السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب الفرائض
Book of Inheritance
باب: ترتيب العصبة
The order of the residuary heirs
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أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أنا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ دِينَارٍ الْعَدْلُ، وَأَبُو الْفَضْلِ الْحَسَنُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، قَالَا: ثنا السَّرِيُّ بْنُ خُزَيْمَةَ، ثنا مُوسَى بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ، ثنا وُهَيْبٌ، ح وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ، أَخْبَرَنِي أَبُو النَّضْرِ الْفَقِيهُ، ثنا الْحَسَنُ بْنُ سُفْيَانَ، ثنا عَبْدُ الْأَعْلَى بْنُ حَمَّادٍ، وَإِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ الْحَجَّاجِ، قَالَا: ثنا وُهَيْبٌ، عَنِ ابْنِ طَاوُسٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ: " أَلْحِقُوا الْمَالَ بِالْفَرَائِضِ، فَمَا أَبْقَتِ الْفَرَائِضُ فَلِأَوْلَى رَجُلٍ ذَكَرٍ"، وَفِي رِوَايَةِ مُوسَى: " أَلْحِقُوا الْفَرَائِضَ بِأَهْلِهَا، فَمَا بَقِيَ فَهُوَ لِأَوْلَى رَجُلٍ ذَكَرٍ" رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي الصَّحِيحِ عَنْ مُوسَى بْنِ إِسْمَاعِيلَ، وَرَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ عَنْ عَبْدِ الْأَعْلَى بْنِ حَمَّادٍ.
It is narrated from Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Give the wealth to those entitled to it; then whatever is left, give it to a male." In one narration it says: "Join the fixed shares to those entitled to them; whatever is left is for the nearest male."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ الْأَصْبَهَانِيُّ الْحَافِظُ، أنا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ الْأَصْبَهَانِيُّ، أنا إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ بْنِ الْحَارِثِ الْقَطَّانُ، ثنا الْحَسَنُ بْنُ عِيسَى، أنا جَرِيرٌ، عَنِ الْمُغِيرَةِ، عَنْ أَصْحَابِهِ، فِي قَوْلِ زَيْدِ بْنِ ثَابِتٍ وَعَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ وَابْنِ مَسْعُودٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمْ: " إِذَا تَرَكَ الْمُتَوَفَّى ابْنًا فَالْمَالُ لَهُ، فَإِنْ تَرَكَ ابْنَيْنِ فَالْمَالُ بَيْنَهُمَا، فَإِنْ تَرَكَ ثَلَاثَةَ بَنِينَ فَالْمَالُ بَيْنَهُمْ بِالسَّوِيَّةِ، فَإِنْ تَرَكَ بَنِينَ وَبَنَاتٍ فَالْمَالُ بَيْنَهُمْ لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ، فَإِنْ لَمْ يَتْرُكْ وَلَدًا لِلصُّلْبِ وَتَرَكَ بَنِي ابْنٍ وَبَنَاتِ ابْنٍ نَسَبُهُمْ إِلَى الْمَيِّتِ وَاحِدٌ، فَالْمَالُ بَيْنَهُمْ لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ، وَهُمْ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الْوَلَدِ إِذَا لَمْ يَكُنْ وَلَدٌ، وَإِذَا تَرَكَ ابْنًا وَابْنَ ابْنٍ فَلَيْسَ لِابْنِ الِابْنِ شَيْءٌ، وَكَذَلِكَ إِذَا تَرَكَ ابْنَ ابْنٍ وَأَسْفَلَ مِنْهُ ابْنُ ابْنٍ وَبَنَاتُ ابْنٍ أَسْفَلُ، فَلَيْسَ لِلَّذِي أَسْفَلَ مِنَ ابْنِ الِابْنِ مَعَ الْأَعْلَى شَيْءٌ، كَمَا أَنَّهُ لَيْسَ لِابْنِ الِابْنِ مَعَ الِابْنِ شَيْءٌ، قَالَ: وَإِنْ تَرَكَ أَبَاهُ وَلَمْ يَتْرُكْ أَحَدًا غَيْرَهُ فَلَهُ الْمَالُ، وَإِنْ تَرَكَ أَبَاهُ وَتَرَكَ ابْنَا فَلِلْأَبِ السُّدُسُ، وَمَا بَقِيَ فَلِلِابْنِ، وَإِنْ تَرَكَ ابْنَ ابْنٍ وَلَمْ يَتْرُكِ ابْنًا فَابْنُ الِابْنِ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الِابْنِ ".
