السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب قتال أهل البغي
Book of Fighting the Rebels
باب: الخلاف في قتال أهل البغي
The disagreement on fighting rebels
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احْتَجَّ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحْمَةُ اللهِ عَلَيْهِ فِي الْقَدِْيمِ بِالْآيَةِ: {وَإِنْ طَائِفَتَانِ مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ اقْتَتَلُوا فَأَصْلِحُوا بَيْنَهُمَا، فَإِنْ بَغَتْ إِحْدَاهُمَا عَلَى الْأُخْرَى فَقَاتِلُوا الَّتِي تَبْغِي حَتَّى تَفِيءَ إِلَى أَمْرِ اللهِ} [الحجرات: 9]، فَأَذِنَ تَبَارَكَ اسْمُهُ بِقِتَالِ الْفِئَةِ الْبَاغِيَةِ إِذَا أَبَتْ أَنْ تَفِيءَ، قَالَ: وَرَغِبَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي قِتَالِ أَهْلِ الْبَغْيِ، وَسَاقَ الْأَحَادِيثَ الَّتِي ذَكَرْنَاهَا فِي أَوَّلِ هَذَا الْكِتَابِ، وَنَحْنُ نَسُوقُهَا هَهُنَا بِأَسَانِيدَ أُخَرَ.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him), in his earlier (school), drew evidence from this verse: "And if two groups of the believers fight one another, make peace between them; but if one of them transgresses against the other, then fight the one that transgresses until it returns to the command of Allah Almighty." [Surah al-Hujurat: 9]
Thus Allah, blessed be His name, permitted fighting the rebellious group when it refuses to return (to the truth).
He said: "And the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) encouraged fighting the people of rebellion."
And he cited the hadiths that we mentioned at the beginning of this book, and we present them here with other chains.
Thus Allah, blessed be His name, permitted fighting the rebellious group when it refuses to return (to the truth).
He said: "And the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) encouraged fighting the people of rebellion."
And he cited the hadiths that we mentioned at the beginning of this book, and we present them here with other chains.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحُسَيْنِ بْنُ بِشْرَانَ الْعَدْلُ، بِبَغْدَادَ، أَنْبَأَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَمْرٍو الرُّزَازُ، ثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عُبَيْدِ اللهِ هُوَ ابْنُ الْمُنَادِي، ثَنَا إِسْحَاقُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ الْأَزْرَقُ، ثَنَا عَوْفٌ الْأَعْرَابِيُّ، عَنْ أَبِي نَضْرَةَ، عَنْ أَبِي سَعِيدٍ الْخُدْرِيِّ، قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " تَفْتَرِقُ أُمَّتِي فِرْقَتَيْنِ، فَتَمْرُقُ بَيْنَهُمْ مَارِقَةٌ، تَقْتُلُهَا أَوْلَى الطَّائِفَتَيْنِ بِالْحَقِّ " أَخْرَجَهُ مُسْلِمٌ كَمَا مَضَى.
Sayyiduna Abu Sa'id al-Khudri (may Allah be pleased with him) said that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "My ummah will split into two groups, and from between them a group will break away (from the religion); it will be killed by whichever of the two groups is closer to the truth."
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحُسَيْنِ بْنُ بِشْرَانَ، أَنْبَأَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ الرُّزَازُ، ثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عُبَيْدِ اللهِ هُوَ ابْنُ الْمُنَادِي، ثَنَا رَوْحٌ، ثَنَا عُثْمَانُ الشَّحَّامُ، ثَنَا مُسْلِمُ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرَةٍ، قَالَ: وَسَأَلَهُ رَجُلٌ: هَلْ سَمِعْتَ فِي الْخَوَارِجِ، مِنْ شَيْءٍ؟ قَالَ: سَمِعْتُ وَالِدِي أَبَا بَكْرَةٍ، يَقُولُ عَنْ نَبِيِّ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " أَلَا إِنَّهُ سَيَخْرُجُ فِي أُمَّتِي أَقْوَامٌ أَشِدَّاءُ، أَحِدَّاءُ، ذَلِقَةٌ أَلْسِنَتُهُمْ بِالْقُرْآنِ، لَا يُجَاوِزُ الْقُرْآنُ تَرَاقِيَهُمْ، أَلَا فَإِذَا رَأَيْتُمُوهُمْ فَأَنِيمُوهُمْ، ثُمَّ إِذَا رَأَيْتُمُوهُمْ فَأَنِيمُوهُمْ، فَالْمَأْجُورُ مَنْ قَتَلَهُمْ ".
