السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب الزكاة
Book of Zakah
باب: تعجيل الصدقة
Paying zakah early
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اعْتَمَدَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ فِيهِ عَلَى مَا ثَبَتَ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي الْيَمِينِ فَلْيُكَفِّرْ عَنْ يَمِينِهِ وَلْيَأْتِ الَّذِي هُوَ خَيْرٌ، ثُمَّ عَلَى مَا ثَبَتَ عَنْ بَعْضِ أَصْحَابِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي ذَلِكَ مِنْهُمْ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ رُبَّمَا كَفَّرَ عَنْ يَمِينِهِ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَحْنَثَ وَرُبَّمَا كَفَّرَ بَعْدَ مَا يَحْنَثُ وَمَوْضِعُهُ كِتَابُ الْأَيْمَانِ. أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو سَعِيدٍ، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ، أَنْبَأَ الرَّبِيعُ قَالَ: قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ: وَيُرْوَى عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَلَا أَدْرِي أَيَثْبُتُ أَمْ لَا أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ تَسَلَّفَ صَدَقَةَ مَالِ الْعَبَّاسِ قَبْلَ أَنْ تَحِلَّ، يَعْنِي بِهِ مَا.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) relied in this matter on the saying established from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) concerning oaths: "Let him make expiation for his oath and do that which is better."
Then he relied on the reports established on this from some of the Companions of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), among them Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Umar bin al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with them both): sometimes he would make expiation for his oath before breaking it, and sometimes he would make expiation after breaking it. Its (detailed) place is the Book of Oaths.
Abu Sa'id informed us; (he said:) Abu al-Abbas narrated to us; (he said:) al-Rabi' informed us; he said that Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: It is also narrated from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) — and I do not know whether it is established or not — that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) took the zakah on the wealth of Sayyiduna Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) in advance, before its term (a full year) was completed. What is meant by this is what (has already been explained).
Then he relied on the reports established on this from some of the Companions of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), among them Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Umar bin al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with them both): sometimes he would make expiation for his oath before breaking it, and sometimes he would make expiation after breaking it. Its (detailed) place is the Book of Oaths.
Abu Sa'id informed us; (he said:) Abu al-Abbas narrated to us; (he said:) al-Rabi' informed us; he said that Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: It is also narrated from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) — and I do not know whether it is established or not — that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) took the zakah on the wealth of Sayyiduna Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) in advance, before its term (a full year) was completed. What is meant by this is what (has already been explained).
أَخْبَرَنَا عَلِيُّ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ بِشْرَانَ الْعَدْلُ، بِبَغْدَادَ، أنبأ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَمْرٍو الرَّزَّازُ، ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ زُهَيْرِ بْنِ حَرْبٍ، ثنا سَعِيدُ بْنُ مَنْصُورٍ، ثنا إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ زَكَرِيَّا، عَنِ الْحَجَّاجِ بْنِ دِينَارٍ، عَنِ الْحَكَمِ بْنِ عُتَيْبَةَ، عَنْ حُجَيَّةَ بْنِ عَدِيٍّ، عَنْ عَلِيٍّ، أَنَّ الْعَبَّاسَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ سَأَلَ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي تَعْجِيلِ صَدَقَتِهِ قَبْلَ أَنْ تَحِلَّ فَأَذِنَ لَهُ فِي ذَلِكَ.
