السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب البيوع
Book of Sales
باب: من قال: لا توضع الجائحة
Those who said: A loss from a natural calamity is not remitted
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رُوِيَ ذَلِكَ عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ دِينَارٍ وَقَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ: وَرُوِيَ عَنْ سَعْدِ بْنِ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ أَنَّهُ بَاعَ حَائِطًا لَهُ فَأَصَابَتْ مُشْتَرِيَهُ جَائِحَةٌ فَأَخَذَ الثَّمَنَ مِنْهُ، وَلَا أَدْرِي أَثَبَتَ أَمْ لَا؟.
This is narrated from Amr bin Dinar (may Allah have mercy on him).
And Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "It is also narrated from Sayyiduna Sa'd bin Abi Waqqas (may Allah be pleased with him) that he sold a garden of his, then its buyer was struck by a calamity (on the fruit), and he took the price from him; and I do not know whether this (report) is established or not."
And Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "It is also narrated from Sayyiduna Sa'd bin Abi Waqqas (may Allah be pleased with him) that he sold a garden of his, then its buyer was struck by a calamity (on the fruit), and he took the price from him; and I do not know whether this (report) is established or not."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو أَحْمَدَ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ الْحَسَنِ الْمِهْرَجَانِيُّ الْعَدْلُ، أنا أَبُو بَكْرٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ الْمُزَكِّي، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ الْعَبْدِيُّ، ثنا ابْنُ بُكَيْرٍ، ثنا مَالِكٌ، عَنْ حُمَيْدٍ الطَّوِيلِ، عَنْ أَنَسِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ نَهَى عَنْ بَيْعِ الثِّمَارِ حَتَّى تُزْهَى، فَقِيلَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ وَمَا تُزْهَى؟ قَالَ: " حِينَ تَحْمَرُّ " وَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " أَرَأَيْتَ إِذَا مَنَعَ اللهُ الثَّمَرَةَ، فَبِمَ يَأْخُذُ أَحَدُكُمْ مَالَ أَخِيهِ؟ " أَخْرَجَاهُ فِي الصَّحِيحِ كَمَا مَضَى ذِكْرُهُ..
Sayyiduna Anas bin Malik (may Allah be pleased with him) says that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) forbade selling fruits before they ripen. It was asked: What is its ripening? He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "When they turn red." He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "What do you think: when Allah withholds the fruit, then why do you consider your brother's wealth permissible?"
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ أَبِي عَمْرٍو، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ، أنا الرَّبِيعُ، أنا الشَّافِعِيُّ، أنا مَالِكٌ فَذَكَرَهُ بِمِثْلِهِ. قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ خِلَالَ كَلَامِهِ فِي مَسْأَلَةِ الْجَائِحَةِ: لَوْ كَانَ مَالِكُ الثَّمَرَةِ لَا يَمْلِكُ ثَمَنَ مَا اجْتِيحَ مِنْ ثَمَرَتِهِ مَا كَانَ لِمَنْعِهِ أَنْ يَبِيعَهَا مَعْنَى إِذَا كَانَ يَحِلُّ بَيْعُهَا طَلْعًا، أَوْ بَلَحًا يُلْقَطُ وَيُقْطَعُ إِلَّا أَنَّهُ أَمَرَ بِبَيْعِهَا فِي الْحِينِ الَّذِي الْأَغْلَبُ فِيهَا أَنْ تَنْجُوَ مِنَ الْعَاهَةِ، وَلَوْ لَمْ يَلْزَمْهُ ثَمَنُ مَا أَصَابَتْهُ الْجَائِحَةُ مَا ضَرَّ ذَلِكَ الْبَائِعَ وَالْمُشْتَرِيَ، قَالَ: وَإِنْ ثَبَتَ الْحَدِيثُ فِي وَضَعِ الْجَائِحَةِ لَمْ يَكُنْ فِي هَذَا حُجَّةٌ، وَأَمْضَى الْحَدِيثَ عَلَى وَجْهِهِ.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him), in the course of his discussion of the issue of crop calamity (ja'ihah), says: If the owner of the fruit did not own the price of the part of his fruit struck by calamity, there would be no point in his (peace and blessings be upon him) forbidding him to sell it (before it ripens), since it is lawful to sell it as spathes or as unripe dates that are picked and cut. Rather, he (peace and blessings be upon him) ordered that it be sold at the time when it is most likely to escape blight. And if the buyer were not liable for the price of what the calamity struck, that (early sale) would not harm the seller and the buyer. He said: If the hadith on remitting (the price) for calamity is established, there would be no argument in this, and that hadith would be applied as it stands.