السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب السير
Book of Military Expeditions
باب: قدر الخراج الذي وضع على السواد
The amount of land tax imposed on the Sawad
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أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ عَبْدَانَ، أنبأ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عُبَيْدٍ الصَّفَّارُ، ثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عُبَيْدِ اللهِ النَّرْسِيُّ، ثنا رَوْحٌ، ثنا ابْنُ أَبِي عَرُوبَةَ، عَنْ قَتَادَةَ، عَنْ لَاحِقِ بْنِ حُمَيْدٍ، قَالَ: لَمَّا بَعَثَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ عَمَّارَ بْنَ يَاسِرٍ وَعَبْدَ اللهِ بْنَ مَسْعُودٍ وَعُثْمَانَ بْنَ حُنَيْفٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمْ إِلَى الْكُوفَةِ، وَبَعَثَ عَمَّارَ بْنَ يَاسِرٍ عَلَى الصَّلَاةِ وَعَلَى الْجُيُوشِ، وَبَعَثَ ابْنَ مَسْعُودٍ عَلَى الْقَضَاءِ وَعَلَى بَيْتِ الْمَالِ، وَبَعَثَ عُثْمَانَ بْنَ حُنَيْفٍ عَلَى مِسَاحَةِ الْأَرْضِ، وَجَعَلَ بَيْنَهُمْ كُلَّ يَوْمٍ شَاةً، شَطْرُهَا وَسَوَاقِطُهَا لِعَمَّارِ بْنِ يَاسِرٍ، وَالنِّصْفُ بَيْنَ هَذَيْنِ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: أَنْزَلْتُكُمْ وَإِيَّايَ مِنْ هَذَا الْمَالِ كَمَنْزِلَةِ وَالِي مَالِ الْيَتِيمِ، {مَنْ كَانَ غَنِيًّا فَلْيَسْتَعْفِفْ وَمَنْ كَانَ فَقِيرًا فَلْيَأْكُلْ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ} [النساء: ٦]، وَمَا أَرَى قَرْيَةً يُؤْخَذُ مِنْهَا كُلَّ يَوْمٍ شَاةٌ إِلَّا كَانَ ذَلِكَ سَرِيعًا فِي خَرَابِهَا. قَالَ: فَوَضَعَ عُثْمَانُ بْنُ حُنَيْفٍ عَلَى جَرِيبِ الْكَرْمِ عَشَرَةَ دَرَاهِمَ، وَعَلَى جَرِيبِ النَّخْلِ أَظُنُّهُ قَالَ: ثَمَانِيَةً، وَعَلَى جَرِيبِ الْقَصَبِ سِتَّةَ دَرَاهِمَ، وَعَلَى جَرِيبِ الْبُرِّ أَرْبَعَةَ دَرَاهِمَ، وَعَلَى جَرِيبِ الشَّعِيرِ دِرْهَمَيْنِ، وَعَلَى رُءُوسِهِمْ عَنْ كُلِّ رَجُلٍ أَرْبَعَةً وَعِشْرِينَ كُلَّ سَنَةٍ، وَعَطَّلَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ وَالصِّبْيَانِ، وَفِيمَا يُخْتَلَفُ بِهِ مِنْ تِجَارَاتِهِمْ نِصْفَ الْعُشْرِ. قَالَ: ثُمَّ كَتَبَ بِذَلِكَ إِلَى عُمَرَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ فَأَجَازَ ذَلِكَ وَرَضِيَ بِهِ، وَقِيلَ لِعُمَرَ رَضَيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ: كَيْفَ نَأْخُذُ مِنْ تُجَّارِ الْحَرْبِ إِذَا قَدِمُوا عَلَيْنَا؟ فَقَالَ عُمَرُ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ: كَيْفَ يَأْخُذُونَ مِنْكُمْ إِذَا أَتَيْتُمْ بِلَادَهُمْ؟ قَالُوا: الْعُشْرَ. قَالَ: فَكَذَلِكَ خُذُوا مِنْهُمْ. وَرَوَاهُ يَزِيدُ بْنُ زُرَيْعٍ، عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ أَبِي عَرُوبَةَ وَقَالَ: وَعَلَى جَرِيبِ النَّخْلِ ثَمَانِيَةٌ وَعَلَى جَرِيبِ الْقَصَبِ سِتَّةٌ لَمْ يَشُكَّ.
Lahiq bin Humayd (may Allah have mercy on him) said: When Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) sent Sayyiduna Ammar bin Yasir, Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Mas'ud and Sayyiduna Uthman bin Hunayf (may Allah be pleased with them) to Kufah, Sayyiduna Ammar bin Yasir (may Allah be pleased with him) was charged with the prayer and the armies, Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Mas'ud (may Allah be pleased with him) was entrusted with the judgeship and the treasury (Bayt al-Mal), and Sayyiduna Uthman bin Hunayf (may Allah be pleased with him) was given responsibility for the land. One sheep a day was given to them: half to Sayyiduna Ammar bin Yasir (may Allah be pleased with him) and the other half to his two companions. Then Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said: I have placed you over this wealth as a man is guardian over an orphan's wealth. Then he recited this verse: "And test the orphans until they reach the age of marriage; then if you perceive sound judgement in them, hand over their wealth to them, and do not consume it extravagantly and hastily before they grow up. Whoever is rich should abstain, and whoever is poor should consume it in a fair manner." [Surah al-Nisa: 6]
In my view, any village from which a sheep is taken every day will soon be ruined by it. The narrator said: Sayyiduna Uthman bin Hunayf (may Allah be pleased with him) fixed ten dirhams on those with grapevine land, eight dirhams on those with date orchards, six dirhams on fields of qadb (the name of a plant), four dirhams on farmers of wheat, and two dirhams on barley. He took 24 dirhams a year from each man, leaving out the women and children, and on those engaged in various kinds of trade there was half of a tenth. Then he wrote to Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him), and he approved it. Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) was asked: How much tax should we take from enemy (harbi) traders? Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said: When you go to their cities, how much do they take from you? They said: A tenth. He said: Then take from them likewise.
