السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب النكاح
Book of Marriage
باب: ما جاء في إنكاح اليتيمة
Reports on marrying off an orphan girl
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حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ يُوسُفَ الْأَصْبَهَانِيُّ إِمْلَاءً، أنبأ أَبُو سَعِيدٍ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ زِيَادٍ الْبَصْرِيُّ بِمَكَّةَ، أنبأ الْحَسَنُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الزَّعْفَرَانِيُّ، ثنا أَسْبَاطُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَمْرٍو، عَنْ أَبِي سَلَمَةَ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " تُسْتَأْمَرُ الْيَتِيمَةُ فِي نَفْسِهَا، فَإِنْ سَكَتَتْ فَهُوَ إِذْنُهَا، وَإِنْ أَبَتْ فَلَا جَوَازَ عَلَيْهَا ".
The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "An orphan girl is to be asked about herself. If she remains silent, that is her permission, and if she refuses, then (marriage) cannot be imposed on her."
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَلِيٍّ الرُّوذْبَارِيُّ، ثنا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ سَخْتَوَيْهِ، ثنا إِسْحَاقُ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ مَيْمُونٍ، ثنا أَبُو نُعَيْمٍ، ثنا يُونُسُ يَعْنِي ابْنَ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ، ثنا أَبُو بُرْدَةَ بْنُ ⦗١٩٥⦘ أَبِي مُوسَى، عَنْ أَبِي مُوسَى رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " تُسْتَأْمَرُ الْيَتِيمَةُ فِي نَفْسِهَا، فَإِنْ سَكَتَتْ فَقَدْ أَذِنَتْ، وَإِنْ أَنْكَرَتْ لَمْ تُكْرَهْ ".
The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "An orphan girl is to be asked about herself. If she remains silent, that is her permission, and if she refuses, she is not to be compelled."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ الْحَارِثِ الْفَقِيهُ، أنبأ عَلِيُّ بْنُ عُمَرَ الْحَافِظُ قَالَ: قُرِئَ عَلَى ابْنِ صَاعِدٍ وَأَنَا أَسْمَعُ، حَدَّثَكُمْ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ سَعْدٍ الزُّهْرِيُّ قَالَ: ثنا عَمِّي، ثنا أَبِي، عَنِ ابْنِ إِسْحَاقَ، حَدَّثَنِي عُمَرُ بْنُ حُسَيْنٍ، مَوْلَى آلِ حَاطِبٍ عَنْ نَافِعٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ قَالَ: تُوُفِّيَ عُثْمَانُ بْنُ مَظْعُونٍ وَتَرَكَ ابْنَةً لَهُ مِنْ خَوْلَةَ بِنْتِ حَكِيمِ بْنِ أُمَيَّةَ، وَأَوْصَى إِلَى أَخِيهِ قُدَامَةَ بْنِ مَظْعُونٍ، وَهُمَا خَالِايَ، فَخَطَبْتُ إِلَى قُدَامَةَ ابْنَةَ عُثْمَانَ، فَزَوَّجَنِيهَا، فَدَخَلَ الْمُغِيرَةُ إِلَى أُمِّهَا، فَأَرْغَبَهَا فِي الْمَالِ، فَحَطَّتْ إِلَيْهِ وَحَطَّتِ الْجَارِيَةُ إِلَى هَوَى أُمِّهَا حَتَّى ارْتَفَعَ أَمْرُهُمَا إِلَى النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، فَقَالَ قُدَامَةُ: يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ ابْنَةُ أَخِي وَأَوْصَى بِهَا إِلِيَّ، فَزَوَّجْتُهَا ابْنَ عُمَرَ وَلَمْ أُقَصِّرْ بِالصَّلَاحِ وَالْكَفَاءَةِ، وَلَكِنَّهَا امْرَأَةٌ وَإِنَّهَا حَطَّتْ إِلَى هَوَى أُمِّهَا، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صلَّى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " هِيَ يَتِيمَةٌ، وَلَا تُنْكَحُ إِلَّا بِإِذْنِهَا"، فَانْتُزِعَتْ مِنِّي وَاللهِ بَعْدَ أَنْ مُلِّكْتُهَا فَزَوَّجُوهَا الْمُغِيرَةَ بْنَ شُعْبَةَ".