Sayyiduna Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) said: Sayyiduna Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) asked the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) about paying his zakah early, before it became due, and he (peace and blessings be upon him) gave him permission.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَلِيٍّ الرُّذْبَارِيُّ، أنبأ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ بَكْرٍ، ثنا أَبُو دَاوُدَ، ثنا سَعِيدُ بْنُ مَنْصُورٍ فَذَكَرَهُ. قَالَ أَبُو دَاوُدَ هَذَا الْحَدِيثُ رَوَاهُ هُشَيْمٌ عَنْ مَنْصُورِ بْنِ زَاذَانَ، عَنِ الْحَكَمِ، عَنِ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ مُسْلِمٍ، عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، وَحَدِيثُ هُشَيْمٍ أَصَحُّ. ⦗١٨٧⦘ قَالَ الشَّيْخُ: هَذَا حَدِيثٌ مُخْتَلَفٌ فِيهِ عَلَى الْحَكَمِ بْنِ عُتَيْبَةَ فَرَوَاهُ إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ زَكَرِيَّا عَنْ حَجَّاجٍ عَنِ الْحَكَمِ هَكَذَا، وَخَالَفَهُ إِسْرَائِيلُ عَنْ حَجَّاجٍ فَقَالَ: عَنِ الْحَكَمِ عَنْ حُجْرٍ الْعَدَوِيِّ عَنْ عَلِيٍّ، وَخَالَفَهُ فِي لَفْظِهِ فَقَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ لِعُمَرَ: " إِنَّا قَدْ أَخَذْنَا مِنَ الْعَبَّاسِ زَكَاةَ الْعَامِ عَامَ الْأَوَّلِ " وَرَوَاهُ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عُبَيْدِ اللهِ هُوَ الْعَرْزَمِيُّ عَنِ الْحَكَمِ عَنْ مِقْسَمٍ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ فِي قِصَّةِ عُمَرَ وَالْعَبَّاسِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمَا. وَرَوَاهُ الْحَسَنُ بْنُ عُمَارَةَ عَنِ الْحَكَمِ عَنْ مُوسَى بْنِ طَلْحَةَ عَنْ طَلْحَةَ وَرَوَاهُ هُشَيْمٌ عَنْ مَنْصُورِ بْنِ زَاذَانَ عَنِ الْحَكَمِ عَنِ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ مُسْلِمٍ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ مُرْسَلًا أَنَّهُ قَالَ لِعُمَرَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ فِي هَذِهِ الْقِصَّةِ: " إِنَّا كُنَّا قَدْ تَعَجَّلْنَا صَدَقَةَ مَالِ الْعَبَّاسِ لِعَامِنَا هَذَا عَامَ أَوَّلَ " وَهَذَا هُوَ الْأَصَحُّ مِنْ هَذِهِ الرِّوَايَاتِ وَرُوِيَ عَنْ عَلِيٍّ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ مِنْ وَجْهٍ آخَرَ مَرْفُوعًا.
Abu Dawud (may Allah have mercy on him) narrated this hadith from Sa'id bin Mansur (may Allah have mercy on him) and mentioned the whole hadith.
It is narrated that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said to Umar (may Allah be pleased with him): "We have already taken one year's zakah from Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) in advance." Also, in the story of Umar and Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) it is reported: "We hastened in taking the zakah of Abbas's (may Allah be pleased with him) wealth; in this year we took the coming year's zakah."
This (last, mursal) narration is the most authentic of these narrations.
It is narrated that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said to Umar (may Allah be pleased with him): "We have already taken one year's zakah from Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) in advance." Also, in the story of Umar and Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) it is reported: "We hastened in taking the zakah of Abbas's (may Allah be pleased with him) wealth; in this year we took the coming year's zakah."
This (last, mursal) narration is the most authentic of these narrations.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو نَصْرِ بْنُ قَتَادَةَ، أنبأ أَبُو عَلِيٍّ الرَّفَّاءُ، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يُونُسَ الْكُدَيْمِيُّ، ثنا وَهْبُ بْنُ جَرِيرٍ، ح وَأَخْبَرَنَاهُ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ الْفَضْلِ الْقَطَّانُ، أنبأ عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ، ثنا يَعْقُوبُ بْنُ سُفْيَانَ، ثنا عِيسَى بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ، ثنا وَهْبُ بْنُ جَرِيرٍ، ثنا أَبِي قَالَ: سَمِعْتُ الْأَعْمَشَ، يُحَدِّثُ عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ مُرَّةَ، عَنْ أَبِي الْبَخْتَرِيِّ، عَنْ عَلِيٍّ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ فَذَكَرَ قِصَّةً فِي بَعْثِ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عُمَرَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ سَاعِيًا وَمَنْعِ الْعَبَّاسِ صَدَقَتَهُ، وَأَنَّهُ ذَكَرَ لِلنَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ مَا صَنَعَ الْعَبَّاسُ فَقَالَ: " أَمَا عَلِمْتَ يَا عُمَرُ أَنَّ عَمَّ الرَّجُلِ صِنْوُ أَبِيهِ إِنَّا كُنَّا احْتَجْنَا فَاسْتَسْلَفْنَا الْعَبَّاسَ صَدَقَةَ عَامَيْنِ " لَفْظُ حَدِيثِ الْقَطَّانِ، وَفِي رِوَايَةِ ابْنِ قَتَادَةَ أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ تَعَجَّلَ مِنَ الْعَبَّاسِ صَدَقَةَ عَامٍ أَوْ صَدَقَةَ عَامَيْنِ وَفِي هَذَا إِرْسَالٌ بَيْنَ أَبِي الْبَخْتَرِيِّ وَعَلِيٍّ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ وَقَدْ وَرَدَ هَذَا الْمَعْنَى فِي حَدِيثِ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ مِنْ وَجْهٍ ثَابِتٍ عَنْهُ.
Sayyiduna Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) said that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) sent Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) as a collector, and Sayyiduna Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) did not give zakah. Then Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) told the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) what Sayyiduna Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) had said. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "O Umar! Do you not know that a man's uncle is like his father? When we were in need, we would take two years' zakah from Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) in advance."