Someone asked Muslim bin Abi Bakrah (may Allah have mercy on him): Have you heard anything about the Khawarij? He replied: I heard my father, Sayyiduna Abu Bakrah (may Allah be pleased with him), narrating from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him): "There will come in my ummah people who are harsh and fierce, their tongues fluent with the Qur'an, but the Qur'an will not go beyond their throats. When you see them, put them to sleep (i.e. kill them); then when you see them, put them to sleep; and the one who kills them will be rewarded."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ غَالِبٍ الْخُوَارِزْمِيُّ بِبَغْدَادَ، ثَنَا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ حِمْدَانَ النَّيْسَابُورِيُّ، ثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَيُّوبَ، أَنْبَأَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ كَثِيرٍ، ⦗٣٢٥⦘ أَنْبَأَ سُفْيَانُ، ثَنَا الْأَعْمَشُ، عَنْ خَيْثَمَةَ، عَنْ سُوَيْدِ بْنِ غَفَلَةَ، قَالَ: قَالَ عَلِيٌّ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ: إِذَا حَدَّثْتُكُمْ عَنْ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، فَلَأَنْ أَخِرَّ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ أَحَبُّ إِلَيَّ مِنْ أَنْ أَكْذِبَ عَلَيْهِ، وَإِذَا حَدَّثْتُكُمْ بَيْنِي وَبَيْنَكُمْ فَإِنَّمَا الْحَرْبُ خَدْعَةٌ، سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَقُولُ: " يَأْتِي فِي آخِرِ الزَّمَانِ قَوْمٌ حُدَثَاءُ الْأَسْنَانِ، سُفَهَاءُ الْأَحْلَامِ، يَقُولُونَ مِنْ خَيْرِ قَوْلِ الْبَرِيَّةِ، يَمْرُقُونَ مِنَ الْإِسْلَامِ كَمَا يَمْرُقُ السَّهْمُ مِنَ الرَّمِيَّةِ، لَا يُجَاوِزُ إِيمَانُهُمْ حَنَاجِرَهُمْ، فَأَيْنَمَا لَقِيتُمُوهُمْ فَاقْتُلُوهُمْ، فَإِنَّ قَتْلَهُمْ أَجْرٌ لِمَنْ قَتَلَهُمْ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ " رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي الصَّحِيحِ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ كَثِيرٍ، وَأَخْرَجَهُ مُسْلِمٌ كَمَا مَضَى.
Sayyiduna Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) said: When I narrate to you a hadith of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), falling from the sky is dearer to me than lying about the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him); but when I tell you something of my own, then I am a warrior, and "war is deception". I heard the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) saying: "At the end of time there will come a people young in age and foolish in mind, who will speak good words, (but) they will pass out of Islam as an arrow passes through the game, and their faith will not go beyond their throats. Wherever you meet them, kill them, for there is a reward on the Day of Resurrection for whoever kills them."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ فُورَكٍ، أَنْبَأَ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ، ثَنَا يُونُسُ بْنُ حَبِيبٍ، ثَنَا أَبُو دَاوُدَ، ثَنَا حَمَّادُ بْنُ سَلَمَةَ، عَنْ أَبِي غَالِبٍ، قَالَ: كُنْتُ مَعَ أَبِي أُمَامَةَ فَجِيءَ بِرُءُوسٍ مِنْ رُءُوسِ الْخَوَارِجِ، فَنُصِبَتْ عَلَى دَرَجِ دِمَشْقَ، فَقَالَ: " كِلَابُ النَّارِ، قَالَهَا ثَلَاثًا، شَرُّ قَتْلَى قُتِلُوا تَحْتَ ظِلِّ السَّمَاءِ، خَيْرُ قَتْلَى مَنْ قَتَلَهُمْ وَقَتَلُوهُ "، قَالَهَا ثَلَاثًا، قُلْتُ: شَيْئًا سَمِعْتَهُ مِنْ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، أَوْ شَيْئًا تَقُولُهُ بِرَأْيِكَ؟ قَالَ: إِنِّي إِذًا لَجَرِيءٌ، بَلْ شَيْءٌ سَمِعْتُهُ مِنْ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ.
