السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب السير
Book of Military Expeditions
باب: قتل من لا قتال فيه من الكفار جائز وإن كان الاشتغال بغيره أولى
Killing disbelievers who take no part in fighting is permissible, though engaging others is better
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أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْحَمِيدِ الْحَارِثِيُّ، ثنا، ح، قَالَ: وَأَخْبَرَنِي أَبُو عَمْرٍو هُوَ ابْنُ حَمْدَانَ، ثنا الْحَسَنُ بْنُ سُفْيَانَ، ثنا عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ بَرَّادٍ، ثنا أَبُو أُسَامَةَ، عَنْ بُرَيْدِ بْنِ أَبِي بُرْدَةَ بْنِ أَبِي مُوسَى، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، قَالَ: " لَمَّا فَرَغَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ مِنْ حُنَيْنٍ بَعَثَ أَبَا عَامِرٍ عَلَى جَيْشِ أَوْطَاسٍ، فَلَقِيَ دُرَيْدَ بْنَ الصِّمَّةِ فَقُتِلَ دُرَيْدٌ وَهَزَمَ اللهُ أَصْحَابَهُ "، وَذَكَرَ الْحَدِيثَ، إِلَى أَنْ قَالَ: عَنْ أَبِي مُوسَى، فَلَمَّا رَجَعْتُ إِلَى النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ دَخَلْتُ عَلَيْهِ وَهُوَ فِي بَيْتٍ عَلَى سَرِيرٍ مُرْمَلٍ، وَعِنْدَهُ فِرَاشٌ قَدْ أَثَّرَ رِمَالُ السَّرِيرِ بِظَهْرِ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَجَنْبِهِ، فَأَخْبَرْتُهُ بِخَبَرِي وَخَبَرِ أَبِي عَامِرٍ. وَذَكَرَ الْحَدِيثَ. رَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ فِي الصَّحِيحِ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ بَرَّادٍ، وَأَخْرَجَاهُ جَمِيعًا عَنْ أَبِي كُرَيْبٍ، عَنْ أَبِي أُسَامَةَ.
Abu Burdah bin Abi Musa narrates from his father (Sayyiduna Abu Musa al-Ash'ari (may Allah be pleased with him)) that when the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) had finished with the battle of Hunayn, he sent Sayyiduna Abu Amir (may Allah be pleased with him) in command of the army of Awtas. He met Durayd bin al-Simmah; Durayd was killed and Allah Almighty defeated his companions. He mentioned the hadith. Sayyiduna Abu Musa (may Allah be pleased with him) says: When I returned to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), he (peace and blessings be upon him) was lying in a house on a bed finely woven with strips, whose marks were on his (peace and blessings be upon him) blessed back and sides, and I gave him (peace and blessings be upon him) my news and the news of Sayyiduna Abu Amir (may Allah be pleased with him).
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْجَبَّارِ، ثنا يُونُسُ بْنُ بُكَيْرٍ، عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ إِسْحَاقَ بْنِ يَسَارٍ، فِي قِصَّةِ أَوْطَاسٍ، قَالَ: فَأَدْرَكَ رَبِيعَةُ بْنُ رُفَيْعٍ دُرَيْدَ بْنَ الصِّمَّةِ فَأَخَذَ بِخِطَامِ جَمَلِهِ وَهُوَ يَظُنُّ أَنَّهُ امْرَأَةٌ، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ كَانَ فِي شِجَارٍ لَهُ، فَإِذَا هُوَ بِرَجُلٍ، فَأَنَاخَ بِهِ فَإِذَا هُوَ شَيْخٌ كَبِيرٌ وَإِذَا هُوَ دُرَيْدٌ وَلَا يَعْرِفُهُ الْغُلَامُ، فَقَالَ دُرَيْدٌ: " مَاذَا تُرِيدُ؟ ". قَالَ: قَتْلَكَ. قَالَ: " وَمَنْ أَنْتَ؟ ". قَالَ رَبِيعَةُ بْنُ رُفَيْعٍ السُّلَمِيُّ، ثُمَّ ضَرَبَهُ بِسَيْفِهِ فَلَمْ يُغْنِ شَيْئًا، فَقَالَ دُرَيْدٌ: " بِئْسَ مَا سَلَّحَتْكَ أُمُّكَ، خُذْ سَيْفِي هَذَا مِنْ مُؤَخَّرِ الشِّجَارِ ثُمَّ اضْرِبْ بِهِ، وَارْفَعْ عَنِ الْعِظَامِ وَاخْفِضْ عَنِ الدِّمَاغِ، فَإِنِّي كَذَلِكَ كُنْتُ أَقْتُلُ الرِّجَالَ ". فَقَتَلَهُ.
