السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب السير
Book of Military Expeditions
باب: مبتدأ الإذن بالقتال
The beginning of permission to fight
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أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ الصَّغَانِيُّ، ثنا أَبُو الْيَمَانِ الْحَكَمُ بْنُ نَافِعٍ، أنبأ شُعَيْبُ بْنُ أَبِي حَمْزَةَ، عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ، حَدَّثَنِي عُرْوَةُ بْنُ الزُّبَيْرِ، أَنَّ أُسَامَةَ بْنَ زَيْدٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ أَخْبَرَهُ، أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ رَكِبَ عَلَى حِمَارٍ عَلَى إِكَافٍ عَلَى قَطِيفَةٍ فَدَكِيَّةٍ وَأَرْدَفَ أُسَامَةَ بْنَ زَيْدٍ وَرَاءَهُ يَعُودُ سَعْدَ بْنَ عُبَادَةَ فِي بَنِي الْحَارِثِ بْنِ الْخَزْرَجِ قَبْلَ وَقْعَةِ بَدْرٍ، فَسَارَ حَتَّى مَرَّ بِمَجْلِسٍ فِيهِ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ أُبَيٍّ ابْنُ سَلُولَ، وَذَلِكَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُسْلِمَ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ أُبَيٍّ، فَإِذَا بِالْمَجْلِسِ رِجَالٌ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ وَالْمُشْرِكِينَ عَبْدَةِ الْأَوْثَانِ وَالْيَهُودِ وَفِي الْمُسْلِمِينَ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ رَوَاحَةَ، فَلَمَّا غَشِيَتِ الْمَجْلِسَ عَجَاجَةُ الدَّابَّةِ خَمَّرَ ابْنُ أُبَيٍّ أَنْفَهُ بِرِدَائِهِ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: لَا تُغَبِّرُوا عَلَيْنَا، فَسَلَّمَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ ثُمَّ وَقَفَ فَنَزَلَ، فَدَعَاهُمْ إِلَى اللهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ وَقَرَأَ عَلَيْهِمُ الْقُرْآنَ، قَالَ: فَقَالَ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ أُبَيٍّ ابْنُ سَلُولَ: أَيُّهَا الْمَرْءُ، إِنَّهُ لَا أَحْسَنَ مِمَّا تَقُولُ إِنْ كَانَ حَقًّا فَلَا تُؤْذِنَا بِهِ فِي مَجْلِسِنَا، ارْجِعْ إِلَى رَحْلِكَ فَمَنْ جَاءَكَ فَاقْصُصْ عَلَيْهِ. فَقَالَ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ رَوَاحَةَ: بَلَى يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ، فَاغْشَنَا بِهِ فِي مَجَالِسِنَا، فَإِنَّا نُحِبُّ ذَلِكَ. فَاسْتَبَّ الْمُسْلِمُونَ وَالْمُشْرِكُونَ وَالْيَهُودُ حَتَّى كَادُوا يَتَثَاوَرُونَ، فَلَمْ يَزَلِ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ يُخَفِّضُهُمْ حَتَّى سَكَتُوا، ثُمَّ رَكِبَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ دَابَّتَهُ فَسَارَ حَتَّى دَخَلَ عَلَى سَعْدِ بْنِ عُبَادَةَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ، فَقَالَ لَهُ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " يَا سَعْدُ أَلَمْ تَسْمَعْ مَا قَالَ أَبُو حُبَابٍ ". يُرِيدُ عَبْدَ اللهِ بْنَ أُبَيٍّ، " قَالَ كَذَا وَكَذَا "، فَقَالَ سَعْدُ بْنُ عُبَادَةَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ اعْفُ عَنْهُ وَاصْفَحْ، فَوَالَّذِي أَنْزَلَ الْكِتَابَ لَقَدْ جَاءَ اللهُ بِالْحَقِّ الَّذِي أُنْزِلَ عَلَيْكَ، وَلَقَدِ اصْطَلَحَ أَهْلُ هَذِهِ الْبُحَيْرَةِ عَلَى أَنْ يُتَوِّجُوهُ فَيُعَصِّبُوهُ، فَلَمَّا رَدَّ اللهُ ذَلِكَ بِالْحَقِّ الَّذِي أَعْطَاكَ شَرَّقَ بِذَلِكَ، فَذَلِكَ فَعَلَ بِهِ مَا رَأَيْتَ. فَعَفَا عَنْهُ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، وَكَانَ وَأَصْحَابُهُ يَعْفُونَ عَنِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ وَأَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ، كَمَا أَمَرَهُمُ اللهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ، وَيَصْبِرُونَ عَلَى الْأَذَى، قَالَ اللهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: {وَلَتَسْمَعُنَّ مِنَ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْكِتَابَ مِنْ قَبْلِكُمْ وَمِنَ الَّذِينَ أَشْرَكُوا أَذًى كَثِيرًا وَإِنْ تَصْبِرُوا وَتَتَّقُوا فَإِنَّ ذَلِكَ مِنْ عَزْمِ الْأُمُورِ} [آل عمران: ١٨٦]، وَقَالَ اللهُ: {وَدَّ كَثِيرٌ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ لَوْ يَرُدُّونَكُمْ مِنْ بَعْدِ إِيمَانِكُمْ كُفَّارًا حَسَدًا مِنْ عِنْدِ أَنْفُسِهِمْ مِنْ بَعْدِ مَا تَبَيَّنَ لَهُمُ الْحَقُّ فَاعْفُوا وَاصْفَحُوا حَتَّى ⦗١٩⦘ يَأْتِيَ اللهُ بِأَمْرِهِ إِنَّ اللهَ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ} [البقرة: ١٠٩]، وَكَانَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَتَأَوَّلُ فِي الْعَفْوِ مَا أَمَرَ اللهُ بِهِ حَتَّى أُذِنَ لَهُمْ فِيهِمْ، فَلَمَّا غَزَا النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بَدْرًا فَقَتَلَ اللهُ بِهِ مَنْ قَتَلَ مِنْ صَنَادِيدِ كُفَّارِ قُرَيْشٍ، قَالَ ابْنُ أُبَيٍّ ابْنُ سَلُولَ وَمَنْ مَعَهُ مِنْ عَبْدَةِ الْأَوْثَانِ: هَذَا أَمْرٌ قَدْ تَوَجَّهَ. فَبَايَعُوا رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَلَى الْإِسْلَامِ. رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي الصَّحِيحِ عَنْ أَبِي الْيَمَانِ، وَأَخْرَجَاهُ مِنْ حَدِيثِ مَعْمَرٍ وَعُقَيْلٍ، عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ.