Sayyiduna Ibn Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) said: Sayyiduna Uthman bin Maz'un (may Allah be pleased with him) died and left a daughter from Khawlah bint Hakim bin Umayyah, and he made a bequest concerning her to his brother Sayyiduna Qudamah bin Maz'un (may Allah be pleased with him); these two were my maternal uncles. I sent a marriage proposal for her to Qudamah, and he married her to me. Then al-Mughirah went to her mother and enticed her with wealth, so she was won over, and the girl too inclined towards her mother's wish, until the matter reached the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). Qudamah said: O Messenger of Allah! She is my brother's daughter, and he entrusted her to me, so I married her to Ibn Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both), and I did not fall short in righteousness and suitability; but she is a woman, and she has inclined towards her mother's wish. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "She is an orphan girl, so she cannot be married without her permission." So that girl was taken away from me, by Allah, after I had become her husband, and they married her to Sayyiduna al-Mughirah bin Shu'bah (may Allah be pleased with him).
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو طَاهِرٍ الْفَقِيهُ، وَأَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، وَأَبُو زَكَرِيَّا بْنُ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ، وَأَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ أَبِي عَمْرٍو، قَالُوا: ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْحَكَمِ، ثنا ابْنُ أَبِي فُدَيْكٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي ذِئْبٍ، عَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ حُسَيْنٍ، عَنْ نَافِعٍ، أَنَّ ابْنَ عُمَرَ تَزَوَّجَ ابْنَةَ خَالِهِ عُثْمَانَ بْنِ مَظْعُونٍ قَالَ: فَذَهَبَتْ أُمُّهَا إِلَى النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، فَقَالَتْ: إِنَّ ابْنَتِي تَكْرَهُ ذَلِكَ، فَأَمَرَهُ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنْ يُفَارِقَهَا، وَقَالَ: " لَا تُنْكِحُوا الْيَتَامَى حَتَّى تَسْتَأْمِرُوهُنَّ، فَإِنْ سَكَتْنَ فَهُوَ إِذْنُهُنَّ "، فَتَزَوَّجَهَا بَعْدَ عَبْدِ اللهِ الْمُغِيرَةُ بْنُ شُعْبَةَ ".
Sayyiduna Ibn Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) married the daughter of his maternal uncle Uthman bin Maz'un. Her mother went to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and said: My daughter dislikes this. So the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) had them separated and said: "Do not marry off orphan girls until you consult them. If they remain silent, that is their consent." Then, after Abdullah, al-Mughirah bin Shu'bah married her.
وَأَخْبَرَنَا بِهِ أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، فِي مَوْضِعٍ آخَرَ بِهَذَا الْإِسْنَادِ قَالَ: عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ أَنَّهُ تَزَوَّجَ وَكَذَلِكَ رَوَاهُ ابْنُ صَاعِدٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبْدِ الْحَكَمِ وَأَبِي عُتْبَةَ، عَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي فُدَيْكٍ بِإِسْنَادِهِ وَقَالَ: عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ، وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ.
Likewise (through another chain).
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ أَبِي عَمْرٍو، ثَنَا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْحَمِيدِ، ثنا أَبُو أُسَامَةَ، عَنْ سُفْيَانَ، عَنْ سَلَمَةَ بْنِ كُهَيْلٍ، عَنْ مُعَاوِيَةَ بْنِ ⦗١٩٦⦘ سُوَيْدٍ قَالَ: وَجَدْتُ فِي كِتَابِ أَبِي عَنْ عَلِيٍّ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: " إِذَا بَلَغَ النِّسَاءُ نَصَّ الْحَقَائِقِ، فَالْعَصَبَةُ أَوْلَى، وَمَنْ شَهِدَ فَلْيَشْفَعْ بِخَيْرٍ ".
