السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب الجزية
Book of Jizyah
باب: من قال تؤخذ منهم الجزية عربا كانوا أو عجما
Those who said jizyah is taken from them whether they are Arabs or non-Arabs
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قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: أَخَذَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ الْجِزْيَةَ مِنْ أُكَيْدِرِ دُومَةَ، وَهُوَ رَجُلٌ يُقَالُ مِنْ غَسَّانَ أَوْ كِنْدَةَ..
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) took the jizyah from Ukaydir, the ruler of Dumah (al-Jandal), and it is said that he was a man from the tribe of Ghassan or Kindah."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا الْعَبَّاسُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ، ثنا سَهْلُ بْنُ عُثْمَانَ الْعَسْكَرِيُّ، ثنا يَحْيَى بْنُ زَكَرِيَّا، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ، عَنْ عَاصِمِ بْنِ عُمَرَ، عَنْ أَنَسِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ، وَعَنْ عُثْمَانَ بْنِ أَبِي سُلَيْمَانَ، أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بَعَثَ خَالِدَ بْنَ الْوَلِيدِ إِلَى أُكَيْدِرِ دُومَةَ فَأَخَذُوهُ فَأَتَوْا بِهِ، فَحَقَنَ لَهُ دَمَهُ وَصَالَحَهُ عَلَى الْجِزْيَةِ.
Sayyiduna Anas bin Malik (may Allah be pleased with him) and Uthman bin Abi Sulayman (may Allah have mercy on him) say that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) sent Khalid bin al-Walid (may Allah be pleased with him) towards Ukaydir of Dumah; they seized him and brought him, and he (the Prophet) spared his life and made peace with him on the payment of the jizyah.
وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْجَبَّارِ، ثنا يُونُسُ بْنُ بُكَيْرٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ إِسْحَاقَ، حَدَّثَنِي يَزِيدُ بْنُ رُومَانَ، وَعَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بَعَثَ خَالِدَ بْنَ الْوَلِيدِ إِلَى أُكَيْدِرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ، رَجُلٌ مِنْ كِنْدَةَ، كَانَ مَلِكًا عَلَى دُومَةَ، وَكَانَ نَصْرَانِيًّا، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ لِخَالِدٍ: " إِنَّكَ سَتَجِدُهُ يَصِيدُ الْبَقَرَ "، فَخَرَجَ خَالِدٌ حَتَّى إِذَا كَانَ مِنْ حِصْنِهِ مَنْظَرَ الْعَيْنِ، وَفِي لَيْلَةٍ مُقْمِرَةٍ صَافِيَةٍ وَهُوَ عَلَى سَطْحٍ وَمَعَهُ امْرَأَتُهُ، فَأَتَتِ الْبَقَرُ تَحُكُّ بِقُرُونِهَا بَابَ الْقَصْرِ، فَقَالَتْ لَهُ امْرَأَتُهُ: هَلْ رَأَيْتَ مِثْلَ هَذَا قَطُّ؟ قَالَ: لَا وَاللهِ، قَالَتْ: فَمَنْ يَتْرُكُ مِثْلَ هَذَا؟ قَالَ: لَا أَحَدَ، فَنَزَلَ فَأَمَرَ بِفَرَسِهِ فَأُسْرِجَ ⦗٣١٥⦘ وَرَكِبَ مَعَهُ نَفَرٌ مِنْ أَهْلِ بَيْتِهِ، فِيهِمْ أَخٌ لَهُ يُقَالُ لَهُ حَسَّانُ، فَخَرَجُوا مَعَهُ بِمَطَارِفِهِمْ، فَتَلَقَّاهُمْ خَيْلُ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَأَخَذَتْهُ وَقَتَلُوا أَخَاهُ حَسَّانَ، وَكَانَ عَلَيْهِ قُبَاءُ دِيبَاجٍ مَخُوصٍ بِالذَّهَبِ، فَاسْتَلَبَهُ إِيَّاهُ خَالِدُ بْنُ الْوَلِيدِ، فَبَعَثَ بِهِ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَبْلَ قُدُومِهِ عَلَيْهِ، ثُمَّ إِنَّ خَالِدًا قَدِمَ بِالْأُكَيْدِرِ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَحَقَنَ لَهُ دَمَهُ وَصَالَحَهُ عَلَى الْجِزْيَةِ وَخَلَّى سَبِيلَهُ، فَرَجَعَ إِلَى قَرْيَتِهِ قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ: وَأَخَذَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ الْجِزْيَةَ مِنْ أَهْلِ ذِمَّةِ الْيَمَنِ، وَعَامَّتُهُمْ عَرَبٌ، وَمَنْ أَهْلِ نَجْرَانَ وَفِيهِمْ عَرَبٌ.