Urwah bin al-Zubayr (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Usamah bin Zayd (may Allah be pleased with him) informed me that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) rode a donkey with a saddle fastened on it, and beneath it was spread a velvet cloth made in Fadak, and he (peace and blessings be upon him) had seated Sayyiduna Usamah bin Zayd (may Allah be pleased with him) behind him. He (peace and blessings be upon him) was on his way to visit Sayyiduna Sa'd bin Ubadah (may Allah be pleased with him), who was ill, among Banu al-Harith bin al-Khazraj. This incident took place before the Battle of Badr. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) went on until he passed by a gathering in which Abdullah bin Ubayy bin Salul was also present, and this was before he accepted Islam. In that gathering Muslims, polytheists, idol-worshippers and Jews were all present, and among the Muslims was Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Rawahah (may Allah be pleased with him). When the dust of the mount fell over the gathering, Abdullah bin Ubayy covered his nose with his cloak and then said: Do not raise dust over us. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) gave the greeting of peace, stopped there, dismounted, invited them to Allah and also recited the Qur'an to them. Abdullah bin Ubayy bin Salul said: Man, I am unable to understand these things; and if what you say is true, then do not come to our gatherings and trouble us; go to your home and tell it to whoever of us comes to you. At this Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Rawahah (may Allah be pleased with him) said: O Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him)! Do come to our gatherings, for we love that. Then the Muslims, the polytheists and the Jews began quarrelling, and they were about to attack one another. But he (peace and blessings be upon him) kept calming them, and when they became quiet, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) mounted his ride and went to Sayyiduna Sa'd bin Ubadah (may Allah be pleased with him). Then he (peace and blessings be upon him) said to him: "O Sa'd! Did you not hear what Abu Hubab said today?" He was referring to Abdullah bin Ubayy, that he had said such and such. Sayyiduna Sa'd bin Ubadah (may Allah be pleased with him) said: O Messenger of Allah! Forgive him and overlook it. By the One who sent down the Book! Allah Almighty has given you the truth that He was to give. The people of this town (Madinah) had agreed (before your arrival) to crown him and to tie the royal turban on his head, but when Allah Almighty ended that plan through the truth He has given you, he became envious of the truth, and that is why he behaved in the way you saw. So the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) forgave him. His Companions (may Allah be pleased with them) also used to forgive the polytheists and the People of the Book, as Allah Almighty had commanded them, and they would bear their harm patiently, (because) Allah Almighty says: "You will surely be tested in your wealth and your lives, and you will surely hear much that is hurtful from those who were given the Book before you and from those who associate partners (with Allah); and if you are patient and fear (Allah), then that is indeed of the matters of firm resolve" [Surah Al Imran: 186]. Likewise Allah Almighty says: "Many of the People of the Book wish they could turn you back into disbelievers after you have believed, out of envy from their own selves, after the truth has become clear to them. So pardon and overlook until Allah brings His command. Indeed Allah has power over all things" [Surah al-Baqarah: 109]. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) continued to act with pardon and forbearance until Allah Almighty gave him permission concerning them. And when he (peace and blessings be upon him) fought the Battle of Badr, in which Allah Almighty had the great chiefs of the disbelievers of Quraysh killed, Abdullah bin Ubayy and his companions said: Now this (religion) will prevail. So they pledged allegiance to Islam at his (peace and blessings be upon him) hand.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ سِنَانٍ الْقَزَّازُ، ثنا إِسْحَاقُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ الْأَزْرَقُ، ثنا سُفْيَانُ الثَّوْرِيُّ، عَنِ الْأَعْمَشِ، عَنْ مُسْلِمٍ الْبَطِينِ، عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ جُبَيْرٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمَا، قَالَ: أَخْرَجَ أَهْلُ مَكَّةَ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، قَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ: " إِنَّا لِلَّهِ وَإِنَّا إِلَيْهِ رَاجِعُونَ، أَخْرَجُوا نَبِيَّهُمْ؛ لَيَهْلِكُنَّ ". قَالَ: فَقَرَأَ: {أُذِنَ لِلَّذِينَ يُقَاتَلُونَ بِأَنَّهُمْ ظُلِمُوا وَإِنَّ اللهَ عَلَى نَصْرِهِمْ لَقَدِيرٌ} [الحج: ٣٩]. وَكَانَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ يَقْرَؤُهَا. قَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ: فَعَلِمْتُ أَنَّهَا قِتَالٌ. قَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ: وَهِيَ أَوَّلُ آيَةٍ نَزَلَتْ فِي الْقِتَالِ.
Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) said: When the people of Makkah drove out the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), Sayyiduna Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) said: "Inna lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un (We belong to Allah and to Him we return)," and said: They have driven out their Prophet; they will surely be destroyed. Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) said: Then this verse was revealed: "Permission (to fight) has been given to those against whom war is waged, because they have been wronged; and Allah is indeed able to help them" [Surah al-Hajj: 39]. Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) used to recite it with the reading "udhina". Sayyiduna Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) said: I knew that it meant fighting. And Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) said: This was the first verse revealed about fighting.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ قَاسِمُ بْنُ الْقَاسِمِ السَّيَّارِيُّ بِمَرْوَ، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مُوسَى بْنِ حَاتِمٍ الْبَاشَانِيُّ، ثنا عَلِيُّ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ شَقِيقٍ، ثنا الْحُسَيْنُ بْنُ وَاقِدٍ، عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ دِينَارٍ، عَنْ عِكْرِمَةَ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، أَنَّ عَبْدَ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنَ عَوْفٍ، وَأَصْحَابًا لَهُ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمْ، أَتَوَا النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، فَقَالُوا: يَا نَبِيَّ اللهِ كُنَّا فِي عِزٍّ وَنَحْنُ مُشْرِكُونَ فَلَمَّا آمَنَّا صِرْنَا أَذِلَّةً. فَقَالَ: " إِنِّي أُمِرْتُ بِالْعَفْوِ فَلَا تُقَاتِلُوا الْقَوْمَ ". فَلَمَّا حَوَّلَهُ اللهُ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ أَمَرَهُ بِالْقِتَالِ فَكَفُّوا، فَأَنْزَلَ اللهُ: {أَلَمْ تَرَ إِلَى الَّذِينَ قِيلَ لَهُمْ كُفُّوا أَيْدِيَكُمْ وَأَقِيمُوا الصَّلَاةَ وَآتُوا الزَّكَاةَ فَلَمَّا كُتِبَ عَلَيْهِمُ الْقِتَالُ إِذَا فَرِيقٌ مِنْهُمْ يَخْشَوْنَ النَّاسَ} [النساء: ٧٧].
Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) said: Sayyiduna Abd al-Rahman bin Awf (may Allah be pleased with him) and his companions came to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and said: "O Prophet of Allah! When we were polytheists we were greatly honoured, and when we accepted Islam we became humiliated." He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I have been commanded to forgive and forbidden to fight." Then when he (peace and blessings be upon him) moved to Madinah, Allah Almighty commanded him to fight. When the command to fight came, these people held back from fighting, and at that time Allah Almighty revealed this verse: "Have you (peace and blessings be upon him) not seen those to whom it was said: 'Restrain your hands (from fighting for now), establish the prayer and give the zakah'? Then when fighting was prescribed for them, behold, a group of them began to fear the people" [Surah al-Nisa': 77].