Mughirah narrates from his companions concerning the view of Zayd bin Thabit, Ali bin Abi Talib and Ibn Mas'ud (may Allah be pleased with them): "When the deceased leaves a son, the wealth is his. If he leaves two sons, it belongs to both of them. If there are three sons, the wealth will be divided equally among the three. If there are sons and daughters, the wealth will be divided under 'to the male the like of the share of two females' [Surah al-Nisa: 11]. If there are no children of his own loins but there are son's sons and son's daughters, and their lineage to the deceased is one, the wealth will be divided among them under 'to the male the like of the share of two females' [Surah al-Nisa: 11]. When there are no children, they are like children. When there is a son and a son's son, the son's son gets nothing. Likewise, when there is a son's son and below him further grandsons and granddaughters, those lower have no share alongside the higher one, just as the son's son is not entitled in the presence of the son.
If he leaves a father and no one besides him, the wealth is his. If there is a father and a son, the father gets a sixth and the son gets the remaining wealth. If there is a son's son and no son, the son's son is like the son."
If he leaves a father and no one besides him, the wealth is his. If there is a father and a son, the father gets a sixth and the son gets the remaining wealth. If there is a son's son and no son, the son's son is like the son."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ الْفَارِسِيُّ، أنا إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الْخَلَّالِيُّ، أنا أَبُو يَعْلَى الْمَوْصِلِيُّ، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ بَكَّارٍ، ثنا عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ أَبِي الزِّنَادِ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ خَارِجَةَ بْنِ زَيْدِ بْنِ ثَابِتٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، أَنَّ مَعَانِيَ هَذِهِ الْفَرَائِضِ وَأُصُولَهَا عَنْ زَيْدِ بْنِ ثَابِتٍ، وَأَمَّا التَّفْسِيرُ فَتَفْسِيرُ أَبِي الزِّنَادِ عَلَى مَعَانِي زَيْدِ بْنِ ثَابِتٍ، قَالَ: " الْأَخُ لِلْأُمِّ وَالْأَبِ أَوْلَى بِالْمِيرَاثِ مِنَ الْأَخِ لِلْأَبِ، وَالْأَخُ لِلْأَبِ أَوْلَى بِالْمِيرَاثِ مِنِ ابْنِ الْأَخِ لِلْأَبِ وَالْأُمِّ، وَابْنُ الْأَخِ لِلْأُمِّ وَالْأَبِ أَوْلَى مِنِ ابْنِ الْأَخِ لِلْأَبِ، وَابْنُ الْأَخِ لِلْأَبِ أَوْلَى مِنِ ابْنِ ابْنِ الْأَخِ لِلْأَبِ وَالْأُمِّ، وَابْنُ الْأَخِ لِلْأَبِ أَوْلَى مِنَ الْعَمِّ أَخِي الْأَبِ لِلْأُمِّ وَالْأَبِ، وَالْعَمُّ أَخُو الْأَبِ لِلْأُمِّ وَالْأَبِ أَوْلَى ⦗٣٩٢⦘ مِنَ الْعَمِّ أَخِي الْأَبِ لِلْأَبِ، وَالْعَمُّ أَخُو الْأَبِ لِلْأَبِ أَوْلَى مِنِ ابْنِ الْعَمِّ أَخِي الْأَبِ لِلْأَبِ وَالْأُمِّ، وَابْنُ الْعَمِّ لِلْأَبِ أَوْلَى مِنْ عَمِّ الْأَبِ أَخِي أَبِي الْأَبِ لِلْأُمِّ وَالْأَبِ، وَكُلُّ شَيْءٍ سُئِلَ عَنْهُ مِنْ مِيرَاثِ الْعَصَبَةِ فَإِنَّهُ عَلَى نَحْوِ هَذَا، فَمَا سُئِلْتَ عَنْهُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ فَانْسِبِ الْمُتَوَفَّى وَانْسِبْ مَنْ تَنَازَعَ فِي الْوَلَايَةِ مِنْ عَصَبَتِهِ، فَإِنْ وَجَدْتَ أَحَدًا مِنْهُمْ يَلْقَى الْمُتَوَفَّى إِلَى