Muhammad bin Ishaq bin Yasar (may Allah have mercy on him) says concerning the story of Awtas: Rabi'ah bin Rufay' (may Allah be pleased with him) caught up with Durayd bin al-Simmah and seized the halter of his camel, thinking it was a woman, because he was in a litter (howdah). When he made the camel kneel, it was the old man Durayd, and the young man did not recognise him. Durayd said: What do you want? He said: To kill you. Durayd asked: Who are you? He said: I am Rabi'ah bin Rufay' al-Sulami. The narrator says: Then he struck him with his sword, but could not kill Durayd. Durayd said: How poorly your mother armed you! Take this sword of mine from the back of the litter and strike with it, above the bones and below the brain, for that is how I used to kill men. And so he killed him.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ أَبِي عَمْرٍو، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ الْأَصَمُّ، أنبأ الرَّبِيعُ بْنُ سُلَيْمَانَ، قَالَ: قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ: " قُتِلَ يَوْمَ حُنَيْنٍ دُرَيْدُ بْنُ الصِّمَّةِ ابْنُ خَمْسِينَ وَمِائَةِ سَنَةٍ فِي شِجَارٍ لَا يَسْتَطِيعُ الْجُلُوسَ، فَذُكِرَ لِلنَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَلَمْ يُنْكِرْ قَتْلَهُ " قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ: " وَقُتِلَ أَعْمَى مِنْ بَنِي قُرَيْظَةَ بَعْدَ الْإِسَارِ، وَهَذَا يَدُلُّ عَلَى قَتْلِ مَنْ لَا يُقَاتِلُ مِنَ الرِّجَالِ الْبَالِغِينَ إِذَا أَبَى الْإِسْلَامَ وَالْجِزْيَةَ ". قَالَ الشَّيْخُ: هُوَ الزُّبَيْرُ بْنُ بَاطَا الْقُرَظِيُّ قَدْ ذَكَرْنَا قِصَّتَهُ فِيمَا مَضَى ".
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) says: Durayd bin al-Simmah was killed on the day of Hunayn at the age of 150 years, inside a litter (howdah); he did not have the strength to sit up. When his killing was mentioned before the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), he (peace and blessings be upon him) did not disapprove of it.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) says: A blind man of Banu Qurayzah was killed after being taken captive. This is evidence that it is permissible to kill adult men who do not fight, when they refuse Islam and the jizyah.
The Shaykh says: He was al-Zubayr bin Bata al-Qurazi; we have mentioned his story earlier.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) says: A blind man of Banu Qurayzah was killed after being taken captive. This is evidence that it is permissible to kill adult men who do not fight, when they refuse Islam and the jizyah.
The Shaykh says: He was al-Zubayr bin Bata al-Qurazi; we have mentioned his story earlier.
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَلِيٍّ الرُّوذْبَارِيُّ، أنبأ أَبُو بَكْرٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ بَكْرٍ، ثنا أَبُو دَاوُدَ، ثنا سَعِيدُ بْنُ مَنْصُورٍ، ثنا هُشَيْمٌ، عَنْ حَجَّاجٍ، عَنْ قَتَادَةَ، عَنِ الْحَسَنِ، عَنْ سَمُرَةَ بْنِ جُنْدُبٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ، قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " اقْتُلُوا شُيُوخَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ، وَاسْتَبْقُوا شَرْخَهُمْ ". قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ: " وَلَوْ جَازَ أَنْ يُعَابَ قَتْلَ مَنْ عَدَا الرُّهْبَانَ لِمَعْنَى أَنَّهُمْ لَا يُقَاتِلُونَ، لَمْ يُقْتَلِ الْأَسِيرُ، وَلَا الْجَرِيحُ الْمُثْبَتُ، وَقَدْ ذُفِّفَ عَلَى الْجَرْحَى بِحَضْرَةِ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، مِنْهُمْ أَبُو جَهْلِ بْنُ هِشَامٍ، ذَفَّفَ عَلَيْهِ ابْنُ مَسْعُودٍ وَغَيْرُهُ ".
Sayyiduna Samurah bin Jundub (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Kill the old men of the idolaters and spare their children."
