السنن الكبرى للبيهقي
Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi
كتاب السير
Book of Military Expeditions
باب: المنع من إحراق المشركين بالنار بعد الإسار
Prohibition of burning polytheists with fire after capture
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أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَمْرٍو مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللهِ الْبِسْطَامِيُّ، أنبأ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الْإِسْمَاعِيلِيُّ، ثنا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ هَاشِمٍ الْبَغَوِيُّ، ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبَّادٍ، ثنا سُفْيَانُ، قَالَ: رَأَيْتُ عَمْرَو بْنَ دِينَارٍ، وَأَيُّوبَ، وَعَمَّارًا الدُّهْنِيَّ اجْتَمَعُوا، فَتَذَاكَرُوا الَّذِينَ حَرَقَهُمْ عَلِيٌّ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ، فَحَدَّثَ أَيُّوبُ، عَنْ عِكْرِمَةَ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمَا أَنَّهُ بَلَغَهُ، قَالَ: لَوْ كُنْتُ أَنَا مَا حَرَقْتُهُمْ؛ لِقَوْلِ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " لَا تُعَذِّبُوا بِعَذَابِ اللهِ"، وَلَقَتَلْتُهُمْ لِقَوْلِ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: " مَنْ بَدَّلَ دِينَهُ فَاقْتُلُوهُ". فَقَالَ عَمَّارٌ: لَمْ يَحْرِقْهُمْ، وَلَكِنْ حَفَرَ لَهُمْ حَفَائِرَ وَخَرَقَ بَعْضَهَا إِلَى بَعْضٍ، ثُمَّ دَخَّنَ عَلَيْهِمْ حَتَّى مَاتُوا. فَقَالَ عَمْرٌو: قَالَ الشَّاعِرُ:.
Sufyan says: I saw Amr bin Dinar, Ayyub and Ammar al-Duhni gathered together, and they discussed those whom Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) had burned.
(b) Ikrimah narrates from Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both): Had it been me, I would not have burned them, because of the saying of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him): "Do not punish with the punishment of Allah," and I would have killed them because of the saying of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him): "Whoever apostatises (changes his religion), kill him." Ammar says: They were not burned; rather, pits were dug for them, with holes made (between them) inside, then smoke was let in upon them until they died. Amr said: The poet has said: Cast me before death however you wish, so long as you have not cast me into the two pits when they have gathered firewood and fire; then death comes at once and does not delay.
(b) Ikrimah narrates from Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both): Had it been me, I would not have burned them, because of the saying of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him): "Do not punish with the punishment of Allah," and I would have killed them because of the saying of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him): "Whoever apostatises (changes his religion), kill him." Ammar says: They were not burned; rather, pits were dug for them, with holes made (between them) inside, then smoke was let in upon them until they died. Amr said: The poet has said: Cast me before death however you wish, so long as you have not cast me into the two pits when they have gathered firewood and fire; then death comes at once and does not delay.
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْقَاسِمِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الْإِيَادِيُّ بِبَغْدَادَ، أنبأ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ النَّصِيبِيُّ، ثنا الْحَارِثُ بْنُ أَبِي أُسَامَةَ، ثنا أَبُو النَّضْرِ، ثنا اللَّيْثُ، حَدَّثَنِي بُكَيْرٌ، ح وَأنبأ أَبُو عَمْرٍو الْأَدِيبُ، أنبأ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الْإِسْمَاعِيلِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنِي الْحَسَنُ بْنُ سُفْيَانَ، ثنا قُتَيْبَةُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ، ثنا اللَّيْثُ، عَنْ بُكَيْرٍ، عَنْ سُلَيْمَانَ بْنِ يَسَارٍ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ، أَنَّهُ قَالَ: بَعَثَنَا رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي بَعْثٍ، وَقَالَ: " إِنْ وَجَدْتُمْ فُلَانًا وَفُلَانًا، لِرَجُلَيْنِ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ، فَاحْرِقُوهُمَا بِالنَّارِ ". ثُمَّ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ حِينَ أَرَدْنَا الْخُرُوجَ: " إِنِّي كُنْتُ أَمَرْتُكُمْ أَنْ تَحْرِقُوا فُلَانًا وَفُلَانًا بِالنَّارِ، وَإِنَّ النَّارَ لَا يُعَذِّبُ بِهَا إِلَّا اللهُ، فَإِنْ وَجَدْتُمُوهُمَا فَاقْتُلُوهُمَا ". " لَفْظُهُمَا سَوَاءٌ ". رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي الصَّحِيحِ عَنْ قُتَيْبَةَ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ.
It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) sent us out in an expedition. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "If you find two particular men of the Quraysh, burn them with fire." Then when we were about to leave, the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I had ordered you to burn so-and-so and so-and-so with fire, but none punishes with fire except Allah, the Lord of Might. If you find them, kill them."
أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحُسَيْنِ بْنُ بِشْرَانَ، بِبَغْدَادَ، ثنا أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَمْرٍو الرَّزَّازُ، ثنا يَحْيَى بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ، أنبأ الضَّحَّاكُ بْنُ مَخْلَدٍ، ثنا ابْنُ جُرَيْجٍ، أَنَّ زِيَادَ بْنَ سَعْدٍ أَخْبَرَهُ، أَنَّ أَبَا الزِّنَادِ أَخْبَرَهُ، أَنَّ حَنْظَلَةَ بْنَ عَلِيٍّ أَخْبَرَهُ، عَنْ حَمْزَةَ بْنِ عَمْرٍو الْأَسْلَمِيِّ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بَعَثَ رَجُلًا فَقَالَ: " إِنْ أَصَبْتَ فُلَانًا أَوْ فُلَانًا فَأَحْرِقُوهُ بِالنَّارِ ". فَلَمَّا وَلَّى دَعَاهُ، فَقَالَ: " إِنَّهُ لَا يُعَذِّبُ بِالنَّارِ إِلَّا رَبُّهَا ". وَرَوَاهُ مُغِيرَةُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ، عَنْ أَبِي الزِّنَادِ.
It is narrated from Sayyiduna Hamzah bin Amr al-Aslami (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) sent a man (saying): "If you find so-and-so and so-and-so, burn them with fire." When he was about to leave, he (peace and blessings be upon him) called him back and said: "None may punish with fire except the Lord of the fire."
كَمَا أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَلِيٍّ الرُّوذْبَارِيُّ، أنبأ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ بَكْرٍ، ثنا أَبُو دَاوُدَ، ثنا سَعِيدُ بْنُ مَنْصُورٍ، ثنا مُغِيرَةُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ الْحِزَامِيُّ، عَنْ أَبِي الزِّنَادِ، قَالَ: وَحَدَّثَنِي مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ حَمْزَةَ الْأَسْلَمِيُّ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَمَّرَهُ عَلَى سَرِيَّةٍ، قَالَ: فَخَرَجْتُ فِيهَا، وَقَالَ: " إِنْ وَجَدْتُمْ فُلَانًا فَأَحْرِقُوهُ بِالنَّارِ ". فَوَلَّيْتُ فَنَادَانِي فَرَجَعْتُ إِلَيْهِ، فَقَالَ: " إِنْ وَجَدْتُمْ فُلَانًا فَاقْتُلُوهُ وَلَا تَحْرِقُوهُ؛ فَإِنَّهُ لَا يُعَذِّبُ بِالنَّارِ إِلَّا رَبُّ النَّارِ ". " وَأَمَّا حَدِيثُ أُسَامَةَ بْنِ زَيْدٍ حَيْثُ أَمَرَهُ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنْ يَحْرِقَ عَلَى أُبْنَى، وَمَا رُوِيَ فِي نَصْبِ الْمَنْجَنِيقِ عَلَى الطَّائِفِ فَغَيْرُ مُخَالِفٍ لِمَا قُلْنَا، إِنَّمَا هُوَ فِي قِتَالِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ مَا كَانُوا مُمْتَنِعِينَ، وَمَا رُوِيَ مِنَ النَّهْيِ فِي الْمُشْرِكِينَ إِذَا كَانُوا مَأْسُورِينَ، وَشَبَّهَهُ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ بِرَمْيِ الصَّيْدِ مَا دَامَ عَلَى الِامْتِنَاعِ، ثُمَّ النَّهْيِ عَنْ رَمْيِ الدَّجَاجَةِ الَّتِي لَيْسَتْ بِمُمْتَنِعَةٍ، وَبِاللهِ التَّوْفِيقُ ".
Muhammad bin Hamzah al-Aslami (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates from his father (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) made him the commander of a detachment. He says: I went out with that detachment. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "If you find so-and-so, burn him with fire." As I was leaving, he (peace and blessings be upon him) called out to me. When I came back, he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "If you find so-and-so, kill him, but do not burn him; for none may punish with fire except its Lord."
(b) The hadith of Usamah bin Zayd (may Allah be pleased with them both), in which the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) ordered him to burn Ubna (a settlement), and what is narrated about setting up the catapult against Ta'if, do not contradict what we have said. That concerns only fighting the polytheists while they are resisting (and beyond control), whereas the prohibition (of punishing with fire) concerning the polytheists applies when they are captives.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) likened this to shooting game while it is beyond control, and then the prohibition of shooting a hen that is not beyond control (that is, one that is tied up).
(b) The hadith of Usamah bin Zayd (may Allah be pleased with them both), in which the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) ordered him to burn Ubna (a settlement), and what is narrated about setting up the catapult against Ta'if, do not contradict what we have said. That concerns only fighting the polytheists while they are resisting (and beyond control), whereas the prohibition (of punishing with fire) concerning the polytheists applies when they are captives.
Imam al-Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) likened this to shooting game while it is beyond control, and then the prohibition of shooting a hen that is not beyond control (that is, one that is tied up).