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو زَكَرِيَّا بْنُ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ الْمُزَكِّي، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ الْأَصَمُّ، أنا الرَّبِيعُ، أنا الشَّافِعِيُّ، أنا مَالِكٌ، ح وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو أَحْمَدَ الْمِهْرَجَانِيُّ، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ الْمُزَكِّي، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، ثنا ابْنُ بُكَيْرٍ، ثنا مَالِكٌ، عَنْ أَبِي الرِّجَالِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ، عَنْ أُمِّهِ، عَمْرَةَ بِنْتِ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ أَنَّهُ سَمِعَهَا تَقُولُ: ابْتَاعَ رَجُلٌ ثَمَرَ حَائِطٍ فِي زَمَانِ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَعَالَجَهُ وَقَامَ فِيهِ حَتَّى تَبَيَّنَ لَهُ النُّقْصَانُ، فَسَأَلَ رَبَّ الْحَائِطِ أَنْ يَضَعَ عَنْهُ أَوْ أَنْ يُقِيلَهُ فَحَلَفَ أَنْ لَا يَفْعَلَ، فَذَهَبَتْ أُمُّ الْمُشْتَرِي إِلَى رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، فَذَكَرَتْ ذَلِكَ لَهُ، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " تَأَلَّى أَنْ لَا يَفْعَلَ خَيْرًا " فَسَمِعَ بِذَلِكَ رَبُّ الْحَائِطِ فَأَتَى إِلَى رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، فَقَالَ: هُوَ لَهُ لَفْظُ حَدِيثِ ابْنِ بُكَيْرٍ، وَلَيْسَ فِي رِوَايَةِ الشَّافِعِيِّ: أَوْ أَنْ يُقِيلَهُ، وَقَالَ: فَعَالَجَهُ وَأَقَامَ عَلَيْهِ، زَادَنِي أَبُو سَعِيدٍ، عَنْ أَبِي الْعَبَّاسِ، عَنِ الرَّبِيعِ، عَنِ الشَّافِعِيِّ، قَالَ: حَدِيثُ عَمْرَةَ مُرْسَلٌ، وَأَهْلُ الْحَدِيثِ وَنَحْنُ لَا نُثْبِتُ الْمُرْسَلَ فَلَوْ ثَبَتَ حَدِيثُ عَمْرَةَ كَانَتْ فِيهِ وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ دَلَالَةٌ عَلَى أَنْ لَا تُوضَعَ الْجَائِحَةُ لِقَوْلِهَا، قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " تَأَلَّى أَنْ لَا يَفْعَلَ خَيْرًا " وَلَوْ كَانَ الْحُكْمُ عَلَيْهِ أَنْ يَضَعَ الْجَائِحَةَ لَكَانَ أَشْبَهُ أَنْ يَقُولَ: ذَلِكَ لَازِمٌ لَهُ حَلَفَ أَوْ لَمْ يَحْلِفْ، ⦗٤٩٨⦘ قَالَ الشَّيْخُ: قَدْ أَسْنَدَهُ حَارِثَةُ بْنُ أَبِي الرِّجَالِ فَرَوَاهُ عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ عَمْرَةَ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهَا إِلَّا أَنَّ حَارِثَةَ ضَعِيفٌ لَا يُحْتَجُّ بِهِ، وَأَسْنَدَهُ يَحْيَى بْنُ سَعِيدٍ، عَنْ أَبِي الرِّجَالِ إِلَّا أَنَّهُ مُخْتَصَرٌ لَيْسَ فِيهِ ذِكْرُ الثَّمَرِ.
Amrah bint Abd al-Rahman (may Allah have mercy on her) says that in the time of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) a man bought the fruit of a garden. He worked on it, yet a loss still occurred. He asked the owner of the garden to reduce the price or cancel the deal. He swore that he would not do so. So the buyer's mother went to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) and mentioned it before him (peace and blessings be upon him). The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "He has sworn not to do good." The owner of the garden heard this, came to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) and said: "It is his."
(b) In the narration of Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) the words "or cancel the deal" are not present, and he said: "He kept working on it."
(c) Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) says that the hadith of Amrah bint Abd al-Rahman (may Allah have mercy on her) is mursal, and the hadith scholars and we do not accept a mursal hadith as established. If the hadith of Amrah were established, it would mean that the price is not to be reduced. Had it been established against him that he must reduce the price, it would have been more fitting (for him to say) that reducing the price is binding whether he swore or not.