In one narration it says that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) took one or two years' zakah from Sayyiduna Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) in advance.
There is a break (irsal) in this chain between Abu al-Bakhtari and Ali (may Allah be pleased with him).
In one narration it says that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) took one or two years' zakah from Sayyiduna Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) in advance.
There is a break (irsal) in this chain between Abu al-Bakhtari and Ali (may Allah be pleased with him).
أَخْبَرَنَاهُ أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ الْقَطِيعِيُّ، ثنا عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ حَنْبَلٍ، حَدَّثَنَا أَبِي، ثنا عَلِيُّ بْنُ حَفْصٍ، ثنا وَرْقَاءُ، عَنْ أَبِي الزِّنَادِ، عَنِ الْأَعْرَجِ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ قَالَ: بَعَثَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عُمَرَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ عَلَى الصَّدَقَةِ فَقِيلَ: مَنَعَ ابْنُ جَمِيلٍ وَخَالِدُ بْنُ الْوَلِيدِ وَالْعَبَّاسُ عَمُّ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " مَا يَنْقِمُ ابْنُ جَمِيلٍ ⦗١٨٨⦘ إِلَّا أَنَّهُ كَانَ فَقِيرًا فَأَغْنَاهُ اللهُ، وَأَمَّا خَالِدٌ فَإِنَّكُمْ تَظْلِمُونَ خَالِدًا قَدِ احْتَبَسَ أَعْتُدَهُ وَأَدْرُعَهُ فِي سَبِيلِ اللهِ، وَأَمَّا الْعَبَّاسُ فَهِيَ عَلَيَّ وَمِثْلُهَا مَعَهَا " ثُمَّ قَالَ: " يَا عُمَرُ أَمَا عَلِمْتَ أَنَّ عَمَّ الرَّجُلِ صِنْوُ أَبِيهِ " رَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ فِي الصَّحِيحِ عَنْ زُهَيْرِ بْنِ حَرْبٍ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ حَفْصٍ بِهَذَا اللَّفْظِ إِلَّا أَنَّهُ قَالَ: وَأَعْتَادُهُ، وَكَذَلِكَ رَوَاهُ شَبَابَةُ عَنْ وَرْقَاءَ وَرَوَاهُ شُعَيْبُ بْنُ أَبِي حَمْزَةَ عَنْ أَبِي الزِّنَادِ فَقَالَ فِي الْحَدِيثِ: فَهِيَ عَلَيْهِ صَدَقَةٌ وَمِثْلُهَا مَعَهَا وَمِنْ حَدِيثِ شُعَيْبٍ أَخْرَجَهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي الصَّحِيحِ ثُمَّ قَالَ: تَابَعَهُ ابْنُ أَبِي الزِّنَادِ عَنْ أَبِيهِ وَقَالَ ابْنُ إِسْحَاقَ عَنْ أَبِي الزِّنَادِ: هِيَ عَلَيْهِ وَمِثْلُهَا مَعَهَا. قَالَ الشَّيْخُ: وَكَمَا رَوَاهُ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ رَوَاهُ أَبُو أُوَيْسٍ الْمَدَنِيُّ عَنْ أَبِي الزِّنَادِ وَكَذَلِكَ هُوَ عِنْدَنَا مِنْ حَدِيثِ ابْنِ أَبِي الزِّنَادِ عَنْ أَبِيهِ وَحَمَلُوهُ عَلَى أَنَّهُ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ كَانَ أَخَّرَ عَنْهُ الصَّدَقَةَ عَامَيْنِ مِنْ حَاجَةٍ بِالْعَبَّاسِ إِلَيْهَا، وَالَّذِي رَوَاهُ وَرْقَاءُ عَلَى أَنَّهُ كَانَ تَسَلَّفَ مِنْهُ صَدَقَةَ عَامَيْنِ، وَفِي ذَلِكَ دَلِيلٌ عَلَى جَوَازِ تَعْجِيلِ الصَّدَقَةِ، فَأَمَّا الَّذِي رَوَاهُ شُعَيْبُ بْنُ أَبِي حَمْزَةَ فَإِنَّهُ يَبْعُدُ مِنَ أَنْ يَكُونَ مَحْفُوظًا؛ لِأَنَّ الْعَبَّاسَ كَانَ رَجُلًا مِنْ صُلْبِيَّةِ بَنِي هَاشِمٍ تَحْرُمُ عَلَيْهِ الصَّدَقَةُ، فَكَيْفَ يَجْعَلُ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ مَا عَلَيْهِ مِنْ صَدَقَةِ عَامَيْنِ صَدَقَةً عَلَيْهِ؟ وَرَوَاهُ مُوسَى بْنُ عُقْبَةَ عَنْ أَبِي الزِّنَادِ فَقَالَ فِي الْحَدِيثِ: فَهِيَ لَهُ وَمِثْلُهَا مَعَهَا، وَقَدْ يُقَالُ لَهُ بِمَعْنَى عَلَيْهِ فَرِوَايَتُهُ مَحْمُولَةٌ عَلَى سَائِرِ الرِّوَايَاتِ وَقَدْ يَكُونُ الْمُرَادُ بِقَوْلِهِ: فَهِيَ عَلَيْهِ أَيْ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ لِيَكُونَ مُوَافِقًا لِرِوَايَةِ وَرْقَاءَ، وَرِوَايَةُ وَرْقَاءَ أَوْلَى بِالصِّحَّةِ لِمُوَافَقَتِهَا مَا تَقَدَّمَ مِنَ الرِّوَايَاتِ الصَّرِيحَةِ بِالِاسْتِسْلَافِ وَالتَّعْجِيلِ وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ.