أَبٍ لَا يَلْقَاهُ مَنْ سِوَاهُ مِنْهُمْ إِلَّا إِلَى أَبٍ فَوْقَ ذَلِكَ، فَاجْعَلِ الْمِيرَاثَ لِلَّذِي يَلْقَاهُ إِلَى الْأَبِ الْأَدْنَى دُونَ الْآخَرِينَ، وَإِذَا وَجَدْتَهُمْ كُلَّهُمْ يَلْقَوْنَهُ إِلَى أَبٍ وَاحِدٍ يَجْمَعُهُمْ فَانْظُرْ أَقْعَدَهُمْ فِي النَّسَبِ، فَإِنْ كَانَ ابْنُ ابْنٍ فَقَطْ فَاجْعَلِ الْمِيرَاثَ لَهُ دُونَ الْأَطْرَفِ، فَإِنْ كَانَ الْأَطْرَافُ ابْنَ أُمٍّ وَأَبٍ فَإِنْ وَجَدْتَهُمْ مُسْتَوِينَ يَتَنَاسَبُونَ فِي عَدَدِ الْآبَاءِ إِلَى عَدَدٍ وَاحِدٍ حَتَّى يَلْقَوْا نَسَبَ الْمُتَوَفَّى، وَكَانُوا كُلُّهُمْ بَنِي أَبٍ أَوْ بَنِي أَبٍ وَأُمٍّ، فَاجْعَلِ الْمِيرَاثَ بَيْنَهُمْ بِالسَّوَاءِ، وَإِنْ كَانَ وَالِدُ بَعْضِهِمْ أَخَا وَالِدِ ذَلِكَ الْمُتَوَفَّى لِأَبِيهِ وَأُمِّهِ، وَكَانَ وَالِدُ مَنْ سِوَاهُ إِنَّمَا هُوَ أَخُو وَالِدِ ذَلِكَ الْمُتَوَفَّى لِأَبِيهِ فَقَطْ، فَإِنَّ الْمِيرَاثَ لِبَنِي الْأَبِ وَالْأُمِّ دُونَ بَنِي الْأَبِ، وَالْجَدُّ أَبُو الْأَبِ أَوْلَى مِنِ ابْنِ الْأَخِ لِلْأَبِ وَالْأُمِّ، وَأَوْلَى مِنَ الْعَمِّ أَخِي الْأَبِ لِلْأُمِّ وَالْأَبِ ".
Kharijah bin Zayd (may Allah have mercy on him) narrates from his father that he said: A full brother has more right to inheritance than a paternal half-brother; a paternal half-brother has more right to inheritance than a full brother's son; a full brother's son has more right than a paternal half-brother's son; a paternal half-brother's son has more right than the son of a full brother's son; a paternal half-brother's son has more right than a full paternal uncle; a full paternal uncle has more right than a paternal half-uncle (through the father only); a paternal half-uncle has more right than the son of a full paternal uncle; and the son of a paternal half-uncle has more right than the father's full paternal uncle. The inheritance of the 'asabah (agnatic heirs) follows this same method. So whatever question is put to you, trace the lineage of the deceased and trace the lineage of whoever is disputing (the inheritance). If you find one of them meeting the deceased through a father while you find the others meeting him only through a father further up, give the inheritance to the one who meets him through the nearer father, to the exclusion of the others. If you find that they all meet him through one father, see which of them is nearest in lineage. If there is only a son's son, give the inheritance to him to the exclusion of the others. If among them there is a son of the same mother and father, and you find them equal, matching in the number of forefathers up to one ancestor until their lineage reaches the deceased, and they are all children of the father, or children of the father and mother, then the inheritance will be shared equally between them. If the father of some of them was the deceased's father's brother through both father and mother, and the father of another was the deceased's father's brother through the father only, then the inheritance will go to the children of the full brother. And the grandfather has more right than the children of the full brother, and more right than the full paternal uncle.