Yazid bin Ruman and Abdullah bin Abi Bakr (may Allah have mercy on them both) say that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) sent Khalid bin al-Walid (may Allah be pleased with him) to Ukaydir bin Abd al-Malik, who was the Christian king of Dumah and a man of Kindah. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said to Khalid bin al-Walid (may Allah be pleased with him): "You will find him hunting wild cattle." When Khalid (may Allah be pleased with him) reached his fortress, it was a moonlit night and he was on the roof with his wife. The wild cattle came and began rubbing against the gate of the palace, and his wife said: "Have you ever seen anything like this?" He said: "No." His wife said: "Who would leave something like this?" He said: "No one." So he came down and ordered the horses to be brought. Then he went out among his family members, among whom was his brother Hassan. A party of the Prophet's horsemen seized them and killed his brother Hassan. He was wearing a silk cloak embroidered with gold, and Khalid bin al-Walid (may Allah be pleased with him) sent it to him (peace and blessings be upon him) before arriving himself. Then Khalid bin al-Walid (may Allah be pleased with him) came to him (peace and blessings be upon him) with Ukaydir. He (peace and blessings be upon him) spared his life, made peace with him on the jizyah, and allowed him to return.
Al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) says: The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) took the jizyah from the dhimmis of Yemen, most of whom were Arabs, and from the people of Najran, among whom there were Arabs.
Al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) says: The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) took the jizyah from the dhimmis of Yemen, most of whom were Arabs, and from the people of Najran, among whom there were Arabs.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ أَبِي عَمْرٍو، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا الْحَسَنُ بْنُ عَلِيِّ بْنِ عَفَّانَ، ثنا يَحْيَى بْنُ آدَمَ، ثنا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ عَيَّاشٍ، عَنْ عَاصِمٍ، عَنْ أَبِي وَائِلٍ، عَنْ مَسْرُوقٍ، عَنْ مُعَاذِ بْنِ جَبَلٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ: بَعَثَنِي رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ إِلَى الْيَمَنِ وَأَمَرَنِي أَنْ آخُذَ مِنْ كُلِّ حَالِمٍ دِينَارًا أَوْ عِدْلَهُ مَعَافِرَ. قَالَ يَحْيَى بْنُ آدَمَ: وَإِنَّمَا هَذِهِ الْجِزْيَةُ عَلَى أَهْلِ الْيَمَنِ وَهُمْ قَوْمٌ عُرْبٌ؛ لِأَنَّهُمْ أَهْلُ كِتَابٍ، أَلَا تَرَى أَنَّهُ قَالَ: لَا يُفْتَنُ يَهُودِيٌّ مِنْ يَهُودِيَّةٍ " يَعْنِي فِي رِوَايَتِهِ عَنْ جَرِيرٍ، عَنْ مَنْصُورٍ، عَنِ الْحَكَمِ، عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنَّهُ كَتَبَ إِلَى مُعَاذِ بْنِ جَبَلٍ بِذَلِكَ.
Sayyiduna Mu'adh bin Jabal (may Allah be pleased with him) says that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) sent me to Yemen and commanded me "to take from every adult one dinar or its equivalent in Ma'afiri cloth." Yahya bin Adam says: The people of Yemen were Arabs, and the jizyah was taken from them because they are People of the Scripture; and he said: Do you not see that he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "A Jew shall not be lured away from his Judaism."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَلِيٍّ الرُّوذْبَارِيُّ، أنبأ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ بَكْرٍ، ثنا أَبُو دَاوُدَ، ثنا مُصَرِّفُ بْنُ عَمْرٍو الْيَامِيُّ، ثنا يُونُسُ بْنُ بُكَيْرٍ، أنبأ أَسْبَاطُ بْنُ نَصْرٍ الْهَمْدَانِيُّ، عَنْ إِسْمَاعِيلَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ الْقُرَشِيِّ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمَا قَالَ: صَالَحَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَهْلَ نَجْرَانَ عَلَى أَلْفَيْ حُلَّةٍ وَذَكَرَ الْحَدِيثَ.
Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) says that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) made peace with the people of Najran on two thousand garments.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، أنبأ الرَّبِيعُ بْنُ سُلَيْمَانَ، قَالَ: قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ: قَدْ أَخَذَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ الْجِزْيَةَ مِنْ أُكَيْدِرَ الْغَسَّانِيِّ وَيَرْوُونَ أَنَّهُ صَالَحَ رِجَالًا مِنَ الْعَرَبِ عَلَى الْجِزْيَةِ، فَأَمَّا عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ وَمَنْ بَعْدَهُ مِنَ الْخُلَفَاءِ إِلَى الْيَوْمِ فَقَدْ أَخَذُوا الْجِزْيَةَ مِنْ بَنِي تَغْلِبَ وَتَنُّوخَ وَبَهْرَاءَ وَخُلْطٍ مِنْ خُلْطِ الْعَرَبِ، وَهُمْ إِلَى السَّاعَةِ مُقِيمُونَ عَلَى النَّصْرَانِيَّةِ، يُضَاعَفُ عَلَيْهِمُ الصَّدَقَةُ وَذَلِكَ جِزْيَةٌ، وَإِنَّمَا الْجِزْيَةُ عَلَى الْأَدْيَانِ لَا عَلَى الْأَنْسَابِ، وَلَوْلَا أَنْ نَأْثَمَ بِتَمَنِّي بَاطِلٍ وَدِدْنَا أَنَّ الَّذِي قَالَ أَبُو يُوسُفَ كَمَا قَالَ، وَأَنْ لَا يُجْرَى صَغَارٌ عَلَى عَرَبِيٍّ، وَلَكِنَّ اللهَ أَجَلُّ فِي أَعْيُنِنَا مِنْ أَنْ نُحِبَّ غَيْرَ مَا قَضَى بِهِ.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) says: The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) took the jizyah from Ukaydir al-Ghassani, and they narrate that he (peace and blessings be upon him) made peace with some men of the Arabs on the jizyah. As for Sayyiduna Umar bin al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him) and all the caliphs after him up to today, they took the jizyah from Banu Taghlib, Tanukh, Bahra' and a mixture of Arab tribes, who remain upon Christianity to this hour; the sadaqah is doubled upon them, and that is jizyah. The jizyah is based on religions, not on lineages. Were it not that we would sin by wishing for something false, we would have wished that what Imam Abu Yusuf (may Allah have mercy on him) said were as he said, and that no humiliation be imposed upon an Arab; but Allah is too exalted in our eyes for us to love anything other than what He has decreed.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الْمُقْرِئُ، أنبأ الْحَسَنُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ إِسْحَاقَ، ثنا يُوسُفُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا عُثْمَانُ بْنُ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ، ثنا يَحْيَى بْنُ أَبِي بُكَيْرٍ، ثنا عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ عُمَرَ الْقُرَشِيُّ، حَدَّثَنِي سَعِيدُ بْنُ عَمْرِو بْنِ سَعِيدٍ، أَنَّهُ سَمِعَ أَبَاهُ يَوْمَ الْمَرْجِ يَقُولُ: سَمِعْتُ أَبِي يَقُولُ: سَمِعْتُ عُمَرَ بْنَ الْخَطَّابِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ يَقُولُ: لَوْلَا أَنِّي سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَقُولُ: " إِنَّ اللهَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ سَيَمْنَعُ الدِّينَ بِنَصَارَى مِنْ رَبِيعَةَ عَلَى شَاطِئِ الْفُرَاتِ " مَا تَرَكْتُ عَرَبِيًّا إِلَّا قَتَلْتُهُ أَوْ يُسْلِمَ.