Mu'awiyah bin Suwayd (may Allah have mercy on him) said: I found in my father's book, from Sayyiduna Ali (may Allah be pleased with him), that when women come to recognise realities, the paternal relatives (asabah) have more right, and whoever is present should intercede for good.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ السُّلَمِيُّ، أنبأ أَبُو الْحَسَنِ الْكَارِزِيُّ، ثنا عَلِيُّ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ قَالَ: قَالَ أَبُو عُبَيْدٍ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ بَعْضُهُمْ، يَقُولُ: " الْحَقَاقُ وَهُوَ مِنَ الْمُحَاقَّةِ يَعْنِي الْمُخَاصَمَةَ أَنْ تُحَاقَّ الْأُمُّ الْعَصَبَةَ، فِيهِنَّ فَنَصُّ الْحَقَاقِ، إِنَّمَا هُوَ الْإِدْرَاكُ؛ لِأَنَّهُ مُنْتَهَى الصِّغَرِ، فَإِذَا بَلَغَ النِّسَاءُ ذَلِكَ، فَالْعَصَبَةُ أَوْلَى بِالْمَرْأَةِ مِنْ أُمِّهَا إِذَا كَانُوا مَحْرَمًا وَيَتَزَوَّجُهَا أَيْضًا إِنْ أَرَادُوا قَالَ: وَهَذَا يُبَيِّنُ لَكَ أَنَّ الْعَصَبَةَ وَالْأَوْلِيَاءَ غَيْرَ الْآبَاءِ لَيْسَ لَهُمْ أَنْ يُزَوِّجُوا الْيَتِيمَةَ حَتَّى تُدْرِكَ، وَلَوْ كَانَ لَهُمْ ذَاكَ لَمْ يَنْتَظِرُوا بِهَا نَصَّ الْحَقَاقِ قَالَ: وَمَنْ رَوَاهُ نَصَّ الْحَقَائِقِ فَإِنَّهُ أَرَادَ جَمْعَ حَقِيقَةٍ ".
Abu Ubayd (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Some of them say "al-hiqaq", which comes from muhaqqah, meaning disputing: that the mother disputes with the paternal relatives (asabah) over the girls. So "nass al-hiqaq" is simply reaching maturity, because it is the end of childhood. When women reach that, the paternal relatives have more right to the woman than her mother, if they are mahram relatives, and likewise to marry her off if they wish. He said: This makes clear to you that the paternal relatives and guardians other than fathers may not marry off an orphan girl until she reaches maturity; if they had that right, they would not wait for "nass al-hiqaq" with her. He said: And whoever narrated it as "nass al-haqa'iq" meant it as the plural of haqiqah.
وَأَمَّا الْحَدِيثُ الَّذِي أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أنبأ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ إِسْحَاقَ، ثنا الْحَسَنُ بْنُ الْجَهْمِ، ثنا الْحُسَيْنُ بْنُ الْفَرَجِ، ثنا الْوَاقِدِيُّ، حَدَّثَنِي ابْنُ أَبِي حَبِيبَةَ، ⦗١٩٧⦘ عَنْ دَاوُدَ بْنِ الْحُصَيْنِ، عَنْ عِكْرِمَةَ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، أَنَّ عُمَارَةَ بِنْتِ حَمْزَةَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْمُطَّلِبِ كَانَتْ بِمَكَّةَ، فَلَمَّا قَدِمَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَعْنِي فِي عُمْرَةِ الْقَضِيَّةِ خَرَجَ بِهَا عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ وَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " تَزَوَّجْهَا "، فَقَالَ: ابْنَةُ أَخِي مِنَ الرَّضَاعَةِ، فَزَوَّجَهَا رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ سَلَمَةَ بْنَ أَبِي سَلَمَةَ، فَكَانَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، يَقُولُ: " هَلْ جُزِيتَ سَلَمَةَ "، هَذَا إِسْنَادٌ ضَعِيفٌ وَلَيْسَ فِيهِ أَنَّهَا كَانَتْ صَغِيرَةً وَلِلنَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي بَابِ النِّكَاحِ مَا لَيْسَ لِغَيْرِهِ وَكَانَ أَوْلَى بِالْمُؤْمِنِينَ مِنْ أَنْفُسِهِمْ، وَبِذَلِكَ تَوَلَّى تَزْوِيجَهَا دُونَ عَمِّهَا الْعَبَّاسِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْمُطَّلِبِ إِنْ كَانَ فَعَلَ ذَلِكَ، وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ.
It is narrated from Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) that Umarah bint Hamzah bin Abd al-Muttalib was in Makkah, and the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) came for the Umrah of al-Qada'. Sayyiduna Ali bin Abi Talib (may Allah be pleased with him) brought her out and said to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him): Marry her. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "She is the daughter of my foster brother." Then the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) married her to Salamah bin Abi Salamah (may Allah be pleased with him). The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) used to say: "Have I repaid Salamah (well)?"
This chain is weak, and it does not state that she was young. In matters of marriage the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) had what others do not, and he was closer to the believers than their own selves; on that basis he took charge of her marriage instead of her paternal uncle al-Abbas bin Abd al-Muttalib, if he did so. And Allah knows best.
This chain is weak, and it does not state that she was young. In matters of marriage the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) had what others do not, and he was closer to the believers than their own selves; on that basis he took charge of her marriage instead of her paternal uncle al-Abbas bin Abd al-Muttalib, if he did so. And Allah knows best.