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، وَأَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ أَبِي عَمْرٍو، قَالَا: ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا يَحْيَى بْنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ، ثنا يَزِيدُ بْنُ هَارُونَ، أنا هِشَامُ بْنُ حَسَّانَ، عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ سِيرِينَ قَالَ: كُنْتُ عِنْدَ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ عُتْبَةَ وَكَانَ قَاضِيًا، فَأَتَاهُ قَوْمٌ يَخْتَصِمُونَ فِي مِيرَاثِ امْرَأَةٍ يُقَالُ لَهَا فُكَيْهَةُ بِنْتُ سَمْعَانَ، فَجَعَلَ هَذَا يَقُولُ: أَنَا فُلَانُ بْنُ فُلَانِ بْنِ سَمْعَانَ، وَيَقُولُ هَذَا: أَنَا فُلَانُ بْنُ فُلَانِ بْنِ سَمْعَانَ، فَلَمْ يَفْهَمْ، فَقَالَ رَجُلٌ: فَكَتَبَ قِصَّتَهُمْ فِي صَحِيفَةٍ ثُمَّ جَاءَ بِهَا إِلَيْهِ فَقَرَأَهَا، فَقَالَ: نَعَمْ قَدْ فَهِمْتُ، حَدَّثَنِي الضَّحَّاكُ بْنُ قَيْسٍ، أَنَّ عُمَرَ بْنَ الْخَطَّابِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ " قَضَى فِي أَهْلِ طَاعُونَ عَمْوَاسٍ أَنَّهُمْ إِذَا كَانُوا مِنْ قِبَلِ الْأَبِ سَوَاءً فَبَنُو الْأُمِّ أَحَقُّ بِالْمَالِ، فَإِنْ كَانَ أَحَدُهُمْ أَقْرَبَهُمْ بِأَبٍ فَهُوَ أَحَقُّ بِالْمَالِ ".
Muhammad bin Sirin said: I was with Abdullah bin Utbah (may Allah be pleased with him), and he was a judge. Some people came to him disputing over the inheritance of a woman called Fukayhah bint Sam'an. One of them said: I am so-and-so, son of so-and-so, son of Sam'an; and the other said: I am so-and-so, son of so-and-so, son of Sam'an. Ibn Utbah could not understand. A man stood up, wrote their case on a sheet and then brought it to Ibn Utbah. He said: I have understood. Sayyiduna Umar bin al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him) stated concerning the people of the plague of Amwas that when they are equal on the father's side, the children of the mother have more right to the property; and if one of them is nearer through a father, he has more right to the property.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ الْقَاضِي، أنا أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَلِيِّ بْنِ دُحَيْمٍ، ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ حَازِمِ بْنِ أَبِي غَرَزَةَ، أنا قَبِيصَةُ، ثنا سُفْيَانُ الثَّوْرِيُّ، عَنْ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ، عَنِ الْحَارِثِ، عَنْ عَلِيٍّ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ: " قَضَى رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِالدَّيْنِ قَبْلَ الْوَصِيَّةِ، وَأَنْتُمْ تَقْرَءُونَ {مِنْ بَعْدِ وَصِيَّةٍ يُوصَى بِهَا أَوْ دَيْنٍ} [النساء: ١٢]، وَإِنَّ أَعْيَانَ بَنِي الْأُمِّ يَتَوَارَثُونَ دُونَ بَنِي الْعَلَّاتِ، الْإِخْوَةُ وَالْأَخَوَاتُ لِلْأَبِ وَالْأُمِّ دُونَ الْإِخْوَةِ وَالْأَخَوَاتِ لِلْأَبِ ".
It is narrated from Sayyiduna Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) "ruled that debt comes before the bequest," while you recite: "after any bequest that is made or a debt" [Surah al-Nisa: 12]. And the children of the same mother (and father) inherit to the exclusion of the paternal half-siblings: full brothers and sisters inherit to the exclusion of the paternal half-brothers and half-sisters.