Abu Ghalib said: I was with Sayyiduna Abu Umamah (may Allah be pleased with him) when the heads of the Khawarij were brought and placed on the minarets of Damascus. He said: "Dogs of Hell," saying it three times, and he said: "The worst of the slain under the sky; and the best are those who kill them and those killed by them," saying it three times. I asked: Are you saying this yourself, or did you hear it from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him)? He said: Am I so bold? I heard this from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him).
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ عَبْدَانَ، أَنْبَأَ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عُبَيْدٍ الصَّفَّارُ، ثَنَا إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ الْقَاضِي، ثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، ثَنَا حَمَّادٌ هُوَ ابْنُ زَيْدٍ، عَنْ أَبِي غَالِبٍ، قَالَ: كُنْتُ بِالشَّامِ، فَبَعَثَ الْمُهَلَّبُ سِتِّينَ رَأْسًا مِنَ الْخَوَارِجِ، فَنُصِبُوا عَلَى دَرَجِ دِمَشْقَ، وَكُنْتُ عَلَى ظَهْرِ بَيْتٍ لِي إِذْ مَرَّ أَبُو أُمَامَةَ، فَنَزَلْتُ فَاتَّبَعْتُهُ، فَلَمَّا وَقَفَ عَلَيْهِمْ دَمَعَتْ عَيْنَاهُ وَقَالَ: سُبْحَانَ اللهِ مَا يَصْنَعُ الشَّيْطَانُ بِبَنِي آدَمَ، ثَلَاثًا، كِلَابُ جَهَنَّمَ، كِلَابُ جَهَنَّمَ، شَرُّ قَتْلَى تَحْتَ ظِلِّ السَّمَاءِ، ثَلَاثَ مَرَّاتٍ، خَيْرُ قَتْلَى مَنْ قَتَلُوهُ، طُوبَى لِمَنْ قَتَلَهُمْ أَوْ قَتَلُوهُ ثُمَّ الْتَفَتَ إِلَيَّ فَقَالَ: يَا أَبَا غَالِبٍ أَعَاذَكَ اللهُ مِنْهُمْ، قُلْتُ: رَأَيْتُكَ بَكَيْتَ حِينَ رَأَيْتَهُمْ؟ قَالَ: بَكَيْتُ رَحْمَةً، رَأَيْتُهُمْ كَانُوا مِنْ أَهْلِ الْإِسْلَامِ، هَلْ تَقْرَأُ سُورَةَ آلِ عِمْرَانَ؟ قُلْتُ: نَعَمْ، فَقَرَأَ: {هُوَ الَّذِي أَنْزَلَ عَلَيْكَ الْكِتَابَ مِنْهُ آيَاتٌ مُحْكَمَاتٌ هُنَّ أُمُّ الْكِتَابِ} [آل عمران: ٧]، حَتَّى بَلَغَ {وَمَا يَعْلَمُ تَأْوِيلَهُ إِلَّا اللهُ} [آل عمران: ٧]، وَإِنَّ هَؤُلَاءِ كَانَ فِي قُلُوبِهِمْ زَيْغٌ، وَزِيغَ بِهِمْ، ثُمَّ قَرَأَ {وَلَا تَكُونُوا كَالَّذِينَ تَفَرَّقُوا وَاخْتَلَفُوا} [آل عمران: ١٠٥] إِلَى قَوْلِهِ: {فَفِي رَحْمَةِ اللهِ هُمْ فِيهَا خَالِدُونَ} [آل عمران: ١٠٧]، قُلْتُ: هُمْ هَؤُلَاءِ يَا أَبَا أُمَامَةَ؟ قَالَ: نَعَمْ، قُلْتُ: مِنْ قِبَلِكَ تَقُولُ، أَوْ شَيْءٌ سَمِعْتَهُ مِنْ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ؟ قَالَ: إِنِّي إِذًا لَجَرِيءٌ، بَل سَمِعْتُهُ لَا مَرَّةً، وَلَا مَرَّتَيْنِ، حَتَّى عَدَّ سَبْعًا، ثُمَّ قَالَ: إِنَّ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ تَفَرَّقُوا عَلَى إِحْدَى وَسَبْعِينَ فِرْقَةً، وَإِنَّ هَذِهِ الْأُمَّةَ تَزِيدُ عَلَيْهِمْ ⦗٣٢٦⦘ فِرْقَةً، كُلُّهَا فِي النَّارِ إِلَّا السَّوَادُ الْأَعْظَمُ، قُلْتُ: يَا أَبَا أُمَامَةَ أَلَا تَرَى مَا يَفْعَلُونَ؟ قَالَ: عَلَيْهِمْ مَا حُمِّلُوا، وَعَلَيْكُمْ مَا حُمِّلْتُمْ.