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) says: If the killing of anyone other than monks were to be faulted, then the captive and the wounded would never be killed. Yet in the presence of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Mas'ud (may Allah be pleased with him) finished off the wounded Abu Jahl bin Hisham.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) says: If the killing of anyone other than monks were to be faulted, then the captive and the wounded would never be killed. Yet in the presence of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Mas'ud (may Allah be pleased with him) finished off the wounded Abu Jahl bin Hisham.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ، ثنا عَبْدُ الْوَهَّابِ بْنُ عَطَاءٍ، أنبأ سُلَيْمَانُ التَّيْمِيُّ، عَنْ أَنَسِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ، قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " مَنْ يَنْظُرُ مَا صَنَعَ أَبُو جَهْلٍ؟ ". قَالَ: فَانْطَلَقَ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ مَسْعُودٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ فَوَجَدَهُ قَدْ ضَرَبَهُ ابْنَا عَفْرَاءَ، فَنَزَلَ فَأَخَذَ بِلِحْيَتِهِ، قَالَ: أَنْتَ أَبُو جَهْلٍ؟ قَالَ: وَهَلْ فَوْقَ رَجُلٍ قَتَلْتُمُوهُ أَوْ قَتَلَهُ قَوْمُهُ؟ ". أَخْرَجَهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ وَمُسْلِمٌ فِي الصَّحِيحِ مِنْ أَوْجُهٍ عَنْ سُلَيْمَانَ التَّيْمِيِّ.
Sayyiduna Anas bin Malik (may Allah be pleased with him) says that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "See what has become of Abu Jahl?" The narrator says: Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Mas'ud (may Allah be pleased with him) went and found that the two sons of Afra' had struck him down. Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Mas'ud (may Allah be pleased with him) dismounted, took hold of his beard and asked: "Are you Abu Jahl?" He said: "Is there anyone greater than a man whom you have killed, or whom his own people have killed?"
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ فُورَكٍ، أنبأ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ، ثنا يُونُسُ بْنُ حَبِيبٍ، ثنا أَبُو دَاوُدَ، ثنا أَبُو وَكِيعٍ، عَنْ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ، عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ مَيْمُونٍ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ مَسْعُودٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ، قَالَ: لَمَّا كَانَ يَوْمُ بَدْرٍ انْتَهَيْتُ إِلَى أَبِي جَهْلٍ وَهُوَ مَصْرُوعٌ، فَضَرَبْتُهُ بِسَيْفِي، فَمَا صَنَعَ شَيْئًا وَنَدَرَ سَيْفُهُ، فَضَرَبْتُهُ، ثُمَّ أَتَيْتُ بِهِ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي يَوْمٍ حَارٍّ كَأَنَّمَا أَقَلَّ مِنَ الْأَرْضِ، فَقُلْتُ: يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ، هَذَا عَدُوُّ اللهِ أَبُو جَهْلٍ قَدْ قُتِلَ. فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " آللَّهِ لَقَدْ قُتِلَ؟ ". قُلْتُ: آللَّهِ لَقَدْ قُتِلَ. قَالَ: فَانْطَلِقْ بِنَا فَأَرِنَاهُ. فَجَاءَ فَنَظَرَ إِلَيْهِ فَقَالَ: " هَذَا كَانَ فِرْعَوْنَ هَذِهِ الْأُمَّةِ ". كَذَا قَالَ عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ مَيْمُونٍ، وَالْمَحْفُوظُ عَنْ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ، عَنْ أَبِي عُبَيْدَةَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، وَقَدْ مَضَى ذَلِكَ ".
Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Mas'ud (may Allah be pleased with him) says: On the day of Badr I reached Abu Jahl while he was lying fallen. I struck him with my sword, but it had no effect, and his sword fell (from his hand); then I struck him. Then I came to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) with the good news and said: O Messenger of Allah! This enemy of Allah, Abu Jahl, has been killed. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "By Allah, has he been killed?" I said: Yes, by Allah, he has been killed. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Come, show him to us." He (peace and blessings be upon him) came, looked at him and said: "This was the Pharaoh of this Ummah."
This is how he narrated it, from Amr bin Maymun; what is preserved (mahfuz) is from Abu Ishaq, from Abu Ubaydah, from his father.