Sayyiduna Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) said: The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) sent Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) to collect zakah, and it was said that Ibn Jamil, Khalid bin al-Walid and Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them) had not given zakah. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Ibn Jamil resents nothing except that he was poor and Allah made him rich. As for Khalid, you are wronging him; he has dedicated his armour and his equipment in the path of Allah. As for Abbas, his zakah is upon me, and as much again with it." Then he said: "O Umar! Do you not know that a man's uncle is like his father?"
In the narration of Shu'ayb bin Abi Hamzah from Abu al-Zinad it says: "then it is a charity due from him, and as much again with it." Ibn Ishaq and Abu Uways al-Madani from Abu al-Zinad, and Ibn Abi al-Zinad from his father, narrated: "it is due from him, and as much again with it." They understood this to mean that he (peace and blessings be upon him) had deferred the zakah for Sayyiduna Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) for two years because of a need he had, while the narration of Warqa' means that he had taken two years' zakah from him in advance; and in this is evidence that paying zakah in advance is permissible. As for what Shu'ayb bin Abi Hamzah narrated, it is unlikely to be preserved, because Sayyiduna Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) was of the direct lineage of Banu Hashim, for whom zakah is forbidden; so how could the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) make the two years' zakah due from him a charity to him? Musa bin Uqbah narrated from Abu al-Zinad: "then it is for him, and as much again with it"; "for him" can be used in the sense of "due from him", so his narration is understood in line with the other narrations. It may also be that "it is due from him" means due from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), so that it agrees with the narration of Warqa'. The narration of Warqa' is more worthy of being authentic, because it agrees with the earlier narrations that explicitly mention taking in advance and hastening. And Allah knows best.
In the narration of Shu'ayb bin Abi Hamzah from Abu al-Zinad it says: "then it is a charity due from him, and as much again with it." Ibn Ishaq and Abu Uways al-Madani from Abu al-Zinad, and Ibn Abi al-Zinad from his father, narrated: "it is due from him, and as much again with it." They understood this to mean that he (peace and blessings be upon him) had deferred the zakah for Sayyiduna Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) for two years because of a need he had, while the narration of Warqa' means that he had taken two years' zakah from him in advance; and in this is evidence that paying zakah in advance is permissible. As for what Shu'ayb bin Abi Hamzah narrated, it is unlikely to be preserved, because Sayyiduna Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) was of the direct lineage of Banu Hashim, for whom zakah is forbidden; so how could the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) make the two years' zakah due from him a charity to him? Musa bin Uqbah narrated from Abu al-Zinad: "then it is for him, and as much again with it"; "for him" can be used in the sense of "due from him", so his narration is understood in line with the other narrations. It may also be that "it is due from him" means due from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), so that it agrees with the narration of Warqa'. The narration of Warqa' is more worthy of being authentic, because it agrees with the earlier narrations that explicitly mention taking in advance and hastening. And Allah knows best.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو زَكَرِيَّا بْنُ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، أنبأ الرَّبِيعُ بْنُ سُلَيْمَانَ، أنبأ الشَّافِعِيُّ، أنبأ مَالِكٌ، عَنْ نَافِعٍ، أَنَّ عَبْدَ اللهِ بْنَ عُمَرَ، كَانَ يَبْعَثُ بِزَكَاةِ الْفِطْرِ إِلَى الَّذِي تُجْمَعُ عِنْدَهُ قَبْلَ الْفِطْرِ بِيَوْمَيْنِ أَوْ ثَلَاثَةٍ.
Nafi' (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Abdullah bin Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) used to send the Sadaqat al-Fitr to the person with whom it was collected, two or three days before Eid al-Fitr.