Abu Ghalib said: I was in Syria when al-Muhallab sent sixty heads of the Khawarij, and they were set up on the steps of Damascus. I was on the roof of a house of mine when Abu Umamah (may Allah be pleased with him) passed by, so I came down and followed him. When he stood over them, his eyes filled with tears and he said: Glory be to Allah! What Satan does to the children of Adam! (He said it) three times. Dogs of Hell, dogs of Hell, the worst of the slain under the shade of the sky, three times; the best of the slain are those whom they killed; glad tidings for whoever kills them or is killed by them. Then he turned to me and said: O Abu Ghalib, may Allah protect you from them. I said: I saw you weep when you saw them. He said: I wept out of mercy; I saw that they had been among the people of Islam. Do you recite Surah Al Imran? I said: Yes. So he recited: "It is He who has sent down to you the Book; in it are verses that are precise, they are the foundation of the Book" [Surah Al Imran: 7] until he reached: "And none knows its interpretation except Allah" [Surah Al Imran: 7]. And these people had deviation in their hearts, so they were made to deviate. Then he recited: "And do not be like those who became divided and differed" [Surah Al Imran: 105] up to His words: "they will be in the mercy of Allah, abiding therein forever" [Surah Al Imran: 107]. I said: Are these the ones, O Abu Umamah? He said: Yes. I said: Are you saying this of your own accord, or is it something you heard from the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him)? He said: Then I would indeed be bold! Rather, I heard it not once and not twice, until he counted seven. Then he said: The Children of Israel split into seventy-one sects, and this ummah will exceed them by one sect; all of them are in the Fire except the great majority (al-sawad al-a'zam). I said: O Abu Umamah, do you not see what they are doing? He said: Upon them is what they have been charged with, and upon you is what you have been charged with.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ يُوسُفَ الْأَصْبَهَانِيُّ، ثَنَا أَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ الْأَعْرَابِيِّ، ثَنَا الْحَسَنُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الزَّعْفَرَانِيُّ، ثَنَا يَزِيدُ بْنُ هَارُونَ، أَنْبَأَ هِشَامٌ، عَنْ مُحَمَّدٍ، عَنْ عُبَيْدَةَ، عَنْ عَلِيٍّ، رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ لِأَهْلِ النَّهْرِ: فِيهِمْ رَجُلٌ مُخْدَجُ الْيَدِ، أَوْ مُودَنُ الْيَدِ، أَوْ مَثْدُونُ الْيَدِ، لَوْلَا أَنْ تَبْطَرُوا لَأَنْبَأْتُكُمْ مَا قَضَى الله عَلَى لِسَانِ نَبِيِّهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ لِمَنْ قَتَلَهُمْ، قَالَ عُبَيْدَةُ: فَقُلْتُ لِعَلِيٍّ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ: أَنْتَ سَمِعْتَ هَذَا مِنَ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ؟ قَالَ: نَعَمْ وَرَبِّ الْكَعْبَةِ، نَعَمْ وَرَبِّ الْكَعْبَةِ، ثَلَاثًا قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ فِي الْقَدِْيمِ: وَأَنْكَرَ قَوْمٌ قِتَالَ أَهْلِ الْبَغْيِ، وَقَالُوا: أَهْلُ الْبَغْيِ هُمْ أَهْلُ الْكُفْرِ، وَلَيْسُوا بِأَهْلِ الْإِسْلَامِ، وَلَا يَحِلُّ قِتَالُ الْمُسْلِمِينَ؛ لِأَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ: " لَا يَحِلُّ دَمُ امْرِئٍ مُسْلِمٍ إِلَّا بِثَلَاثَةٍ: الْمُرْتَدُّ بَعْدَ الْإِسْلَامِ، وَالزَّانِي بَعْدَ الْإِحْصَانِ، وَالْقَاتِلُ فَيُقْتَلُ "، فَقَالُوا: حَرَّمَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ الدِّمَاءَ إِلَّا مِنْ هَذِهِ الْجِهَةِ، فَلَا يَحِلُّ الدَّمُ إِلَّا بِهَا، وَقِتَالُ الْمُسْلِمِ كَقَتْلِهِ؛ لِأَنَّ الْقِتَالَ يَصِيرُ إِلَى الْقَتْلِ قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ: يُقَالُ لَهُمْ: أَمَرَ اللهُ بِقِتَالِ الْفِئَةِ الْبَاغِيَةِ، وَأَمَر بِذَلِكَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، وَلَيْسَ الْقِتَالُ مِنَ الْقَتْلِ بِسَبِيلٍ، قَدْ يَجُوزُ أَنْ يَحِلَّ قِتَالُ الْمُسْلِمِ وَلَا يَحِلَّ قَتْلُه، ُ كَمَا يَحِلُّ جَرْحُهُ وَضَرْبُهُ وَلَا يَحِلُّ قَتْلُهُ، ثُمَّ سَاقَ الْكَلَامَ إِلَى أَنْ قَالَ: مَعَ أَنَّ أَصْحَابَ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ لَمْ يُنْكِرُوا عَلَى عَلِيٍّ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ قِتَالَهُ الْخَوَارِجَ، وَأَنْكَرُوا قِتَالَهُ أَهْلَ الْبَصْرَةِ وَأَهْلَ الشَّامِ وَكَرِهُوَا، وَلَمْ يَكْرَهُوا صَنِيعَهُ بِالْخَوَارِجِ قَالَ الشَّيْخُ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: هَكَذَا رَوَاهُ أَبُو عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ الْبَغْدَادِيُّ، عَنِ الشَّافِعِيِّ، وَإِنَّمَا أَرَادَ بِهِ بَعْضَ الصَّحَابَةِ لِمَا كَانُوا يَكْرَهُونَ مِنَ الْقِتَالِ فِي الْفُرْقَةِ، فَأَمَّا الْخَوَارِجُ فَلَا نَعْلَمُ أَحَدًا مِنْهُمْ كَرِهَ قَوْلَهُ إِيَّاهُمْ.
Ubaydah (may Allah have mercy on him) narrates from Sayyiduna Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) concerning the people of al-Nahr that he said: Among them there will be a man with a defective hand, on whose hand flesh will hang like a breast. Were it not that I fear you would become overjoyed (beyond bounds), I would tell you what (rank) the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) has stated for those who fight them. Ubaydah (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Did you hear this from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him)? He swore three times "By the Lord of the Ka'bah" and said: Yes.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: A group has denied (the legitimacy of) fighting rebels. They say: Rebels are people of disbelief and not Muslims, and fighting Muslims is not permissible, because the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "The blood of a Muslim is not lawful except for three reasons: the apostate, the married adulterer and the killer." Apart from these, killing a Muslim in every other way is forbidden; therefore fighting them is also impermissible, because it would lead to killing them. Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Their answer is that Allah Almighty and His Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him) have commanded fighting the rebellious group, and fighting is not the same as killing; it may be permissible to fight a Muslim while it is not permissible to kill him, just as it is permissible to wound and strike him while it is not permissible to kill him.
Then he continued his discussion until he said: Moreover, the Companions of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) did not object to Sayyiduna Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) fighting the Khawarij; they objected to his fighting the people of Basrah and the people of Syria and disliked it, but they did not dislike what he did with the Khawarij.
The Shaykh (al-Bayhaqi) (may Allah have mercy on him) said: This is how Abu Abd al-Rahman al-Baghdadi narrated it from al-Shafi'i, and by it he meant some of the Companions, because they disliked fighting during the division. As for the Khawarij, we know of no one among them (the Companions) who disliked his stance towards them.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: A group has denied (the legitimacy of) fighting rebels. They say: Rebels are people of disbelief and not Muslims, and fighting Muslims is not permissible, because the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "The blood of a Muslim is not lawful except for three reasons: the apostate, the married adulterer and the killer." Apart from these, killing a Muslim in every other way is forbidden; therefore fighting them is also impermissible, because it would lead to killing them. Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Their answer is that Allah Almighty and His Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him) have commanded fighting the rebellious group, and fighting is not the same as killing; it may be permissible to fight a Muslim while it is not permissible to kill him, just as it is permissible to wound and strike him while it is not permissible to kill him.