This is how he narrated it, from Amr bin Maymun; what is preserved (mahfuz) is from Abu Ishaq, from Abu Ubaydah, from his father.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحُسَيْنِ بْنُ بِشْرَانَ بِبَغْدَادَ، أنبأ أَبُو عَمْرِو بْنُ السَّمَّاكِ، ثنا حَنْبَلُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ، ثنا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ مَهْدِيٍّ، ثنا ابْنُ الْمُبَارَكِ، أنبأ هِشَامُ بْنُ عُرْوَةَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ، أَنَّهُ " كَانَ مَعَ أَبِيهِ يَوْمَ الْيَرْمُوكِ، فَلَمَّا انْهَزَمَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ وَحَمَلَ، فَجَعَلَ يُجِيزُ عَلَى جَرْحَاهُمْ ". قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: " وَلَا أَعْلَمُ يَثْبُتُ عَنْ أَبِي بَكْرٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ خِلَافُ هَذَا، وَلَوْ كَانَ ثَبَتَ لَكَانَ يُشْبِهُ أَنْ يَكُونَ أَمَرَهُمْ بِالْجِدِّ عَلَى قِتَالِ مَنْ يُقَاتِلُهُمْ، وَلَا يَتَشَاغَلُوا بِالْمُقَامِ عَلَى مَوْضِعِ هَؤُلَاءِ ". قَالَ الشَّيْخُ: " وَإِنَّمَا قَالَ هَذَا لِأَنَّ الرِّوَايَاتِ الَّتِي ذَكَرْنَاهَا عَنْ أَبِي بَكْرٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ كُلَّهَا مَرَاسِيلُ، إِلَّا أَنَّهَا رُوِيَتْ مِنْ أَوْجُهٍ وَرَوَاهَا ابْنُ الْمُسَيِّبِ، وَهُوَ حَسَنُ الْمُرْسَلِ، ⦗١٥٩⦘ وَذَكَرَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ فِي رِوَايَةِ أَبِي عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ الْبَغْدَادِيِّ عَنْهُ حَدِيثَ الْمُرَقَّعِ، ثُمَّ ضَعَّفَهُ بِأَنَّ مُرَقَّعًا لَيْسَ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ، وَذَكَرَ حَدِيثَ أَيُّوبَ عَنْ رَجُلٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: وَهَذَا كَالَّذِي ذَكَرْنَا مِنْ قَبْلِهِ مَجْهُولٌ، وَأَمَّا حَدِيثُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ بْنِ إِسْمَاعِيلَ بْنِ أَبِي حَبِيبَةَ فَلَمْ يَذْكُرْهُ الشَّافِعِيُّ وَهُوَ أَضْعَفُ مِمَّا رَدَّهُ بِالْجَهَالَةِ، وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ ".
Sayyiduna Abdullah bin al-Zubayr (may Allah be pleased with them both) says: I was with my father at the battle of Yarmuk. When the idolaters were defeated, he charged and began finishing off their wounded.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) says: I do not know of anything established from Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) contrary to this. And if it were established, it would most likely mean that he ordered them to be earnest in fighting those who fight them, and not to busy themselves with staying at the places of these (monks).
The Shaykh says: He said this only because the narrations we have mentioned from Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) are all mursal (with a break in the chain), although they have been narrated through several routes, and Ibn al-Musayyab narrated them, whose mursal reports are good. In the narration of Abu Abd al-Rahman al-Baghdadi from him, al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) mentioned the hadith of al-Muraqqa' and then declared it weak, because al-Muraqqa' is not well known. He also mentioned the hadith of Ayyub from a man from his father, and then said: This, like the one we mentioned before it, is majhul (unknown). As for the hadith of Ibrahim bin Isma'il bin Abi Habibah, al-Shafi'i did not mention it, and it is weaker than what he rejected for its unknown narrators. And Allah knows best.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) says: I do not know of anything established from Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) contrary to this. And if it were established, it would most likely mean that he ordered them to be earnest in fighting those who fight them, and not to busy themselves with staying at the places of these (monks).
The Shaykh says: He said this only because the narrations we have mentioned from Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) are all mursal (with a break in the chain), although they have been narrated through several routes, and Ibn al-Musayyab narrated them, whose mursal reports are good. In the narration of Abu Abd al-Rahman al-Baghdadi from him, al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) mentioned the hadith of al-Muraqqa' and then declared it weak, because al-Muraqqa' is not well known. He also mentioned the hadith of Ayyub from a man from his father, and then said: This, like the one we mentioned before it, is majhul (unknown). As for the hadith of Ibrahim bin Isma'il bin Abi Habibah, al-Shafi'i did not mention it, and it is weaker than what he rejected for its unknown narrators. And Allah knows best.