Sa'id bin Amr bin Sa'id heard his father say on the day of al-Marj: I heard my father say: I heard Sayyiduna Umar bin al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him) say: Had I not heard the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) say: "Allah, Lord of Might, will protect the religion by means of Christians from Rabi'ah on the bank of the Euphrates," I would not have left any Arab without killing him, unless he accepted Islam.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، أنبأ أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْجَبَّارِ، ثنا يُونُسُ بْنُ بُكَيْرٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ إِسْحَاقَ، فِي قِصَّةِ وُرُودِ خَالِدِ بْنِ الْوَلِيدِ مِنْ جِهَةِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ الْحِيرَةَ وَمُحَاوَرَةِ هَانِئِ بْنِ قَبِيصَةَ إِيَّاهُ فَقَالَ خَالِدٌ: أَدْعُوكُمْ إِلَى الْإِسْلَامِ وَإِلَى أَنْ تَشْهَدُوا أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللهُ وَحْدَهُ، وَأَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَرَسُولُهُ، وَتُقِيمُوا الصَّلَاةَ، وَتُؤْتُوا الزَّكَاةَ، وَتُقِرُّوا بِأَحْكَامِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ عَلَى أَنَّ لَكُمْ مِثْلَ مَا لَهُمْ وَعَلَيْكُمْ مِثْلَ مَا عَلَيْهِمْ. فَقَالَ هَانِئٌ: وَإِنْ لَمْ أَشَأْ ذَلِكَ فَمَهْ؟ قَالَ: فَإِنْ أَبَيْتُمْ ذَلِكَ أَدَّيْتُمُ الْجِزْيَةَ عَنْ يَدٍ. قَالَ: فَإِنْ أَبَيْنَا ذَلِكَ؟ قَالَ: فَإِنْ أَبَيْتُمْ ذَلِكَ وَطِئْتُكُمْ بِقَوْمٍ الْمَوْتُ أَحَبُّ إِلَيْهِمْ مِنَ الْحَيَاةِ إِلَيْكُمْ. فَقَالَ هَانِئٌ: أَجِّلْنَا لَيْلَتَنَا هَذِهِ فَنَنْظُرَ فِي أَمْرِنَا. قَالَ: قَدْ فَعَلْتُ. فَلَمَّا أَصْبَحَ الْقَوْمُ غَدَا هَانِئٌ فَقَالَ: إِنَّهُ قَدْ أَجْمَعَ أَمْرُنَا عَلَى أَنْ نُؤَدِّيَ الْجِزْيَةَ فَهَلُمَّ فَلْأُصَالِحْكَ. فَقَالَ لَهُ خَالِدٌ: فَكَيْفَ وَأَنْتُمْ قَوْمٌ عَرَبٌ تَكُونُ الْجِزْيَةُ وَالذُّلُّ أَحَبَّ إِلَيْكُمْ مِنَ الْقِتَالِ وَالْعِزِّ؟ فَقَالَ: نَظَرْنَا فِيمَا يُقْتَلُ مِنَّا فَإِذَا هُمْ لَا يَرْجِعُونَ، وَنَظَرْنَا إِلَى مَا يُؤْخَذُ مِنَّا مِنَ الْمَالِ فَقَلَّمَا نَلْبَثُ حَتَّى يُخْلِفَهُ اللهُ لَنَا. قَالَ: فَصَالَحَهُمْ خَالِدٌ عَلَى تِسْعِينَ أَلْفًا.
Ibn Ishaq narrates the story of the arrival of Khalid bin al-Walid (may Allah be pleased with him) at the city of al-Hirah on behalf of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him), and narrates the dialogue of Hani bin Qabisah: Khalid bin al-Walid (may Allah be pleased with him) said: I invite you to Islam, and to bear witness that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) is His servant and Messenger, and that you establish prayer, pay zakah and accept the rulings of the Muslims; you will have the same rights that they have, and the same obligations that are upon them will be upon you. Hani said: What if we do not accept this either? He said: If you do not accept this, then pay the jizyah. He said: What if I do not want this? He said: If you do not accept this, then you will have to deal with a people who love death more than you love life. Hani said: Give us respite for one night, so that we may think over our matter. He said: I give you respite. When the people woke in the morning, Hani came and said: We have agreed that we will pay the jizyah. Come, I wish to make peace with you. Khalid (may Allah be pleased with him) said: You are Arabs, yet you prefer the jizyah and humiliation to fighting and honour? He said: We have reflected: those of us who are killed will never return, while whatever wealth is taken from us, Allah, Lord of Might, will give us more after a short while. So Sayyiduna Khalid (may Allah be pleased with him) made peace with them on ninety thousand.