Then he continued his discussion until he said: Moreover, the Companions of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) did not object to Sayyiduna Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) fighting the Khawarij; they objected to his fighting the people of Basrah and the people of Syria and disliked it, but they did not dislike what he did with the Khawarij.
The Shaykh (al-Bayhaqi) (may Allah have mercy on him) said: This is how Abu Abd al-Rahman al-Baghdadi narrated it from al-Shafi'i, and by it he meant some of the Companions, because they disliked fighting during the division. As for the Khawarij, we know of no one among them (the Companions) who disliked his stance towards them.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، وَأَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ أَبِي عَمْرٍو، قَالَا: ثَنَا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ الْوَرَّاقُ، ثَنَا مُسَدَّدٌ، ثَنَا حَمَّادُ بْنُ زَيْدٍ، عَنْ أَيُّوبَ، عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ سِيرِينَ، قَالَ: مَا عَلِمْتُ أَحَدًا كَرِهَ قِتَالَ اللُّصُوصِ وَالْحَرُورِيَّةِ تَأَثُّمًا، إِلَّا أَنْ يَجْبُنَ رَجُلٌ، قَالَ الشَّيْخُ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: وَقَدْ رَوَيْنَا عَنْ بَعْضِ الصَّحَابَةِ الَّذِينَ كَرِهُوَا قِتَالَهُ، وَلَمْ يَمْضُوا مَعَهُ فِي حَرْبِ صِفِّينَ، أَنَّهُمُ اعْتَذَرُوا لِبَعْضِ الْمَعَاذِ، يَرَوْهُمْ سَعْدَ بْنَ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ، ⦗٣٢٧⦘ وَأُسَامَةَ بْنَ زَيْدٍ، وَمُحَمَّدَ بْنَ مَسْلَمَةَ، وَغَيْرَهَمْ، فَبَعْضُهُمْ رُوِيَ عَنْهُ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: أَخْطَأَ رَأْيِي، وَبَعْضُهُمْ كَانَ قَدْ قَتَلَ مُسْلِمًا حَسِبَهُ بِإِسْلَامِهِ مُتَعَوِّذًا، فَعَاهَدَ اللهَ تَعَالَى أَنْ لَا يَقْتُلَ رَجُلًا يَقُولُ: لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللهُ، وَبَعْضُهُمْ كَانَ سَمِعَ تَعْظِيمَ الْقِتَالِ فِي الْفُرْقَةِ فَحَسِبَهُ قِتَالًا فِي الْفُرْقَةِ، وَبَعْضُهُمْ أَحَبَّ أَنْ يَتَوَلَّاهُ غَيْرُهُ، وَقَدْ ذَهَبَ أَكْثَرُهُمْ إِلَى أَنَّ عَلِيًّا رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ كَانَ مُحِقًّا فِي قِتَالِهِ حَامِلًا لِمَنْ خَالَفَهُ عَلَى طَاعَتِهِ، يَقْصِدُ بِقِتَالِهِ أَهْلَ الشَّامِ حَمْلَ أَهْلِ الِامْتِنَاعِ عَلَى تَرْكِ الطَّاعَةِ لِلْإِمَامِ، وَبِقِتَالِهِ أَهْلَ الْبَصْرَةِ دَفْعَ مَا كَانُوا يَظُنُّونَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ قَتْلِهِ عُثْمَانَ بْنَ عَفَّانَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ، أَوْ مُشَارَكَتِهِ قَاتِلَهُ فِي دَمِهِ، أَوْ مَا يَقْدَحُ فِي إِمَامَتِهِ، واسْتَدَلُّوا عَلَى بَغْيِ مَنْ خَالَفَهُ مِنْ أَهْلِ الشَّامِ بِمَا كَانَ سَبَقَ لَهُ مِنْ شُورَى أَمِيرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ، وَبَيْعَةِ مَنْ بَقِيَ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ الشُّورَى إِيَّاهُ قَبْلَ وُقُوعِ الْفُرْقَةِ، وَأَنَّهُ كَانَ فِي وَقْتِهِ أَحَقَّهُمْ بِالْإِمَامَةِ بِخَصَائِصِهِ، وَأَنَّهُمْ وَجَدُوا عَلَامَةَ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ لِلْفِئَةِ الْبَاغِيَةِ فِيمَنْ خَالَفَهُ، وَهِيَ فِي مَا.