Harithah bin Abi al-Rijal narrated it with a connected chain from his father, from Amrah, from Sayyidah Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her), but Harithah is da'if (weak) and is not used as evidence. Yahya bin Sa'id also narrated it with a connected chain from Abu al-Rijal, but in abridged form, without mention of the fruit.
(b) In the narration of Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) the words "or cancel the deal" are not present, and he said: "He kept working on it."
(c) Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) says that the hadith of Amrah bint Abd al-Rahman (may Allah have mercy on her) is mursal, and the hadith scholars and we do not accept a mursal hadith as established. If the hadith of Amrah were established, it would mean that the price is not to be reduced. Had it been established against him that he must reduce the price, it would have been more fitting (for him to say) that reducing the price is binding whether he swore or not.
Harithah bin Abi al-Rijal narrated it with a connected chain from his father, from Amrah, from Sayyidah Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her), but Harithah is da'if (weak) and is not used as evidence. Yahya bin Sa'id also narrated it with a connected chain from Abu al-Rijal, but in abridged form, without mention of the fruit.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ إِمْلَاءً، ثنا الْعَبَّاسُ بْنُ الْفَضْلِ الْأَسْفَاطِيُّ، وَالْحَسَنُ بْنُ عَلِيِّ بْنِ زِيَادٍ، قَالَا: ثنا إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ أَبِي أُوَيْسٍ، ثنا أَخِي، عَنْ سُلَيْمَانَ بْنِ بِلَالٍ، عَنْ يَحْيَى بْنِ سَعِيدٍ، عَنْ أَبِي الرِّجَالِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ، عَنْ أُمِّهِ عَمْرَةَ بِنْتِ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ، قَالَتْ: سَمِعْتُ عَائِشَةَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهَا تَقُولُ: سَمِعَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ صَوْتَ خُصُومٍ بِالْبَابِ عَالِيَةٍ أَصْوَاتُهُمْ، وَإِذَا أَحَدُهُمْ يَسْتَوْضِعُ الْآخَرَ وَيَسْتَرْفِقُهُ فِي شَيْءٍ، وَهُوَ يَقُولُ: وَاللهِ لَا أَفْعَلُ، فَخَرَجَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَلَيْهِمَا، فَقَالَ: " أَيْنَ الْمُتَأَلِّي عَلَى اللهِ لَا يَفْعَلُ الْمَعْرُوفَ؟ " فَقَالَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ أَنَا فَلَهُ أِيُّ ذَلِكَ أَحَبَّ، رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي الصَّحِيحِ عَنْ إِسْمَاعِيلَ بْنِ أَبِي أُوَيْسٍ، وَرَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ عَنْ بَعْضِ أَصْحَابِهِ، عَنْ إِسْمَاعِيلَ.
Sayyidah Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) says that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) heard the loud voices of disputants at the door. When the one asked the other to reduce the price and to be lenient, he would say: By Allah! I will not do it.
The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) went out to them and asked: "Where is the one who swears that he will not do good?" He said: O Messenger of Allah! It is I. He said: Whatever he prefers is his.
The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) went out to them and asked: "Where is the one who swears that he will not do good?" He said: O Messenger of Allah! It is I. He said: Whatever he prefers is his.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا بَحْرُ بْنُ نَصْرٍ الْخَوْلَانِيُّ، ثنا عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ وَهْبٍ، أَخْبَرَنِي عَمْرُو بْنُ الْحَارِثِ، عَنْ بُكَيْرِ بْنِ الْأَشَجِّ، عَنْ عِيَاضِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللهِ، عَنْ أَبِي سَعِيدٍ الْخُدْرِيِّ، قَالَ: أُصِيبَ رَجُلٌ فِي عَهْدِ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي ثِمَارٍ ابْتَاعَهَا فَكَثُرَ دَيْنُهُ، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " تَصَدَّقُوا عَلَيْهِ " فَتَصَدَّقُوا عَلَيْهِ فَلَمْ يَبْلُغْ ذَلِكَ وَفَاءَ دِينِهِ، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " خُذُوا مَا وَجَدْتُمْ، وَلَيْسَ لَكُمْ إِلَّا ذَلِكَ "، رَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ فِي الصَّحِيحِ عَنْ يُونُسَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْأَعْلَى، عَنِ ابْنِ وَهْبٍ.
Sayyiduna Abu Sa'id al-Khudri (may Allah be pleased with him) says that in the time of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) a man suffered a loss in fruits he had bought, and his debt grew large. So the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Give charity to him." They gave charity, but it did not cover the debt. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Take what you find; you have nothing but that."
