السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب القسامة
Book of Qasamah
باب: ما جاء في قسامة الجاهلية
Reports on the qasamah of the pre-Islamic era
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أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، مِنْ أَصْلِ كِتَابِهِ، أنبأ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عُبَيْدِ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ الْأَسَدِيُّ الْحَافِظُ، بِهَمَذَانَ سَنَةَ اثْنَتَيْنِ وَأَرْبَعِينَ وَثَلَاثِ مِائَةٍ، ثنا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ الْحُسَيْنِ، ثنا أَبُو مَعْمَرٍ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ عَمْرِو بْنِ أَبِي الْحَجَّاجِ الْمِنْقَرِيُّ، ثنا عَبْدُ الْوَارِثِ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ، ثنا قَطَنٌ أَبُو الْهَيْثَمِ، ثنا أَبُو يَزِيدَ، عَنْ عِكْرِمَةَ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، قَالَ: إِنَّ أَوَّلَ قَسَامَةٍ كَانَتْ فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ لَفِينَا بَنِي هَاشِمٍ، كَانَ رَجُلٌ مِنْ بَنِي هَاشِمٍ اسْتَأْجَرَ رَجُلًا مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ مِنْ فَخِذٍ أُخْرَى، فَانْطَلَقَ مَعَهُ فِي إِبِلِهِ فَمَرَّ بِهِ رَجُلٌ مِنْ بَنِي هَاشِمٍ قَدِ انْقَطَعَتْ عُرْوَةُ جُوَالِقِهِ، فَقَالَ: أَعِنِّي بِعِقَالٍ أَشُدُّ بِهِ عُرْوَةَ جُوَالِقِي، لَا تَنْفِرِ الْإِبِلُ، قَالَ: فَأَعْطَاهُ عِقَالًا فَشَدَّ بِهِ عُرْوَةَ جُوَالِقِهِ، لَمَّا نَزَلُوا عُقِلَتِ الْإِبِلُ إِلَّا بَعِيرًا وَاحِدًا، فَقَالَ الَّذِي اسْتَأْجَرَهُ: مَا شَأْنُ هَذَا الْبَعِيرِ لَمْ يُعْقَلْ مِنْ بَيْنِ الْإِبِلِ؟ قَالَ: لَيْسَ لَهُ عِقَالٌ، قَالَ: فَأَيْنَ عِقَالُهُ؟ قَالَ: مَرَّ بِي رَجُلٌ مِنْ بَنِي هَاشِمٍ قَدِ انْقَطَعَتْ عُرْوَةُ جُوَالِقِهِ فَاسْتَعَانَنِي، فَقَالَ: أَغِثْنِي بِعِقَالٍ أَشُدُّ بِهِ عُرْوَةَ جُوَالِقِي، لَا تَنْفِرِ الْإِبِلُ، فَأَعْطَيْتُهُ عِقَالَهُ، قَالَ: فَحَذَفَهُ بِعَصًا كَانَ فِيهَا أَجَلُهُ، فَمَرَّ بِهِ رَجُلٌ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْيَمَنِ، قَالَ: أَتَشْهَدُ الْمَوْسِمَ؟ قَالَ: لَا أَشْهَدُ، وَرُبَّمَا شَهِدْتُ، قَالَ: هَلْ أَنْتَ مُبَلِّغٌ عَنِّي رِسَالَةً مَرَّةً مِنَ الدُّهُورِ؟ قَالَ: نَعَمْ، قَالَ: فَكَتَبَ إِذَا أَنْتَ شَهِدْتَ الْمَوْسِمَ فَنَادِ: يَا آلَ قُرَيْشٍ فَإِذَا أَجَابُوكَ فَنَادِ: يَا آلَ بَنِي هَاشِمٍ فَإِذَا أَجَابُوكَ فَسَلْ عَنْ أَبِي طَالِبٍ فَأَخْبِرْهُ أَنَّ فُلَانًا قَتَلَنِي فِي عِقَالٍ، قَالَ: وَمَاتَ الْمُسْتَأْجَرُ، فَلَمَّا قَدِمَ الَّذِي اسْتَأْجَرَهُ أَتَاهُ أَبُو طَالِبٍ، فَقَالَ: مَا فَعَلَ صَاحِبُنَا؟ قَالَ: مَرِضَ فَأَحْسَنْتُ الْقِيَامَ عَلَيْهِ ثُمَّ مَاتَ فَوَلِيتُ دَفْنَهُ، فَقَالَ: كَانَ أَهْلَ ذَاكَ مِنْكَ، فَمَكَثَ حِينًا ثُمَّ إِنَّ الرَّجُلَ الْيَمَانِيَّ الَّذِي كَانَ أَوْصَى إِلَيْهِ أَنْ يُبَلِّغَ عَنْهُ وَافَى الْمَوْسِمَ، فَقَالَ: يَا آلَ قُرَيْشٍ، قَالُوا: هَذِهِ قُرَيْشٌ، قَالَ: يَا آلَ بَنِي هَاشِمٍ، قَالُوا: هَذِهِ بَنُو هَاشِمٍ، قَالَ: أَيْنَ أَبُو طَالِبٍ؟ قَالُوا: هَذَا أَبُو طَالِبٍ، قَالَ: أَمَرَنِي فُلَانٌ أَنْ أُبَلِّغَكَ رِسَالَةً، أَنَّ فُلَانًا قَتَلَهُ فِي عِقَالٍ، فَأَتَاهُ أَبُو طَالِبٍ فَقَالَ: اخْتَرْ مِنَّا إِحْدَى ثَلَاثٍ: إِنْ شِئْتَ أَنْ تُؤَدِّيَ مِائَةً مِنَ الْإِبِلِ فَإِنَّكَ قَتَلْتَ صَاحِبَنَا بِخَطَأٍ، وَإِنْ شِئْتَ حَلَفَ خَمْسُونَ مِنْ قَوْمِكَ أَنَّكَ لَمْ تَقْتُلْهُ، فَإِنْ أَبَيْتَ قَتَلْنَاكَ بِهِ، قَالَ: فَأَتَى قَوْمَهُ فَذَكَرَ ذَلِكَ لَهُمْ ⦗٢٢٤⦘ فَقَالُوا: نَحْلِفُ، فَأَتَتِ امْرَأَةٌ مِنْ بَنِي هَاشِمٍ كَانَتْ تَحْتَ رَجُلٍ مِنْهُمْ قَدْ وَلَدَتْ لَهُ فَقَالَتْ: يَا أَبَا طَالِبٍ أُحِبُّ أَنْ تُجِيزَ ابْنِي هَذَا بِرَجُلٍ مِنَ الْخَمْسِينَ، وَلَا تُصْبِرَ يَمِينَهُ حَيْثُ تُصْبَرُ الْأَيْمَانُ، فَفَعَلَ فَأَتَاهُ رَجُلٌ مِنْهُمْ، فَقَالَ: يَا أَبَا طَالِبٍ أَرَدْتَ خَمْسِينَ رَجُلًا أَنْ يَحْلِفُوا مَكَانَ مِائَةٍ مِنَ الْإِبِلِ، نَصِيبُ كُلِّ رَجُلٍ بَعِيرَانِ، فَهَذَانِ بَعِيرَانِ فَاقْبَلْهُمَا عَنِّي وَلَا تَصْبِرْ يَمِينِي حَيْثُ تُصْبَرُ الْأَيْمَانُ، قَالَ: فَقَبِلَهُمَا، وَجَاءَ ثَمَانِيَةٌ وَأَرْبَعُونَ رَجُلًا فَحَلَفُوا، فَقَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ: فَوالَّذِي نَفْسِي بِيَدِهِ، مَا حَالَ الْحَوْلُ وَمِنَ الثَّمَانِيَةِ وَالْأَرْبَعِينَ عَيْنٌ تَطْرِفُ رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي الصَّحِيحِ، عَنْ أَبِي مَعْمَرٍ.
Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) said: The first qasamah in the Jahiliyyah was among us. A man of Banu Hashim hired a man from another branch of Quraysh. He went off with his camels, and another man of Banu Hashim met him; the ring of his camel's halter had broken. So he asked for a rope with which to tie the ring so that the camels would not bolt, and he gave him a rope with which he tied his ring. When they stopped, all the camels were tied except one. Its owner asked: "Why has this one not been tied?" He said: "It has no rope." He asked: "Where did it go?" So he told him that a man of Banu Hashim had passed by, and told him the whole story. Then he struck him with a stick, from which he died. A man from Yemen passed by there, and this man on the point of death said to him: "Will you go to Makkah in the Hajj season?" He said: "No, but soon I will go." He said: "Will you deliver a message from me there?" He said: "Yes." So he wrote the message for him: "First call out to Quraysh, then to Banu Hashim, then ask among them for Abu Talib and tell him that so-and-so killed me over a rope." The man who owned the camels came to Makkah, and Abu Talib asked him: "Where is our companion?" He said: "He fell ill; I looked after him well, but he died, so I buried him." The family of that man waited for some time until that Yemeni man came, and in the Hajj season he called out to the family of Quraysh. They answered: "This is the family of Quraysh." Then he called out to Banu Hashim, and it was said: "These are Banu Hashim." He asked: "Where is Abu Talib?" It was said: "This is Abu Talib." The man said: "So-and-so gave me this message before his death, that so-and-so killed him over a rope." So Abu Talib summoned the killer and said: "Now choose whichever of these you wish: either pay 100 camels as blood money, or 50 men swear to your innocence; if you refuse, we will kill you in return." He went to his people and told them the whole incident. They said: "We will swear." Then a woman of Banu Hashim, who was the wife of a man from the killer's people and had borne him a child, came to Abu Talib and said: "O Abu Talib, excuse this man from among the 50 men who are to swear, for the sake of this child", and Abu Talib excused him. Then a man came and said: "O Abu Talib, you wanted fifty men to swear in place of 100 camels, so each man's share is two camels; take two camels from me and do not take an oath from me." Abu Talib accepted the two camels from him. The remaining 48 men came and swore. Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) said: "By Allah! Not a single year had passed before not one of those 48 was left alive."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أنبأ أَبُو عَلِيٍّ الْحُسَيْنُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ الْحَافِظُ، أنبأ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ قُتَيْبَةَ، ثنا حَرْمَلَةُ بْنُ يَحْيَى، أنبأ ابْنُ وَهْبٍ، أَخْبَرَنِي يُونُسُ، عَنِ ابْنِ شِهَابٍ، أَخْبَرَنِي أَبُو سَلَمَةَ بْنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ، وَسُلَيْمَانُ بْنُ يَسَارٍ، مَوْلَى مَيْمُونَةَ، عَنْ رَجُلٍ، مِنْ أَصْحَابِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ مِنَ الْأَنْصَارِ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَقَرَّ الْقَسَامَةَ عَلَى مَا كَانَتْ عَلَيْهِ فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ رَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ فِي الصَّحِيحِ، عَنْ حَرْمَلَةَ وَهَذَا كَلَامٌ خَرَجَ مَخْرَجَ الْجُمْلَةِ، وَإِنَّمَا أَرَادَ بِهِ فِي عَدَدِ الْأَيْمَانِ، فَقَدْ رُوِّينَا فِي هَذَا الْحَدِيثِ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: وَقَضَى بِهَا رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بَيْنَ نَاسٍ مِنَ الْأَنْصَارِ فِي قَتِيلٍ ادَّعَوْهُ عَلَى الْيَهُودِ، وَقَدْ رُوِّينَاهُ مِنْ أَوْجُهٍ صَحِيحَةٍ عَنْ سَهْلِ بْنِ أَبِي حَثْمَةَ وَغَيْرِهِ مِنَ الْأَنْصَارِ كَيْفَ كَانَ قَضَاؤُهُ بَيْنَهُمْ فَوَجَبَ الْمَصِيرُ إِلَيْهِ، وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ.
Sulayman bin Yasar reports from one of the Companions (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) kept the qasamah as it had been in the Jahiliyyah.
In one hadith it is also stated that he (peace and blessings be upon him) judged by it in the claim of murder that the Ansar made against the Jews.
This statement is general, and what is meant by it is the number of oaths, for we have narrated through sound routes from Sayyiduna Sahl bin Abi Hathmah (may Allah be pleased with him) and others of the Ansar how his judgement between them was carried out, so it is necessary to follow that. And Allah knows best.
In one hadith it is also stated that he (peace and blessings be upon him) judged by it in the claim of murder that the Ansar made against the Jews.
This statement is general, and what is meant by it is the number of oaths, for we have narrated through sound routes from Sayyiduna Sahl bin Abi Hathmah (may Allah be pleased with him) and others of the Ansar how his judgement between them was carried out, so it is necessary to follow that. And Allah knows best.