Muhammad bin Sirin (may Allah have mercy on him) said: I do not know of anyone who disliked fighting robbers and the Haruriyyah, except a cowardly man. The Shaykh said: A group disliked this fighting, and their evidence is that many Companions kept away from the Battle of Siffin; among them were Sa'd bin Abi Waqqas, Usamah bin Zayd, Muhammad bin Maslamah (may Allah be pleased with them) and others. It is reported from some of them that they said: "My opinion was wrong." Some said: "He killed a Muslim, thinking that he was seeking refuge through his Islam." Then he made a covenant with Allah Almighty that he would never again kill anyone who says 'La ilaha illallah' (There is none worthy of worship except Allah). Some considered fighting during division to be grave and regarded it as 'fighting in division', and some wished that someone other than him should take charge of it. Most of them held that Sayyiduna Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) was in the right in this fighting. His fighting was against those who turned away from obedience to him, namely the people of Syria, who refused to obey the imam; and he fought the people of Basrah because they thought that he himself had killed Sayyiduna Uthman (may Allah be pleased with him), or at least had taken part in his killing. For this reason they fought him, or because they found fault with his imamate. They took as evidence of the rebellion and opposition of the people of Syria the consultative council (shura) formed by the Commander of the Faithful, Sayyiduna Umar bin al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him), and also that the remaining members of the shura had pledged allegiance to him before the division, and that by virtue of his distinctive qualities he was the most deserving of the imamate; and that people had recognised in his opponents the sign that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) had indicated.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، وَأَبُو الْحَسَنِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ السُّبْعِيُّ، قَالَا: ثَنَا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثَنَا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ مَرْزُوقٍ، ثَنَا عَبْدُ الصَّمَدِ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْوَارِثِ، ثَنَا شُعْبَةُ، عَنْ خَالِدٍ الْحَذَّاءِ، عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ أَبِي الْحَسَنِ، عَنْ أُمِّهِ، عَنْ أُمِّ سَلَمَةَ، رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهَا، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ لِعَمَّارٍ: " تَقْتُلُكَ الْفِئَةُ الْبَاغِيَةُ ".
Sayyidah Umm Salamah (may Allah be pleased with her) said that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said to Ammar (may Allah be pleased with him): "The rebellious group will kill you."
قَالَ: وَحَدَّثَنَا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ مَرْزُوقٍ، ثَنَا أَبُو دَاوُدَ، ثَنَا شُعْبَةُ، عَنْ خَالِدٍ الْحَذَّاءِ، عَنِ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ أَبِي الْحَسَنِ، عَنْ أُمِّهِ، عَنْ أُمِّ سَلَمَةَ، رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهَا، فَذَكَرَ مِثْلَهُ.
(This hadith) has passed before.
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أَنْبَأَ أَبُو الْفَضْلِ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، ثَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ سَلَمَةَ، ثَنَا إِسْحَاقُ بْنُ مَنْصُورٍ، ثَنَا عَبْدُ الصَّمَدِ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْوَارِثِ، فَذَكَرَ بِنَحْوِهِ، إِلَّا أَنَّهُ قَالَ: عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ أَبِي الْحَسَنِ، وَالْحَسَنِ، عَنْ أُمِّهِمَا، رَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ فِي الصَّحِيحِ عَنْ إِسْحَاقَ بْنِ مَنْصُورٍ.