(b) Sa'id bin Abi Arubah (may Allah have mercy on him) said that he fixed eight dirhams on date orchards and six dirhams on fields of qadb.
In my view, any village from which a sheep is taken every day will soon be ruined by it. The narrator said: Sayyiduna Uthman bin Hunayf (may Allah be pleased with him) fixed ten dirhams on those with grapevine land, eight dirhams on those with date orchards, six dirhams on fields of qadb (the name of a plant), four dirhams on farmers of wheat, and two dirhams on barley. He took 24 dirhams a year from each man, leaving out the women and children, and on those engaged in various kinds of trade there was half of a tenth. Then he wrote to Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him), and he approved it. Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) was asked: How much tax should we take from enemy (harbi) traders? Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said: When you go to their cities, how much do they take from you? They said: A tenth. He said: Then take from them likewise.
(b) Sa'id bin Abi Arubah (may Allah have mercy on him) said that he fixed eight dirhams on date orchards and six dirhams on fields of qadb.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحُسَيْنِ بْنُ بِشْرَانَ الْعَدْلُ بِبَغْدَادَ، أنبأ إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الصَّفَّارُ، ثنا سَعْدَانُ بْنُ نَصْرٍ، ثنا وَكِيعٌ، عَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي لَيْلَى، عَنِ الْحَكَمِ، أَنَّ عُمَرَ بْنَ الْخَطَّابِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ بَعَثَ عُثْمَانَ بْنَ حُنَيْفٍ فَمَسَحَ السَّوَادَ فَوَضَعَ عَلَى كُلِّ جَرِيبٍ عَامِرٍ أَوْ غَامِرٍ حَيْثُ يَنَالُهُ الْمَاءُ قَفِيزًا أَوْ دِرْهَمًا، قَالَ وَكِيعٌ: يَعْنِي الْحِنْطَةَ وَالشَّعِيرَ وَضَعَ عَلَى كُلِّ جَرِيبِ الْكَرْمِ عَشَرَةَ دَرَاهِمَ وَعَلَى جَرِيبِ الرِّطَابِ خَمْسَةَ دَرَاهِمَ.
Al-Hakam said that Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) sent Sayyiduna Uthman bin Hunayf (may Allah be pleased with him) to the place called the Sawad, and he fixed on every cultivated and uncultivated field that water reaches one qafiz (a measure) and a dirham. Waki' said: That is, of wheat and barley. And on every field of grapevines he fixed ten dirhams, and on fresh dates five dirhams.
قَالَ: وَحَدَّثَنَا وَكِيعٌ، عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ صَالِحٍ، عَنْ أَبَانَ بْنِ تَغْلِبَ، عَنْ رَجُلٍ، عَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ أَنَّهُ وَضَعَ عَلَى النَّخْلِ عَلَى الدِّفْلَتَيْنِ دِرْهَمًا، وَعَلَى الْفَارِسِيَّةِ دِرْهَمًا.
Aban bin Taghlib narrates from a man, who narrates from Sayyiduna Umar bin al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him), that he fixed one dirham on inferior date palms and on Persian date palms.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الْحَافِظُ، وَأَبُو بَكْرٍ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ الْقَاضِي، وَأَبُو سَعِيدِ بْنُ أَبِي عَمْرٍو قَالُوا: ثنا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، ثنا الْحَسَنُ بْنُ عَلِيِّ بْنِ عَفَّانَ، ثنا يَحْيَى بْنُ آدَمَ، ثنا زُهَيْرُ بْنُ مُعَاوِيَةَ، عَنْ سُهَيْلِ بْنِ أَبِي صَالِحٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " مَنَعَتِ الْعِرَاقُ دِرْهَمَهَا وَقَفِيزَهَا، وَمَنَعَتِ الشَّامُ مُدْيَهَا وَدِينَارَهَا، وَمَنَعَتْ مِصْرُ إِرْدَبَّهَا وَدِينَارَهَا، وَعُدْتُمْ مِنْ حَيْثُ بَدَأْتُمْ، وَعُدْتُمْ مِنْ حَيْثُ بَدَأْتُمْ، وَعُدْتُمْ مِنْ حَيْثُ بَدَأْتُمْ ". شَهِدَ عَلَى ذَلِكَ لَحْمُ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ وَدَمُهُ. قَالَ يَحْيَى: يُرِيدُ مِنْ هَذَا الْحَدِيثِ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ ذَكَرَ الْقَفِيزَ وَالدِّرْهَمَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَضَعَهُ عُمَرُ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ عَلَى الْأَرْضِ. رَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ فِي الصَّحِيحِ عَنْ عُبَيْدِ بْنِ يَعِيشَ وَإِسْحَاقَ بْنِ رَاهَوَيْهِ عَنْ يَحْيَى بْنِ آدَمَ.
Sayyiduna Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) said that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "The people of Iraq have withheld their dirham and their qafiz (a measure), the people of Syria have withheld their mudy and their dinar, and Egypt has withheld its irdabb (a measure of twenty-four sa') and its dinar, and you will return to where you began," and he (peace and blessings be upon him) said this three times. The flesh and blood of Sayyiduna Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) bear witness to this. Yahya said: By this hadith he means that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) mentioned the qafiz and the dirham before Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) imposed it on the people of the land.
