ وَأَفْلَتَ، وَقَدِمُوا عَلَى رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِمَا أَصَابُوا فَقَسَمَهُ بَيْنَهُمْ، وَأَتَى أَبُو الْعَاصِ حَتَّى دَخَلَ عَلَى زَيْنَبَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهَا فَاسْتَجَارَ بِهَا، وَسَأَلَهَا أَنْ تَطْلُبَ لَهُ مِنْ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ رَدَّ مَالِهِ عَلَيْهِ وَمَا كَانَ مَعَهُ مِنْ أَمْوَالِ النَّاسِ، فَدَعَا رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ السَّرِيَّةَ فَسَأَلَهُمْ، فَرَدُّوا عَلَيْهِ، ثُمَّ خَرَجَ حَتَّى قَدِمَ مَكَّةَ فَأَدَّى عَلَى النَّاسِ مَا كَانَ مَعَهُ مِنْ بَضَائِعِهِمْ، حَتَّى إِذَا فَرَغَ قَالَ: يَا مَعْشَرَ قُرَيْشٍ هَلْ بَقِيَ لِأَحَدٍ مِنْكُمْ مَعِي مَالٌ لَمْ أَرُدَّهُ عَلَيْهِ؟ قَالُوا: لَا، فَجَزَاكَ اللهُ خَيْرًا قَدْ وَجَدْنَاكَ وَفِيًّا كَرِيمًا. فَقَالَ: أَمَا وَاللهِ مَا مَنَعَنِي أَنْ أُسْلِمَ قَبْلَ أَنْ أَقْدَمَ عَلَيْكُمْ إِلَّا تَخَوُّفًا أَنْ تَظُنُّوا أَنِّي إِنَّمَا أَسْلَمْتُ لِأَذْهَبَ بِأَمْوَالِكُمْ، فَإِنِّي أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللهُ، وَأَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَرَسُولُهُ قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ: فِي الْمُسْلِمِ إِذَا أُسِرَ وَلَمْ يُؤَمِّنُوهُ وَلَمْ يَأْخُذُوا عَلَيْهِ أَنَّهُمْ آمِنُونَ مِنْهُ فَلَهُ أَخْذُ مَا قَدَرَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ أَمْوَالِهِمْ وَإِفْسَادُهُ وَالْهَرَبُ مِنْهُمْ قَالَ الشَّيْخُ: قَدْ رَوَيْنَا حَدِيثَ عِمْرَانَ بْنِ حُصَيْنٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ فِي الْمَرْأَةِ الْمُسْلِمَةِ الَّتِي أَخَذَتِ النَّاقَةَ وَهَرَبَتْ عَلَيْهَا.
Abdullah bin Abi Bakr bin Muhammad bin Amr bin Hazm says: Abu al-As bin al-Rabi' (may Allah be pleased with him) set out for Syria to trade, and he was a trustworthy man. He also had with him goods belonging to Quraysh. When the caravan came (back), a detachment of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) brought that caravan before him (peace and blessings be upon him), and they divided the goods among themselves. Abu al-As (may Allah be pleased with him) came to Sayyidah Zaynab (may Allah be pleased with her), sought her protection, and asked her to request the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) to return his wealth and the wealth of the people. So the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) called the members of the detachment and asked them, and they returned the wealth. Abu al-As (may Allah be pleased with him) came to Makkah and returned the people's wealth to them. When he had finished, he said: "O people of Quraysh! Is there anyone whose wealth I have not returned?" They said: "No. May Allah reward you with good. We have found you honourable and faithful in discharging (trusts)." Then he said: "I did not accept Islam (before this) only out of fear that you would say that I wanted to swallow up your wealth. I bear witness that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) is the servant and Messenger of Allah."
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) says concerning a Muslim: When he is taken captive, and they have neither granted him safety nor taken a pledge from him, he may take of their wealth whatever he is able to, damage it, or take it and flee.
The Shaykh (may Allah have mercy on him) says: We have narrated the hadith of Sayyiduna Imran bin Husayn (may Allah be pleased with him) concerning the Muslim woman who took the she-camel and fled on it.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) says concerning a Muslim: When he is taken captive, and they have neither granted him safety nor taken a pledge from him, he may take of their wealth whatever he is able to, damage it, or take it and flee.
The Shaykh (may Allah have mercy on him) says: We have narrated the hadith of Sayyiduna Imran bin Husayn (may Allah be pleased with him) concerning the Muslim woman who took the she-camel and fled on it.