It has passed before this.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أَنْبَأَ أَبُو الْفَضْلِ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، ثَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ سَلَمَةَ، ثَنَا إِسْحَاقُ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، وَإِسْحَاقُ بْنُ مَنْصُورٍ، عَنِ النَّضْرِ بْنِ شُمَيْلٍ، ثَنَا شُعْبَةُ، عَنْ أَبِي مَسْلَمَةَ، عَنْ أَبِي نَضْرَةَ، عَنْ أَبِي سَعِيدٍ الْخُدْرِيِّ، قَالَ: حَدَّثَنِي مَنْ هُوَ خَيْرٌ مِنِّي، أَبُو قَتَادَةَ، أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ لِعَمَّارِ بْنِ يَاسِرٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ: " بُؤْسًا لَكَ يَا ابْنَ سُمَيَّةَ تَقْتُلُكَ الْفِئَةُ الْبَاغِيَةُ " رَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ فِي الصَّحِيحِ عَنْ إِسْحَاقَ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَإِسْحَاقَ بْنِ مَنْصُورٍ وَغَيْرِهِمَا.
Sayyiduna Abu Qatadah (may Allah be pleased with him) said that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said to Sayyiduna Ammar (may Allah be pleased with him): "O son of Sumayyah! Alas for you; a rebellious group will kill you."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحُسَيْنِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ بِشْرَانَ، وَأَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ يَحْيَى بْنِ عَبْدِ الْجَبَّارِ السُّكَّرِيُّ بِبَغْدَادَ، قَالَا: أَنْبَأَ إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الصَّفَّارُ، ثَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ مَنْصُورٍ، ثَنَا عَبْدُ الرَّزَّاقِ، أَنْبَأَ مَعْمَرٌ، عَنِ ابْنِ طَاوُسٍ، عَنْ أَبِي بَكْرِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَمْرِو بْنِ حَزْمٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ،، قَالَ: لَا أَدْرِي أَكَانَ مَعَ أَبِيهِ، أَوْ أَخْبَرَهُ أَبُوهُ، قَالَ: لَمَّا قُتِلَ عَمَّارٌ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ قَامَ عَمْرُو بْنُ حَزْمٍ فَدَخَلَ عَلَى عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ فَقَالَ: قُتِلَ عَمَّارٌ، وَقَدْ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " تَقْتُلُهُ الْفِئَةُ الْبَاغِيَةُ "، فَقَامَ عَمْرٌو مُنْتَقِعًا لَوْنُهُ فَدَخَلَ عَلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ فَقَالَ: قُتِلَ عَمَّارٌ، فَقَالَ مُعَاوِيَةُ: قُتِلَ عَمَّارٌ فَمَاذَا؟ قَالَ عَمْرٌو: سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَقُولُ: " تَقْتُلُهُ الْفِئَةُ الْبَاغِيَةُ "، قَالَ: فَقَالَ مُعَاوِيَةُ: دَحَضْتَ فِي بَوْلِكَ، أَوَ نَحْنُ قَتَلْنَاهُ؟ إِنَّمَا قَتَلَهُ عَلِيٌّ وَأَصْحَابُهُ، جَاءُوا بِهِ حَتَّى أَلْقَوْهُ بَيْنَ رِمَاحِنَا، أَوْ قَالَ: سُيُوفِنَا. لَفْظُ حَدِيثِ السُّكَّرِيِّ وَفِي رِوَايَةِ ابْنِ بِشْرَانَ قَالَ: فَقَامَ عَمْرٌو فَزِعًا يَرْتَجِعُ حَتَّى دَخَلَ عَلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ، فَقَالَ مُعَاوِيَةُ: مَا شَأْنُكَ؟ فَقَالَ: قُتِلَ عَمَّارٌ، ثُمَّ ذَكَرَهُ.
Abu Bakr bin Muhammad bin Amr bin Hazm relates from his father that when Sayyiduna Ammar (may Allah be pleased with him) was killed, Sayyiduna Amr bin Hazm (may Allah be pleased with him) came to Sayyiduna Amr bin al-As (may Allah be pleased with him) and said: Ammar has been killed, and the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) had said: "O Ammar! The rebellious group will kill you." So Sayyiduna Amr (may Allah be pleased with him) stood up, the colour drained from his face. He came to Sayyiduna Mu'awiyah (may Allah be pleased with him) and said: Ammar has been killed. Sayyiduna Mu'awiyah (may Allah be pleased with him) asked: Why (does that matter)? Sayyiduna Amr (may Allah be pleased with him) said: The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "O Ammar! The rebellious group will kill you." Sayyiduna Mu'awiyah (may Allah be pleased with him) said: You have slipped in your own urine! Did we kill him? Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) and his companions killed him, and they threw him towards us.
